CDI 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation

with Intelligence
 CHAPTER I
BASIC CONCEPT OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

Who is a CRIMINAL?
In its criminological sense, criminal offender refers to any
rational individual who commits an anti-social act that is detrimental
to the society;

In strict legal terms, a criminal offender refers to a person:

a. Who committed an act punishable by existing criminal law; and
b. Was tried and convicted of final judgment by a competent court.

What is INVESTIGATION?
• The term investigation comes from the Latin word “investigare”
which
means: to track, trace or probe.
• It is the act or process of investigating or the condition of being
investigated. It also refers to a searching inquiry for ascertaining
facts; detailed or careful examination.

What is CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION?

• Criminal investigation seeks all facts associated with a crime to
determine the truth: what happened and who is responsible of a
criminal incident.
• It is defined as the collection and analysis of facts/truths about
persons, things, places that are subjects of a crime to identify
the guilty party, locate the whereabouts of the guilty party, and
provide admissible evidence to establish the guilt of parties
involved in crime.
• It also refers to the collection of facts to accomplish the threefold
aim.

What are the threefold aim of criminal investigation?

• a. to identify the guilty party;
• b. to locate the guilty party; and
• c. to provide evidence of his guilt

What are the KINDS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION?

1. Investigation while the suspect is under arrest and detention;

2. Investigation while the suspect is "at large"

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AS AN ART = It deals with the

identity and location of the offender and then proving his guilt
through a criminal
1 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
proceeding. It is an art because it is not governed by rigid rules but based
on intuition and to a minor extent, by chance.

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AS A SCIENCE = A systematic

method of inquiry that apply scientific knowledge, principles, and
methodologies in order to discover, identify, collect, and process
facts and evidence to promote justice.

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AS A PROCESS = it involves

systematic process of identifying, collecting, preserving, and
evaluating data or raw facts to produce valuable information for
the purpose of bringing a criminal offender to justice. As a
process, it is based on systematic plan.

Who is a CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR?

• A public safety officer who is tasked to conduct the investigation of
all
criminal cases as provided for and embodied under the Revised
Penal Code/Criminal Laws and Special Laws which are criminal
in nature. A well trained, disciplined and experienced
professional in the field of criminal investigation duties and
responsibilities.

• All investigators in any police unit must be a graduate of

prescribed investigation course with a rank of at least PO2
(POLICE CPL) (pre- requisite to assignment).

What are the qualification and qualities of a good

criminal investigator?

1. PERSEVERANCE
• It refers to the steadfastness, persistence and resolution to
bring the desired conclusion in spite of obstacles connected
with criminal investigation.

2. ENDURANCE
• this is the ability of the investigator to last physically and
mentally hence; he must have the extraordinary physical and
mental energy, enduring sleepless nights and tiresome
days.

3. INCORRUPTIBLE HONESTY AND INTEGRITY

2 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
• this refers to the degree of honesty and integrity of the
investigator on several temptations over money that is offered to
affect the investigation, women and drinks where these are
present in every corner playing tricks of temptations.

4. INTELLIGENCE AND WISDOM OF SOLOMON

• this is very important in order that the investigator could easily
decipher falsehood from truth and separate the grain from the
chaff.

5. ACTING ACTIVITY
• it refers to the ability of the investigator in stooping down to the
level of a minor, the prostitute or the slum dwellers,
professionals or other members of the elite during the
investigation process.

6. ORAL AND WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

• every investigator should have a basic knowledge on both oral
and written communication in probing a certain issue in order
that he will not suffer setbacks in getting the accurate facts
especially in the preparation of reports and or transmittal of
information. This include the use of appropriate words in
making a report and writing observations and descriptions of
places, things and events.

7. OBSERVATION AND DESCRIPTION

• the investigator should be a keen observer and knows how
to accurately describe everything. This is important in
crime scene investigation and in conducting interview and
interrogation.

8. COURAGE
• it is the moral fortitude of the investigator to tell the truth
irrespective of who gets hurt.

9. KNOWLEDGE OF LAWS
• the investigator should have basic knowledge on legal
matters concerning investigation.

10.THE POWER TO "READ BETWEEN THE LINES

• this refers to the ability of the investigator to interpret the words or
phrases encountered in the process of investigation into their
deeper
3 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 meaning in order to arrive with a concrete meaning of a certain
statement.

What are the CARDINAL POINTS OF CRIMINAL

INVESTIGATION?
The investigation must seek to establish the six cardinal points
of investigation, namely: WHAT specific offense has been
committed; HOW the offense has been committed; WHEN it was
committed; WHERE it was committed; WHY it was committed, and
WHO are the involved persons.

The following are further possible questions using the 5 W's and 1 H:
1. WHO QUESTIONS: these are questions used to inquire on the
identity of the victims or offended party, name of the suspect,
accomplices, accessories and witnesses of the crime
2. WHAT QUESTIONS: the purpose of these types of questions is to
find out what happened or what took place before, during and
immediately after the commission of the offense.
3. WHERE QUESTIONS: these are questions that localize the
place of the incident - the city or town, the district or barangay, the
street or road, the number of the house or building. These questions
are necessary in pinpointing the particular location of the crime
4. WHEN QUESTIONS: these are questions needed to determine
and fix the time, day, month and year when the crime was committed.
These questions should be specified and as accurate as possible
5. WHY QUESTIONS: these are questions that endeavor to
ascertain the motives, causes, antecedents, previous, incidents,
related facts, background occurrences that might help explain the
commission of the offense.
6. HOW QUESTIONS: there are designed to help the investigator
determine how the crime was committed,

4 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

What are the 3 tool’s or I’s of

investigation? TOOLS OF CRIMINAL

INVESTIGATION
To achieve the goals of criminal investigation, the investigator
must know how to use the available resources or tools. There are
indispensable tools that can be used by the criminal investigators to
successfully solve criminal cases.

I. INFORMATION
• is the knowledge or facts which the investigator had gathered or
acquired from persons or documents, which are pertinent or relevant
concerning the commission of the crime or criminal activities.

CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION AS TO SOURCES:

• Regular Sources – records, files from government and non-
government agencies, news items.
• Cultivated Sources – information gathered upon
initiative of the investigator from informants and informers.
• Grapevine Sources – these are information coming from the
underworld characters such as prisoners and ex-convicts.
What are the methods of obtaining information?

1. OVERT = The visible way of obtaining information like conducting

interview, patrol, crime scene search, regular performance of police
activities and custodial interrogation.

2. COVERT = The secret way of obtaining information

Who is Informant?
• The word informant is a general term that refers to any person who
gives information to the police authorities relative to a crime.
• Strictly speaking, an informant is any person who furnishes
the police information relevant to a criminal case about the
activities of criminals or syndicates without any monetary
consideration. The informant may openly give information
or may serve as a witness voluntarily.
• Voluntarily or willingly provides information to the criminal
investigators and offers to be a witness.

5 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
What are the types of informant?

