Scribd
Upload
3 views4 pages

DNA Fingerprinting

Uploaded by

tejaswitiwai20
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views4 pages

DNA Fingerprinting

Uploaded by

tejaswitiwai20
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

DNA Fingerprinting

DNA Fingerprinting

Introduction

DNA fingerprinting, also known as DNA profiling, is a revolutionary technique in molecular biology

that

is used to identify individuals based on their unique genetic makeup. First developed by Alec

Jeffreys in 1984,

DNA fingerprinting has applications in forensics, paternity testing, and genetic studies.

Structure of DNA

1. Composition of DNA

- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a double-helical structure composed of nucleotides.

- Each nucleotide contains a sugar molecule, phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases

(Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine).

2. Unique Patterns

- While 99.9% of DNA in humans is identical, the 0.1% difference results in unique patterns,

making DNA fingerprinting possible.

Principle of DNA Fingerprinting

The principle is based on the analysis of Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) and Short

Tandem Repeats (STRs) in non-coding regions of DNA.

These regions differ greatly among individuals, serving as unique identifiers.

Steps in DNA Fingerprinting


1. Sample Collection

- DNA is extracted from samples such as blood, saliva, hair, or skin cells.

2. Isolation of DNA

- The DNA is purified from the sample using techniques like cell lysis and enzyme treatment.

3. Fragmentation

- Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA into smaller fragments.

4. Amplification

- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is used to amplify specific DNA sequences.

5. Separation of Fragments

- Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on size.

6. Hybridization

- DNA fragments are transferred to a membrane and hybridized with radioactive or fluorescent

probes.

7. Visualization

- The unique DNA pattern is visualized under X-ray or UV light.

Applications of DNA Fingerprinting

1. Forensic Science

- Solving criminal cases by matching DNA from crime scenes with suspects.

2. Paternity Testing
- Determining biological relationships.

3. Identification of Remains

- Identifying individuals in cases of natural disasters or war.

4. Medical Research

- Studying genetic disorders and tracing inheritance patterns.

5. Wildlife Conservation

- Tracking genetic diversity in endangered species.

Advantages of DNA Fingerprinting

1. High accuracy in identifying individuals.

2. Small sample size is sufficient.

3. Can be applied to old or degraded samples.

4. Useful in resolving complex legal and medical disputes.

Limitations of DNA Fingerprinting

1. Requires specialized equipment and expertise.

2. DNA contamination can lead to errors.

3. Ethical concerns regarding misuse of genetic information.

4. Expensive for large-scale use.

Ethical and Social Issues

- Privacy Concerns: Unauthorized access to genetic information can lead to discrimination.

- Storage of DNA Data: Storing DNA in databases raises concerns about misuse.

- Consent: Obtaining informed consent is essential to respect individual rights.


Future of DNA Fingerprinting

Advances in next-generation sequencing and CRISPR technology are expected to make DNA

fingerprinting faster, cheaper,

and more accurate. These developments will further enhance its applications in medicine, law

enforcement, and personalized healthcare.

Conclusion

DNA fingerprinting has revolutionized many fields, providing a reliable method for identifying

individuals and solving

complex biological and legal questions. However, it is essential to address ethical concerns to

ensure its responsible use.

As technology evolves, DNA fingerprinting will continue to play a critical role in advancing science

and society.

You might also like