1. ANONYMOUS INFORMANT - he may be an anonymous

phone caller, letter writer or a text sender.
2. RIVAL ELIMINATION INFORMANT - this kind mostly
maintains being anonymous. His purpose is to eliminate the
rival persons or gang due to competition or other motives
such as revenge, etc.
3. FALSE INFORMANT - usually reveals information of no
consequence, value or stuff connected with thin air. His purpose
is to appear to be on the side of the law and for throwing out the
suspicion from himself or from his gang or associates.
4. FRIGHTENED INFORMANT - he is prodded by fear or self
interest in giving information to the police. He maybe one of the
lesser gang member who runs to the police when his gang
mates are about to be involved in dangerous situations or when
the gang he belongs is hot on the police trail.
5. SELF AGGRANDIZING INFORMANT - this kind of
informant moves around the centers of criminals, group or
syndicate and delights in surprising the police about bits of
information.
6. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANT - is a person who provides the
police with confidential information concerning a previous crime
or a projected and planned crime. under the law, these
informants are protected and their identity could not be
revealed by the police even under the order of the court unless
on exceptional case where there is a claim of the defense that
the informant framed up the accused.
7. MERCENARY INFORMANT - the informant has information for
sale.
8. DOUBLE-CROSSER INFORMANT - he uses his seeming
desire to divulge information as an excuse to talk to the police
in order to get more information from them more than he
gives.
9. WOMEN INFORMANT - she maybe the female associate of
the criminals, who was roughed up, marginalized in the deal or
being eased out from the group. Care must be given to this kind
of informant because women, given the skills and expertise,
are more dangerous than men. They often give free romance
that will result in blackmailing the investigator or will result to an
extended family for support. Women are said to be most effective
among informants because they could easily penetrate the ranks
of criminals with less suspicion.
OTHER TYPES OF INFORMANTS
6 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 • Legitimate informants- Source of info under this category
includes operators of licensed premises who do not want their place
of business to become the hang out of dangerous criminals.
• Incidental informant- these are also called automatic informants.
(victim)
• Confidential informant- identity is kept confidential by the
respective police officers or investigators who are receiving
information that they are providing.

Who is Informer?
• Is a person who provides information to the police on a regular
basis.
They are either paid regularly or in case-to-case
basis, or none at all. They are cultivated and established by
the police on a more or less permanent character and as long
as they are loyal and useful to the police organizations.
• Generally paid by the investigator and should be registered with the
investigator’s agency. Informers are actually informants by
profession usually recruited or paid assets of investigating
agencies.

MOTIVES OF INFORMANTS AND INFORMERS

- CIVIC-MINDEDNESS
- VANITY
- REPENTANCE
- FEAR
- AVOIDANCE OF PUNISHMENT
- SHOWING GRATITUDE FOR GAINING SOMETHING
- COMPETITION OR RIVALRY
- REVENGE
- JEALOUSY
- REMUNERATION

II. What is INTERVIEW AND INTERROGATION?

Interview and interrogation are similar with each other, in the sense
that, they are both ways of obtaining information from a
certain suspects or persons that has knowledge on a crime.
however, the following provides a clear distinction between the two.

INTERVIEW
• Is the simple questioning of a person believed to possess
information, which are relevant to the investigation of a crime or
criminal activities.

7 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 in an interview, the interviewee is willing and cooperative with
the person conducting the interview.

What is a Golden Rule in Interview?

"Never allow the interviewer to conduct nor let anyone to conduct an
interview without prior visit to the crime scene."

GENERAL KIND OF INTERVIEW

1. COGNITIVE INTERVIEW

• is conducted to willing and cooperative witnesses, where they

are given the full opportunity to narrate their accounts without
intervention, interruption and interference from the interviewer.
After the subject has finished his narration, the investigator
now subjects him to the style of direct examination and cross-
examination, to clarify the unexplained portions to arrive at a
vivid and complete picture of the testimony.

2. QUESTION AND ANSWER

• this interview as prescribed by some investigators requires the

interviewee to answer the question posed by the investigator.
The interviewee to answer on what he knows about what is being
asked. In the case of subjects of low level of intelligence, the use
of leading questions greatly helps the investigator to obtain the
full and desired information.

What are the TYPES OF INTERVIEW?

1. BACKGROUND INTERVIEW = This is focused only in

obtaining data regarding the personal background of the
subject, the simplest type of interview used in criminal cases.

2. SUBJECTIVE INTERVIEW = An interview wherein the

questions are phrased in a manner such that the subject’s
answers are based on his personal opinions or views.
Questions are designed to deal with the subjective aspect of
the case.
8 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
3. OBJECTIVE INTERVIEW = The questions are designed to
acquire the basic and specific data or facts regarding a criminal case.
It is the type of interview that complies with the six cardinal points of
criminal investigation ( the 5 W’s and 1 H)

What are reasons WHY WITNESSES REFUSE TO TALK?

1. FEAR OF REPRISAL - witness who lack the courage to face
the suspect, his associates or relatives always entertain the
fear of reprisal. The investigator must remove these fears from
the mind of his witnesses either by offering protection or by the
explanation that unless the suspect in not put behind bars, the
fear will not be disappear.
2. GREAT INCONVENIENCE - on the part of those of hands-to-
mouth existence there is this real inconvenience, which will
deprive them the time to earn for their living especially during
the ordeal of testifying during the trial.
3. HATRED AGAINST THE POLICE - this hatred maybe due to
previous bad experience with rogue members of the police
organization.
4. BECAUSE OF BIAS OF WITNESS - the witness maybe an
acquaintance, friend, helper or benefactor of the suspect. All of
these and other relationship of the witnesses to the suspect
must be explored so that an intelligent approach is properly
applied.
5. AVOIDANCE OF PUBLICITY - there are witnesses who are
shy and they shun publicity that will bring discomfort to their
ordinary or obscure way of living.
6. FAMILY RESTRICTION - some famous and respected families
preserve their reputations by instilling to their members the
need of the approval of the elders on matter affecting their
families.

What are the rules to be considered in questioning

during Interviews?
1. One Question at a time - multiple, complex and legalistic
questions should be avoided.
2. Avoid Implied Answer - the nod of the head or nay
other body language as a response to the questions
should be avoided.
3. Simplicity of Question - a short simple question at a time
is required. Avoid legalistic questions such as "Who is the
murderer; or "Who are in conspiracy with the subject".
9 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 4. Saving Face -
5. Yes` and No Answer - do not ask questions which could be
answered by yes or no only. It will curtail the complete flow of
information and will lead to inaccuracy.

What are the TYPES OF WITNESSES according to attitude?

1. KNOW-NOTHING TYPE - this is a reluctant type of
witnesses. It is found among the uneducated and of low level
of intelligence. The technique to be applied is be with their
level of intelligence and by interrogation.
2. DISINTERESTED TYPE - this refer to an uncooperative and
indifferent subject. To deal with them is to find out their field of
interest so that they will talk.
3. THE DRUNKEN TYPE - the style of questioning by the
investigator should be adapted to the psychology of the subject.
When the drunken subject has sobered, another interview will be
conducted, confronting hi about his disclosures while in the state
of drunkenness. The written statement must be taken during his
sobriety.
4. TALKATIVE TYPE - this is a witness who is prone to
exaggerate, adding irrelevant or new matters to their
narration.
5. HONEST WITNESS - this is the truthful and cooperative
witness where the investigator could rely upon, with little or no
problem in handling them.
6. DECEITFUL WITNESS - this is a liar type of witness. Let him
lie and order him to repeat several times their narration.
7. TIMID WITNESS - this is a shy witness. The approach must be
friendly and reassuring confidentiality of their information. It
should be hidden from the devouring press by interviews or
photo sessions.
8. REFUSAL TO TALK WITNESS - this is the most difficult
subject to deal with. Find out the reasons of his personality
such as: Trauma, shock, fear, hatred and others.

What is INTERROGATION?
• Is the vigorous and confrontational questioning of a reluctant
suspect
about his participation in the commission of crime. it is
confrontational in the sense that the investigator places the guilt
on the accused. This processed is also applied to an
uncooperative or recalcitrant suspect/witness.
10 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
What is the MAIN PURPOSE OF INTERROGATION?
The main intention of interrogation is to obtain CONFESSION or
ADMISSION from the suspect and to learn relevant information from
uncooperative witness.

What is Confession?
CONFESSION - is the direct acknowledgement of guilt.

Illustration: the accused was charged with homicide. During trial,

acknowledged that he was the one who killed the victim.

What are the ELEMENTS OF CONFESSION?

1. There is declaration of the person
2. The statement of the accused is he acknowledged his guilt
from the commission of a crime
3. Guilt is admitted.

What are the KINDS OF CONFESSION?

1. EXTRA JUDICIAL CONFESSION - it is a confession that is made
by the suspect during custodial investigation or those confessions
that are made outside of the court.

SEC 3, RULE 133, RULES OF COURT STATED THAT:

"Extra judicial confession is not sufficient ground for conviction:
an extra judicial confession made by an accused, shall not be
sufficient ground for conviction, unless corroborated by
evidence of corpus delicti - body of the crime."

TYPES OF EXTRA-JUDICIAL CONFESSION

a. VOLUNTARY EXTRA-JUDICIAL CONFESSION

The confession is voluntary when the accused speaks of his
free will and accord, without any inducement of any kind, with
a full and complete knowledge of the nature and the
consequences of the confession

b. INVOLUNTARY EXTRA JUDICIAL CONFESSION

This confession obtained through force, threat, intimidation, duress
or anything influencing the voluntary act of the confessor

11 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 NOTE: Confession obtained from the defendant by means of
force or intimidation/violence is null and void and cannot be
used against him/her in the trial and the like.

2. JUDICIAL CONFESSION
• This confession is made by the accused is open court. The plea of
guilt maybe made during arraignment or any stage of the
proceedings where the accused changes his plea of not guilty to
guilty.
• This is conclusive upon the court and may be considered to be a
mitigating circumstance to criminal liability.
• A plea of guilty when formally entered on arraignment is
sufficient to sustain conviction of any offense, even a capital
one, without further pro

What is Admission?

ADMISSION - is indirect acknowledgment of guilt.

Illustration: The accused was charged with homicide. During the

trial, acknowledged that he owned the murder weapon but did not
acknowledge that he is the one who committed the crime. To
acknowledge ownership of the murder weapon is an indirect
acknowledgment of guilt because an owner of the weapons used in
committing the crime is presumed to be the perpetrator. (Gacayan,
2005)

What are the ELEMENTS OF ADMISSION?

1. There is a statement of the person (accused);
2. The person only acknowledged facts or circumstances of the crime;
3. There is no acceptance of guilt

NOTE: When the accused confessed to the commission of a

crime, he accepts the facts constituting the offense but he interposes
self-defense or other exculpatory grounds, then his acknowledgment
is not a confession but admission.

What are the TECHNIQUES OF INTERROGATION?

1. EMOTIONAL APPEAL - this is a technique where the
investigator, combining the skills of an actor and a psychologist,
addresses the suspect with an emotional appeal to confess.
This is applicable to first

12 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 time offenders or those who are of the emotional type of
characteristics displayed nervousness or emotional
disturbances.

2. SYMPATHETIC APPROACH - the investigator, in his

preliminary or probing questions must dig deep into the past
troubles, plight and unfortunate events in the life of the suspect.
An offer of help, kindness, friendliness may win his cooperation.

3. TRICK AND BLUFF TECHNIQUES:

a. Pretense of Solid Evidence - the investigator bluffs the
suspect that even if he will not confess, there is enough
evidence to send him to jail. If he will confess, the
investigator will see to it that his prison term will be within
the range of probation.

b. Weakest Link - among the suspects, there must be a

careful selection of who among them is the weakest link where
the interrogation will begin. By tricks and bluffs, this weakest
link will be told that his companions had already confessed.
That this weakest link had dealt the fatal blow or that he
received the lion share of the loot in order to intrigue him.

c. Drama - the weakest link maybe used to fake pain and

agony by ordering him to shout, accompanied by banging a
chair on the wall to make it appear that a commotion is going
on. The other suspects in separate rooms must hear the
drama before telling them that their partner had confessed.

d. Feigning Contact with Family Members - the suspect

could be tricked that the investigator had gone to the
residence and the family members had supplied facts
against the suspect. The suspect's family will be charged into
the investigation if the suspect will not confess.

e. Police Line Up - the complainant, witness or victim is

requested to point positively to the suspect in the police line-
up. The witnesses' victims or complainant are previously
coached about the identity of the suspect.

13 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 f. Reverse Line-Up - The suspect is placed among other
persons in a line up and he is identified by several
complainants and witnesses who will associate the suspect in
other several crimes. This will cause the suspect to become
desperate and confess only to the case under investigation
to avoid from being charged on false accusations.

g. Stern Approach - the investigator displays a stern

(demands immediate response) personality towards the
suspect by using the following methods
1. Jolting - in the questioning process, the investigator
selects the right moment to shout as pertinent
question in an apparent righteous outrage. The
suspect's nerves will break to a confession.
2. Opportunity to Lie - the suspect is given all the
opportunities to lie. The suspect is questioned about his
personal life, family, friends and his knowledge about
the complainant and witnesses. Then the suspect is
questioned about his activity prior, during and after
the commission of the crime. this repeated many times,
to include the investigator focusing his questions about
the knowledge of the suspect of the crime. the suspect
will be enmeshed in contradictions, which is now
capitalized by the investigator to get the truth from the
suspect. If possible, the interrogation must be taped
recorded for purposes of emphasis during the
confrontation of the contradictions.
h. Mutt and Jeff or Sweet and Sour Method - the first set
of investigators must appear to be rough, mean and
dangerous. When they had finished the interrogation, the
second investigator intervenes by stopping the first set of
investigators. By being sympathetic and understanding, he
begins his interrogation. If the suspect still refuses to
cooperate, then the process is repeated until there is a
confession.

INTERROGATOR - the person who performs skillful questioning of

hostile witness and suspects for purposes of obtaining confession
or admission.

14 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
INTERROGEE - this points to the subject of interrogation whether a
suspect or a victim.

III. What is INSTRUMENTATION?

INSTRUMENTATION
• It is the process of applying instruments or tools of the police
sciences
in criminal investigation and detection. In the process of
instrumentation, the following equipment are being used,
namely:

1. The first used was Anthropometry found by Alphonse Bertillon.

He is a Frenchman who founded criminal identification by body
measurement. It was accepted and adopted by police departments
in Europe and the United States for more than twenty (20) years. But
due to the West case, Anthropometry disappeared, which up to the
time of his death in 1914, Bertillon never accepted its uselessness.

2. Dactyloscopy replaced Anthropometry. It was popularized by Sir

Edward Richard Henry in Europe and through Juan Vucetich who
founded the fingerprint classification, it was found to be accurate. Its
usefulness in criminal investigation cannot be questioned because its
infallibility because no two persons have the same fingerprints not
even the ten neighboring fingers of the same persons.

3. Forensic Serology was discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901

the agglutination of human blood. This discovery demonstrated that
blood possesses certain characteristics, which allowed the designation
A, B, AB and 0.

15 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
4. Forensic Ballistics developed by Dr. Calvin H. Goddard, a
U.S. Army Physician with a rank of Lieutenant Colonel. It is used for
determining whether or not the evidence bullet and test bullet
came from a single gun through the use of bullet comparison
microscope.

5. Poroscopy founded by Edmond Locard, one of the foremost

criminalists in the world. Poroscopy deals with the identification of
sweat pores, he proved that pores vary in number, size and position in
each individual.

6. Polygraph (lie detector) was develop by John Larson although it

was founded by Keller. It is effective in limiting the suspects in
number as in the hand of an expert and dependable machine its
result is excellent.

7. In 1984, Alex Jeffrey’s, a British biologist and genetics expert,

discovered the concept of DNA genetic fingerprinting.

16 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 CHAPTER IV
INVESTIGATIVE
TECHNIQUES

What is CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION?

• It is the conduct of processes, more particularly, the recognition,
handling, preservation and documentation of physical evidence
to include the identification and interview of witnesses and the
arrest of suspect/s at the crime scene

What is a GOLDEN RULE IN CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION?

"Never touch, alter, move or transfer any object at the crime
scene unless it is properly marked, measured, sketched and/or
photographed."

What should then be the primary job of an

Investigator before applying the golden rule?
The Investigator upon his arrival at the scene of the crime should
consider the following two important steps before he touches or
moves any object.
• If the victim is still alive, the Investigator should try to
gather or acquire information from the victim himself with
regard to the
surrounding circumstances of the crime, while calling for
assistance for an ambulance from the nearest hospital. Then
measure, sketch and photograph the crime scene immediately
after the victim is removed and brought to the hospital for
medical attendance.
• If the victim is dead, the body should be removed only after the
crime
scene is measured, sketched and photographed.
Note: First Responders (FRs) are first Police Officers to arrive at
the crime scene who were dispatched by the local police station/unit
concerned after receipt of incident/flash/alarm report.

What is the DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CRIME SCENE AND

CORPUS DELICTI?

Crime scene - a venue or place where the alleged

crime/incident/event has been committed.

Corpus delicti - (latin word for the “body of the crime”) - used to
describe the physical or material evidence that a crime has been
committed. ex. corpse of a murder victim.

What are the PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION?

Protocol 1: Jurisdictional Investigation by the Territorial

Unit Concerned
17 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
The Police Station, which has
territorial jurisdiction of the area
where the crime incident was
committed, shall immediately
undertake the necessary
investigation and processing of the
crime scene, unless otherwise
directed by higher authorities for a
certain case to be investigated by
other units/agency.

Protocol 2: Official Police Blotter

a. A Police Blotter is an 18” x 12” logbook with hard-bound cover that

contains the daily register of all crime incident reports, official
summary of arrests, and other significant events reported in a police
station.

b. As a general rule, all crime incidents must be recorded in the official

police blotter.

c. A separate Police Blotter, however, shall be maintained for offenses

requiring confidentiality like violence against women and children and
those cases involving a child in conflict with the law to protect their
privacy pursuant to R.A. 9262 (Anti-Violence Against Women and
Children Act of 2004) and R.A. 9344 (Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act
of 2006).

Protocol 3: Investigation Team: Organization

All investigators in any police unit must be a graduate of prescribed
investigation course with a rank of at least PO2 (pre-requisite to
assignment).
Composition:
1. Team Leader;
2. Investigator/recorder;
3. Photographer;
4. Evidence custodian; and
5. Composite Illustrator/Artist

Preparation of Case Investigation Plan (CIPLAN)

The conduct of police operation involving sensational cases, high profile

and heinous crimes must be covered by Case Investigation Plan.

Uniform of the Investigator

18 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 Prescribed uniform should be worn by investigators when
conducting investigation so as to identify them as PNP personnel.
SOCO Assistance
a. In cases where the crime scene needs special processing due to
its significance or because of its sensational nature, the Scene of
the Crime Operation (SOCO) specialists of the Crime Laboratory
shall be requested.
b. If the situation involves a clandestine drug laboratory, biological
weapons, radiological or chemical threats, the appropriate agency
should be contacted prior to entering the scene.
CRIME SCENE SKETCHES
Sketches are useful in questioning of suspects and witnesses as
well as in the writing of investigative reports.
• A sketch is prepared indicating the actual measurement of
things with scale and proportion observed and oriented to the
North Pole. All necessary information are placed in the sketch.
• Sketches are excellent companions to photograph. Where
photograph provide exact details, sketches offer
accurate information about the placement of objects
and they show relationship and distances between things.
ELEMENTS OF SKETCH
1. Measurements
2. Compass Direction - It must always be indicated to facilitate
proper orientation of the sketch. The compass is used to
determine “North.” A standard arrow of orientation will indicate
this direction on the sketch.
3. Essential elements- The sketch should portray those items which
have bearing on the investigation being conducted
4. Scale and Proportion
5. Legend - Is an explanation of symbols used to identify objects
in the sketch
6. Title

Types of Measurements

19 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 • Rectangular coordinates method – a sketching method that
involves measuring the distance of an object from two fixed lines
at right angles to each other.
• Triangulation method – a sketching method that requires
measuring the distance of an object along a straight line from two
widely separated fixed reference points.
• Baseline method– a sketching method that makes
measurements along from a single reference line, called a
baseline, which can be established by using a length of string,
chalk line, or some other convenient means.

WHAT ARE THE SPECIFIC KINDS OF SKETCHES?

1. SKETCH OF LOCALITY =This gives picture of the scene,

the crime and its environs, including such items such as
neighboring buildings, roads leading to the location or house.

2. SKETCH OF GROUNDS = The sketch of grounds pictures

the scene of the crime with its nearest physical
surroundings (e.g. house with a garden).

3. SKETCH OF DETAILS = The sketch of details describes

immediate scene only. For instance, the room in which the
crime was committed and the details thereof. Cross projection
method are details of the room wherein walls and ceiling are
pictures as if they are on the same place as the floor. This
gives a clear impression of the scene in cases where
bloodstains or bullet holes are found in the walls or on the
ceiling.

GENERAL KINDS OF SKETCH

1. ROUGH SKETCH -Made by the prober at the crime scene.

Scale and proportion are ignored and everything is approximated.
It is to be used as basis of the finish sketch
2. FINISH SKETCH -Made primarily for court room
presentation. All elements of sketching must be present.
CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY

20 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 The main objective is to create a visual record of the crime
scene before any item is moved as possible physical evidence.
Take photograph of the crime scene with or without markers.

21 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
What are Methods of Crime Scene Search?
1. STRIP SEARCH METHOD = In this method, the area is blocked
out in the form of a rectangle. The three (3) searchers, A, B, and C
proceed slowly at the same pace along, paths parallel to one side of
the rectangle.
ENTRANCE

EXIT

2. THE DOUBLE STRIP OR GRID METHOD OF SEARCH = a

modification of
the strip search method. Here, the rectangle is traversed first parallel
to the base then parallel to the side.
22 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
3. SPIRAL SEARCH METHOD = In this method, the three
searcher follow each other along the path of a spiral, beginning on
the outside and spiraling toward the center.

4. ZONE SEARCH METHOD = In this earcher is assigned to

eacmethod, one s h subdivision of a quadrant, cut into another set of
quadrants.

1st Zo ne/grid 2nd Zone

search 3rd Zone

4th Zone

5. WHEEL SEARCH METHOD = In this method of search, the area

is considered to be approximately circular. The searcher, gathers at
the center and proceed outward along radii or spokes. The
procedure should be repeated several times depending on the size of
the circle and the number of searchers. One shortcoming of this
method is the great increase in the area to be observed as the
searchers depart from the center.

23 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
6. Point to point- searcher will stand in a straight line and move
forward together.
What is meant by reconstruction of the crime?
After completion of the search, an effort must be made to determine
from the appearance of the place and its objects what actually
occurred and what the circumstances of a crime were. This is
known as reconstructing the crime.
Kinds of reconstruction
• Physical Reconstruction— The physical appearance of
the crime scene is reconstructed from the description of
witnesses and the indication of the physical evidence.
• Mental Reconstruction—From the physical reconstruction,
some conclusions can be made concerning the consistency of
the accounts of various witnesses. No assumption should be
made concerning actions which are not supported by
evidence. The final theory developed by the investigator should
provide a line of investigative action.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING -It forms a general conclusion prior to having
a complete explanation based on the facts
INDUCTIVE REASONING- It forms a general conclusion after
gathering evidence and after further investigation
What is chain of custody?
The establishment of identity and the number of persons who
handle the evidence between the time of the commission of the
offense and the ultimate disposition of the case.

PRINCIPLES TO BE OBSERVED IN HANDLING ALL TYPES OF

EVIDENCE

24 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
1. The evidence should reach the laboratory as much as possible
in same condition as when it is found.
2. The quantity of specimen should be adequate. Even with the
best equipment available, good results cannot be obtained from
insufficient specimens.
3. Submit a known or standard specimen for comparison purposes.
4. Keep each specimen separate from others so there will be no
intermingling or mixing of known and unknown material. Wrap and
seal in individual packages when necessary.
5. Mark and label each piece of evidence for positive identification as
the evidence taken from a particular location in connection with the
crime under investigation.
6. The chain of custody of evidence must be maintained. Account for
evidence from the time it is collected until it is produced in court. Any
break in this chain of custody may make the material inadmissible
as evidence.

What are the TYPES OF EVIDENCE?

1. TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE = The most common form of

evidence, and it is obtained through interview and interrogation –
events which witness see, smell, taste, and touch are described to
the investigator through oral and written testimony.

2. DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE = This includes writings,

including official records. One which is supplied by written
instruments, or derived from symbols which ideas are represented
on material substances, like letters, wills, deed or contract.

3. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE = Evidence addressed to the senses of

the court, as when objects are exhibited for the personal observation
of the judge. It is also called real evidence – any kind of object
associated with the investigation, but it must be a tangible item.

25 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 NOTABLE ACCOUNTS AND HISTORY OF INVESTIGATION

JONATHAN WILD (England)

• He was the most famous thief catch er
• “Employing a thief to catch a thief.”
• He became the London's most effective criminal investigator.
• His methods made popular the logic of “employing a thief to
catch a thief
• He conceived the idea of charging a fee for locating and
returning stolen property to its rightful owners.

EUGENE “FRANCOIS” VIDOCQ

• Established a squad of ex-convicts to aid Paris police in
investigation.
• He worked under the theory of “Employing a thief to catch a thief.”
• Founder of LA SURETE, France's national detective organization.
• *FATHER OF MODERN CRIMINOLOGY IN FRANCE.

ALLAN PINKERTON
• America’s foremost private detective. He became the first detective
of
the Chicago Police Department in 1849. He then opened his
private detective agency in the early 1850’s in partnership with
Chicago attorney, EDWARD RUCKER. Their business
immediately became successful and formed the North-Western
Police Agency. (PINKERTON'S AGENCY)

KATE WAYNE
• First women detective in history criminal investigation that was
hired
by Pinkerton Agency.

DR. HANS GROSS

• He is believed to be the creator of the field of Criminalistic and is to
this day seen as the father of Criminal Investigation

THOMAS BYRNES
• Chief of the detectives in New York City, was one of the famous
investigators of the nineteenth century.
• He trained his detectives in recognizing individual criminal
techniques. This method was later to be known as “modus
operandi” or method of operation and is considered an essential
tool of investigation to this day.

26 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
PAUL LELAND KIRK
• A forensic chemist and scientist who pioneered the blood
splatter analysis “blood stain pattern analysis”
DR. ALEC JOHN JEFFREYS
• Invented the used of DNA fingerprinting or profiling.
He used this to identify Colin Pitchfork as the murderer of 2 young
girls in England.

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
• DNA typing was first used to solve a crime in 1986 in ENGLAND.
• DNA profiling was first introduced in US criminal court
• First conviction using DNA was Tommy Lee Andrews.

ALPHONSE BERTILLON (France)

• He introduced the first systematic system based on the
Anthropological measurement.
• He was considered the “founder of Criminal Investigation”.
• He was also considered the ‘father of Personal Identification “

FLAVIANO GUERRERO
• the only Filipino member of United States Federal
Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

BOSTON, MASACHUSSETTS, USA

First introduced the multi-suspect identification line-up known
as” POLICE LINE-UP”

SIGNIFICANT CASES

MIRANDA VS. ARIZONA

• It originated from the American jurisprudence. Mr. Ernesto Miranda,
a
Latino accused of kidnapping and rape in the State of Arizona.
The Arizona Police leading to his confession interrogated him
exhaustedly. Based on his confession, he was charged, tried
and convicted. Appeal of his conviction was made before the
Arizona Supreme Court but his conviction was affirmed. The
appeal was then elevated to the US Supreme Court where there
was a reversal of the decision and he was acquitted on
Constitutional grounds. As a result of this landmark decision, the
so-called MIRANDA WARNING has become mandatory.
Suspects taken into custody or deprived of their freedom of
action, who are to be questioned by law enforcement officers.

27 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
1961, USA = MAPP vs. OHIO (376 vs. 584)

• The Supreme Court ruled that illegally obtained evidence is

inadmissible in state criminal prosecutions. This case established the
“Doctrine of Poisonous Tree.”

CHAPTER VI
POLICE
INTELLEGENCE

History of Intelligence

1. Holy Bible- where you can find the just recorded intelligence
operations in history.
a. Moses - The scripture also named the 12 intelligence agents
when the Lord directed Moses to send into the Land of Canaan and
records that “all those men were heads of the children of Israel”.
b. Rahab- “The Harlot of Jericho” (Joshua 2: 1-21) who sheltered
and concealed the agents of Israel, made a covenant with the agent
sand duped their pursuers.
c. Delilah- She was an impromptu intelligence agent of the
Philistines. She allowed Philistine spies to hide in her house (Judges
16:9) and used her feminity to gain intelligence from a powerful
enemy. A biblical personality who was able to gain information by
using her beauty and charm. She was responsible for the fall of
Samson a known Israelite leader who terrorized the Philistines

28 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
2. Sun Tzu- a Chinese- “Father of Intelligence” philosopher, in
his book “PING FA” (Art/Principles of War) - the earliest known
textbook on the art of general warfare- once said; “If you know
your enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the
result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not
your enemy, for every victory, you will suffer defeat. If you
know neither yourself nor your enemy, you are fool who
will meet defeat in every battle.”

Captured agents should be treated with benevolence, tempted

with bribes, led away and comfortably housed. He realized that if
such mean could be turned, they would be in position to report on their
previous master strengths and weaknesses.
Condemned spies were less fortunate; Unknown to them they
were fed completely false information by Sun Tzu’s agents, sent into
enemy territory and if necessary compromised. When they were
captured and tortured, the information that they were able to divulge
was wholly incorrect, leading the enemy to miscalculate his response.
When the enemy learned of his mistake the spy was put to death, but
by then it was often too late.

3. Alexander “The Great”- a “Renowned Greek Conqueror”

Under the tutelage of Aristotle, Alexander the Great King of
Macedonia, became the first ruler to utilize intelligence as a weapon of
government. He divided a simple but highly effective system of covert
ciphers.
He introduced a primitive form of “Cabinet Noir” (Internal
Monitoring) when he instigated postal censorship into the army and
investigated letters and malcontents.

4. Sir Francis Walsingham of England- He was credited with

creating the first viable secret service in England. He protected
Queen Elizabeth I from countless assassins. “Regarded as the
“First Great Spymaster.”
5. Mata Hari (1876-1917) - Ironically, Mata Hari is one of the best
known spies in history, yet she was one of the worst.
When World War I broke out, Mata Hari was in Berlin, where she
had recently befriended the Chief of police, who subsequently
enlisted her into the ranks of the German Secret Service. She carried
on her life as before dancing naked on the stage and dispensing her
services liberally to those who could afford her.

6. Frederick “the Great”

The “Father of Organized Military Espionage”.
▪ He divided his agents into for classes:
1. Common Spies- recruited among poor folk, glad to earn
small sum or to accommodate a military officer;
29 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 2. Double Spies- the low informers and unreliable renegades
of value chiefly in spreading false information to the enemy;
3. Spies of Consequence- courtiers and nobleman, staff
officers and kindred conspirators, invariably requiring a
substantial bribe or bait;
4. Persons who are forced to undertake espionage
against their will.

7.Hannibal- Known as one of the “Greatest Military

Strategist. Hannibal’s invasion of Italy, the most brilliant raid in
history, gained him victories and nearly bleed Rome to death, but the
mere slaughter of Romans and a great city’s despair would not have
sustained him for fifteen years if he had not also made powerful allies
and developed an excellent intelligence system. He usually roams
around the city often disguise himself as a beggar to gather firsthand
information.

8. Karl Schulmeister, “Napoleon’s Eyes”- He was credited for

establishing counterintelligence conducted against spies. He
was the master of deceit who used black mail to obtain vital
information pertaining to the personality of the enemies of Napoleon
during the 18th Century

10. Alfred Redl- One of the most brilliant intelligence agents,

though he was a homosexual. He rose to become chief of the Austro-
Hungarian Secret Service, or in other terms, director of their military
intelligence system. For more than half of his time as director of
intelligence, Redl was acting as an intelligence agent of Russia.
“Homosexual Double Spy”

11. William “Wild Bill’’ Denovan- headed the Office of

Strategic Service (OSS), the immediate forerunner of the
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). A lawyer and millionaire
Republican, Donovan enjoyed Roosevelt’s trust, friendship and
most crucial of all- direct access to the inner sanctums of the White
House
What are the sample of Intelligence Units?

1. Federal Bureau of Investigation

First established in 1908 as an investigative arm of the U.S.
Department of Justice and became what is known as the F.B.I. under
its first director John Edgar Hoover in 1924. On September 6, 1939 by
a presidential directive, it came to its responsibility the task of a
domestic intelligence.

2. CIA - Central Intelligence Agency

Military intelligence agency of United States of America and
engaged in many undercover activities throughout the world. A
predecessor of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), which was
formed in 1942 and renamed

30 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
CIA in 1947. It was the Central Intelligence group established during
the time of President Truman.

3. KGB- Komitet Gusodarstevenoy Bezopasnosti-

Intelligence Agency of Russia. Literally means The Committee for
State Security established in 1917 and became known as KGB in
1954.

4. MOSSAD- (Mossad Merkazi Le- Modiin U-

Letafridim M- eyudim)-“Central Institute for
Intelligence and Security”- Israel

5. SIS- Secret Intelligence Service- Great Britains intelligence

agency and also known by its wartime designation, “MI6”,
equivalent to US’s CIA, in charge with gathering information
overseas and with other strategic services ranging from foreign
espionage to covert political intervention.

6. SDECE- (Secret de Documentation Exterieure

et Contre- Espionage)- France

7. SAD- (Social Affairs Department)- China

Note: The counterpart of these intelligence organizations in the

Philippines is the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency
(NICA) which is under the Office of the National Security Adviser

Col. Rudolph Abel - (Russian) - was probably the highest ranking and
most successful spy whoever infiltrated the United States.

Mathew Cevetic- a famous undercover assignment of FBI infiltrated

the communist party.

31 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
Definition of Intelligence:

Intelligence. A product created through the process of planning,

directing, collecting, collating, and analyzing data, for dissemination as
usable information that typically assesses events, locations of
adversaries, to allow the appropriate deployment of resources to reach
a desired outcome.

In the Military parlance, it is the product resulting from the collection,

evaluation, analysis, integration, and interpretation of all available
information which concerns one or more aspect of foreign nations or
are areas of operations and which is immediately or potentially
significant to planning.

In the Police parlance, it is the end-product resulting from the

collection, evaluation, analysis, integration, collation and interpretation
of all available information which concerns one or more aspects of
criminal activity significant to police planning operation.

What are the Principles of Intelligence?

a. The Principle of Objectivity/Objectiveness

Intelligence must be based on the decision-makers own plans
and intentions as much as on consideration of the intelligence
targets. In intelligence, only well guided will succeed.
b. The Principle of Interdependence (Mutually dependent)
Operation and intelligence planners work hand and hand to
attain a greater degree of success in their common effort. This goes
also to logistics, personnel, plans/programs, training and budget.
c. Principles of Continuity
It simply means that information, events, and reports must be
continuous and intelligence activities follow a simple continuous
intelligence cycle. Intelligence coverage must be continuing so that
the shape of what happened today could be studied in the light of
what happened before, which in turn would enable to predict the
shape of things to come.
d. Principle of Communication
Intelligence adequate to their needs must be communicated to
all the decisions makers in a manner that they will understand and
inform that will permit its most effective use. Intelligence is useless if
it remains in the minds, or in the files of its collectors or its producers.
e. Principle of Selection
Intelligence should be essential and pertinent to the purpose at
hand.
32 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
f. Principle of Timeliness
Intelligence must be communicated or must be available on
time to the decision maker to permit its most effective use.
g. Principle of Usefulness (Use)
Intelligence must be adequate for the purpose for which it will
be utilized.

h. Principle of Flexibility
Intelligence must have the ability to change or be changed
according to circumstances. Hench, alternatives must be drawn.

i. Principle of Security
Security is achieved by measures which the intelligence takes
to protect and preserve the integrity of its organization personnel,
method, sources, information and results of its activities.
j. Principle of imagination and foresight
The operator and the agent must be given the leeway to use his
resourcefulness to obtain more than what is normally required.

What are the Concept and Classification of Intelligence?

1. Intelligence as a process- is an activity which treats,

processed information as a basis for departmental policy
and decision- making.
2. Intelligence as an organization- It is an institution composed
of persons who pursue a social kind of knowledge for the purpose of
planning the collection of information, processing and dissemination
of intelligence relating to the area of interests.
3. Intelligence Community- is the conglomeration of all
intelligence units and agencies in a country composed of civilian,
military and quasi-military organization.

What are the Types of Police Intelligence?

1. Strategic Intelligence- Intelligence information which is
primarily long- range in nature with little or no immediate practical
value.
2. Counter-Intelligence- It deals with defending of the organization
against it criminal enemies (Defensive Effort)
3. Line Intelligence- The type of intelligence which is of an
immediate nature and necessary for more effective planning
and operations. (Offensive Effort)
4. Undercover work - It is an investigative process in which
disguises and pretext, cover and deception is utilized

What are the Forms of Police Intelligence?

33 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
1. Overt- When the information or documents are procured openly
without regard as to whether the subject of investigation becomes
knowledgeable of the purpose or purposes for which it is being
gathered.
2. Covert- When the information is obtained without the knowledge
of the person against whom the information or documents may
be used.
3. Semi Overt/ Covert- When the information is obtained from
open sources but the person against whom the said information will
be used do not have any knowledge about it.

What is Military Intelligence?

Military Intelligence- It is an evaluated and interpreted

information concerning an actual or possible enemy or treat
operations including Weather and Terrain, together with the
conclusions withdrawn there from.

What are the Types of Military Intelligence?

1. Strategic Intelligence- is a type of intelligence which
pertains to the capabilities, vulnerabilities, and probable course
of action of foreign nations.

What are the Components of Strategic Intelligence?

a. Political Intelligence- deals with the domestic and
foreign relationships of government operation.
b. Economic Intelligence- deals with the extent and
utilization of natural and human resources to the industrial
potential nation.
c. Transportation and Communication Intelligence-
concerned with operation and facilities not only the military
but also the civilians.
d. Sociological Intelligence- deals with the
demographic and psychological aspect of groups of
people.
e. Biographical Intelligence- deals with the individual
personalities having actual possession of power. (Scientist)
f. Armed force Intelligence- deals with the Armed
Forces of the nation.
g. Geographical Intelligence- deals with the natural as well
as man- made features of physical environment of man
considered from the point of view of military operation.
h. Scientific Intelligence- deals with the progress of
research and development as it affects the economic and
military potential of a nation.

2. Combat Intelligence- is a type of intelligence that pertains

to the knowledge of People, Weather, Enemy and Terrain
(PWET) used in planning and conducting tactical and
 administrative operation in a counter insurgency. It provides
the commander with information and
34 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 conclusions concerning the area of operations, enemy capabilities
and vulnerabilities in order to determine their probable effect on his
course of action. Combat intelligence is required by the
commander in order to determine the best use of his available
firepower and maneuver forces, to accomplish his mission, and to
maintain the security of his command.

What is the intelligence information to be determined?

a. People (living conditions, sources of income, education of the
people, livelihood, extent of enemy influence)
b. Weather (Visibility, Cloudy, temperature, rain, wind)
c. Enemy (location, strength, tactical capability, enemy vulnerability)
d. Terrain (relief and drainage system, obstacle, critical terrain
features, observation and fields of fire)

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF POLICE

INTELLIGENCE?
1. Criminal Intelligence (CRIMINT) - production of intelligence
essential to the prevention of crime and the investigation, arrest and
prosecution of criminal offenders.
2. Internal Security Intelligence (INSIT) - knowledge
essential to the maintenance of peace and order.
3. Public Safety Intelligence (PUSINT) - knowledge
essential to ensuring the protection of lives and properties.

INFORMATION AND ITS SOURCES

Information – All raw data or evaluated materials of every

description derived from observation, communication, reports, rumors,
imagination and other sources from which intelligence is produced.

Intelligence Information – All evaluated information of every

description including those derived from observation, reports,
rumors, imagery, and other source from which intelligence is
produced.

Source – Where the information is obtained.

WHAT ARE THE GENERAL CLASSIFICATION of SOURCES

of INFORMATION?

1. OPEN SOURCES
35 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 ▪ The information may be obtained from news files,
libraries, magazines, books, or non- classified files in
certain public or private offices. 99% of the information
collected is coming from open sources. This can be
from: Enemy activity; POW; Civilians; Captured
Documents; Map; Weather forecast; Studies;
researches; reports; etc.; Agencies; Informants
and informers.

2. CLOSE SOURCES
▪ They can be located inside a building, safe or vaults. 1%
of all information is from close sources. This can be
from: Surveillance; Casing; Elicitation;
Surreptitious entry;
Employment of technical means (bugging and
tapping); Tactical interrogation; Observation
and description.

Bugging- it is the placement of a hidden microphone to the target to

collect to telephone conversation.

Wiretapping- a method of collecting information through

interception of telephone conversation.

Persons as source of Information:

1. Information Net – Controlled group of people who worked through
the direction of the agent handler. The informant’s principal or
cutouts supply the agent handler directly or indirectly with
intelligence information.
2. Informant – refers to a person who gives information to the
police voluntarily or involuntarily without any consideration.
3. Informer – Those who gives information to the police for price or
reward.

What are the PHASES OF THE INTELLIGENCE

CYCLE? PHASE 1 – DIRECTING COLLECTION

EFFORT
▪ In this phase, the Intel Staff Officer or Unit
commander determines the required or important
information relevant to
mission. Then these requirements will be distributed to
the different collection agencies by direction or by request.
A. Determination of requirements:
a. Enemy capabilities including time, place, strength or
other details.
b. Enemy vulnerabilities including the nature, extent
 permanence or other details.
c. Enemy order of battle
d. Terrain including natural and artificial obstacle and weather
36 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 e. Information desired by higher, lower or adjacent headquarters.
B. Determination of the essential elements of
information (EEI) EEI
➢ An item of intelligence or information of the characteristics of the
area
of operations and the enemy, which the commander feels
needed before he can reasonably arrive at a decision.
➢ These are evaluation based on the existing situation, current
domestic and foreign situations, national objectives, etc. In
here, there is no set
formula but judgment and experience are necessary.
3. Establishment of priorities (P.I.R’s)
➢ This is necessary to decide which items of information are more
important – a system of priority is needed; critical importance
and lesser importance; EEI – highest priority intelligence
requirements essential to planning.

PHASE 2 – COLLECTING THE INFORMATION

➢ In this phase, the collecting agency determines what specific
information is to be collected, by whom and from whom. After the
collecting activity is carried out, the collected information is then
submitted for processing.

PHASE 3 – PROCESSING THE COLLECTED INFORMATION

A. Recording
• The reduction of information into writing or some other form of
geographical representation and the arranging of this information
into groups of related items.
B. Evaluation
• The determination of the pertinence of the information to the
Operation reliability of the source or of the agency the accuracy of
the information; or examination of raw information to determine
intelligence value.

Evaluation to Determine:
a. Pertinence (usefulness) - Does it hold some value to
current operation? Is it needed?
b. Reliability (dependable) -Judging the source of information
c. Credibility (truth of information)
▪ Is it possible for the reported fact or event to have taken
place? Is the report is consistent within itself? Is the
report is confirmed or corroborated by information
from different
sources or agencies? If the report does not agree with
information from other sources, which one is more
likely to be true?

37 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 EVALUATION GUIDE

RELIABILIT ACCURAC SOURCES OF

Y OF Y OF INFORMATION
IFORMATIO INFORMAT
N IO
N
A– 1–Confirmed T– Direct observation by
Completely by the commander and chief of
a unit
reliable other sources U– Reports by penetration
B– Usually 2– agent or resident agent
reliable V–Report by PNP/AFP
C– Probably troops involved in
true encounter
Fairly reliable W– Interrogation of captured
D– Not 3–Possibly enemy agent/foreigner
usually true X–Observation of government
reliable 4– and civilian employee or official
E– Doubtfully Y– Observation by a member of
Unreliable true the populace
F-- 5– Z - Documentary
Reliability Improbable
cannot 6–Truth
cannot
be judged
be judged
(CUFNUR)
(CProPDIT)

C. Interpretation
• It is establishing the meaning and significance of
information. It involves the following:
38 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
1. Analysis - The determination of significance of information relative
to the information and intelligence already known and drawing
deductions about probable meaning of the evaluated information. It
is done by shifting and isolating those elements that have
significance in light of the mission or national objective.
2. Integration - It is combination of the elements stated in
assessment with other known information or intelligence to form a
logical feature or hypothesis for enemy activities or the information
of the operational area and characteristics of the omission of the
command.
3. Deduction - The formulation of conclusions from the theory
developed, tested and considered valid; determination of effort and
meaning of the information.

PHASE 4 – DISSEMINATION AND USE

➢ Final phase of the cycle. Processed information is disseminated to
the agency, unit or command to effect or implement the mission.
Dissemination is through:

Criteria of Dissemination:

1. Timeliness - must reach the users in time to be of value

2. Propriety - The message must be clear, concise and complete,
as well as in the proper form for the receiver to readily understand its
contents. It must be disseminated to the correct user, presented in a
form that leads itself to immediate use and distributed by the most
effective means appropriate to the both time and security
requirements.

INTELLIGENCE OPERATION
➢ It is the result of intelligence planning. Planning is always ahead
of operation although an operation can be made without a plan.
It is usually due to sudden and inevitable situations but definitely,
this is poor intelligence management.
Infiltration - the insertion of action agent inside the target
organization
Penetration- recruitment of action agent inside the target
organization

METHODS OF COVERT OPERATION

Elicitation

39 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 ➢ It is a system or plan whereby information of intelligence value is
obtained through the process of direct communication where one
or more of the parties to the communication is /are unaware of
the specific purpose of the conversation.
Two devices in the conduct of Elicitation:
1. Approach- the process of setting people to start talking.
2. Probe- the process to keep the person talking incessantly.

Types of Approach:
1. Flattery- people are susceptible to
praise Variants:
a. Teacher- Pupil approach- the subject is treated as an
authority. We request him/her to enlighten us and we solicit
his viewpoint and opinions. The collector builds the theme
that he is an ignorant student who wants to learn from the all
knowing teacher, in
b. Kindred Soul approach-The subject has been place in a
pedestal having some specialized quality and you flatter
him/ her by showing enough concern for his/ her welfare to
pay special attention to his enjoyment. The collector
attempts to build on professional brotherhood and
understanding of what the source of information is going
through and sharing the source’s frustrations.
c. Good Samaritan approach- is sincere and valid offers of
help and assistance are made to the subject.
d. Idol- The collector builds them based on his/her deep
admiration of the source of information and express curiosity
on how one could achieve such greatness.

2. Provocative approach-discover a wide range of conversational

gambits. Variants:
a. Teaser Bait Approach- the collector will direct the
conversation and to a certain topic and throw out a
provocative statement that may be incorrect, which will in
effect force the source to correct the collector.
b. Man from Missouri Approach- The collector will
disbelieve what the source is saying to a point where the
source is force or prove the accuracy of his words through
additional information. The elicitor adopts unbelievable
attitudes above anything. He questions all statements and
oppositions.
c. Joe Blow Approach (Know it all) –The collector will
become arrogant and project a message that he/she knows
it all. Eventually, the source of information starts to show the
intelligence collector, how much he doesn’t know by divulging
additional
information, generally prefaced by “Well if you know
everything, did you know……?

40 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 d. National Pride Approach- nature propensity of all
people to defend their country and its policies. The
collector will tie the required information to national pride
in an attempt to get the source to confirm, deny or
elaborate on information.
e. Partial- Disagreement approach- seek to produce
talking by the word “I’m sure if I fully agree”.

What is Casing?

➢ Literally means putting a thing, or place in a case. As used in

intelligence operation – the continuous monitoring of a place or
area at a given period of time.
➢ In intelligence operation, it is reconnaissance or surveillance of a
building, place or area to determine its suitability for intelligence
use or
its vulnerability in operations.

What is Surveillance?
It is a process or act of keeping person, premises or vehicles under
observation in order to acquire detailed information concerning the
activities, identities and contact of the subject. It is concerned primarily
with persons. It involves many varied techniques and skills including
preparation, foot surveillance, automobile surveillance, stationary of
fixed surveillance, and reconnaissance. Also, tailing, shadowing,
trailing or keeping the subject under observation.

TERMS USED (Please Memorize):

• Pre-surveillance Conference - A conference held among the
team
members, police intelligence unit before a surveillance is conducted.
• Stake out - The observation of places or areas from a fixed-out point.
• Tailing or Shadowing - It is the observation of a person’s movement.
• Undercover Man - A person trained to observe and penetrate certain
organization suspected of illegal activities and the later reports the
observation and information so that proper operational action can be
made.
• Liaison Program - This is the assignment of trained intelligence
personnel
to other agencies I obtain information of police intelligence value.
• Safe House - It is place, building, enclosed mobile, or an apartment,
where police undercover men meet his action agent for debriefing or
reporting purposes.
• Drop - It is a convenient, secure, and unsuspecting place where a
police,
undercover man, informer, or informant by a pre-arrangement leaves
a note, a small package, an envelope to item for the action agent,
supervisor or another agent.
• Convoy - An accomplice or associate of the subject.
41 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 • Decoy - Any person almost similar to the subject used to avoid
or elude surveillance.
• Contact - Any person or subject picks or deals with while he is
under
surveillance.
• Made (burn out) -When subject under surveillance becomes aware
that he is under observation and identifies the observer
• Lost - When the surveillants do not know the where about of their
subject or
the subject had eluded the surveillants.
• Rabbit (hare) - Term referring to the subject of shadowing and tailing.
• Test for tailing - The common trick of the subject (rabbit) when he
becomes conscious that he is being tailed. The rabbit usually boards
a public conveyance then jumping off the vehicle then he looks about
quickly to determine if any another person jumps off also.
• Finger man- an individual who can positively point the subject.
• Put the finger on- to identify the subject by pointing him out in person
or in photograph.
• Put to bed- when the subject under surveillance returns to quarter
and
apparently retire for the night.

What are the Classification of Surveillance according to

intensity?
1. Discreet- one in which every effort is made to ensure that the
subject is unaware that he is under observation/surveillance.
2. Close Surveillance- one in which maintaining constant
observation of the subject is the objective regardless of whether
or not he becomes aware of the surveillant.
3. Loose- one in which may be applied frequently or infrequently
with the period of observation varied of each occasion.

What are the Classification according to method?

1. Fixed or Stationary method (Stake out/ Plant) Observation of
place usually a bookie stall, gambling joint, or a residence where
illegal activities are committed (fixed point position).
2. Moving Surveillance - Surveillants follow the subject from
place to place to maintain continuous watch/ observation of his/ her
activities.
3. Technical and Audio- visual surveillance Uses
communication and electronic hardware’s, gadgets, systems and
equipments. Ex: taps and bugs

What are the kinds of surveillance?

a. Stake Out or Surveillance of Places
b. Tailing or shadowing
c. Undercover investigation or “Roping”

What are the Classification of Clandestine Agent?

42 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 1. PRINCIPAL AGENT is a managerial agent and in most
cases the leader of the agent network..
2. ACTION AGENT- is the doer of the clandestine task and further
classified according to the task that he was assigned. (e.g.
Espionage, Saboteur, Strongman, Propagandist, Provacateur)
3. SUPPORT AGENT - an agent who engages in activities which
support the clandestine operation. This agent performs all types
of auxiliary services at the direction of the case or project officer.

What is Cover and Undercover/Roping?

Undercover/ Roping Operation- an intelligence/ investigation

technique in which the investigator conceals his true identity and
adopts an assumed role to accomplish an intelligence/ investigation
mission.

COVER - Any device by person, organization to insure that one who

does not have the right to know must be aware of the real purpose of
the mission. Or it is a means by which an individual group or
organization conceals the true nature of its acts and or existence from
the observer.

COVER STORY - A biographical data through fictional, which will

portray the personality of the agent he assumed: any scenario to
cover up the operation.

COVER SUPPORT - An agent assigned in target areas with the

primary mission of supporting the cover story.

What are the Essential Types of Cover?

1. Natural cover - using actual or true background
2. Artificial - using biographical data adopted for the purpose
3. Cover within a Cover -Justification of existence.
4. Multiple cover - Any cover you wish.

What are the Types of Undercover Assignment?

a. Dwelling Assignment-to reside in or near the dwelling of

target to maintain constant contact with the home life of the
subject.
b. Work Assignment- getting employed where the
investigator can observe the activities of the subject at his place
of work.
c. Social Assignment- frequent places of entertainment
and amusement habitually being visited by the target.
d. Personal Contact Assignment- the investigator is required
to develop the friendship and trust of the target.
43 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
 e. Multiple Assignment – the investigator is tasked to cover
two or more of the above specific assignments simultaneously; it
can produce extensive information with minimum expenses but
more prone to compromise.
f. Rope job - striking up friendship with the subject.

Deuteronomy 31:6

Be strong and of a good courage, fear not, nor be afraid of

them: for the LORD your God, he it is that does go with
you; he will not fail you, nor forsake you.

-END OF MODULE-

44 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence