CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATORY
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
PROJECT
2024-25
2024-25
RATE OF EVAPORATION OF
DIFFERENT LIQUIDS

BY
ASHISH RAJ SRIVASTAVA
BY ~
CLASS – 12-D
ADITYA SINGH PATWAL

CLASS 12-E
 2024-25
SIR PADAMPAT
SINGHANIA
EDUCATION
CENTRE

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT ADITYA SINGH PATWAL OF
CLASS XII-E HAS SUCESSFULLY COMPLETED THE RESEARCH ON
THE MENTIONED TOPIC UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF –
Ms. KIRTI SHARMA [CHEMISTRY TEACHER]
DURING THE YEAR 2024-25 IN FULFILMENT OF PRACTICAL
EXAMINATION.

SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE OF CHEMISTRY TEACHER

 INDEX
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
 INTRODUCTION
 THEORY
 FACTORS INFLUENCING RATE OF
EVAPORATION:
 USES OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS:

 PROCEDURE
 CONCLUSION
 PRECAUTION
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks
of gratitude to my chemistry teacher Ms.
KIRTI SHARMA as well as our school
principal Ms. BHAWNA GUPTA who gave
the opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic " RATE OF
EVAPORATION OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS"
which also helped me in doing a lot of
research work and I came to know about
so many new things. I am really thankful
to them.
 AIM OF THE
EXPERIMENT
In this project, we shall determine the Rate of
Evaporation of different liquids and then Compare
it with respect to different factors and density.
 INTRODUCTION
Evaporation is a process in which when a liquid on the
surface turns into a gas or vapor. When liquid is placed in an
open vessel. It slowly escapes into gaseous phase ventually
leaving the vessel empty. Evaporation of liquids can be
explained in the terms of kinetic molecular model although
there are strong molecular attractive forces which hold
molecules together.

The molecules having sufficient kinetic energy can escape

into gaseous phase. If such molecules happen to come near
the surface in a sample of liquid all the molecules do not have
same kinetic energy. There is a small fraction of molecules
which have enough kinetic energy to overcome the attractive
forces and escapes into gaseous phase.

Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that the

molecules which undergo evaporation have high kinetic
energy therefore the kinetic energy of the molecules which
are left behind is less.
 THEORY
FACTORS INFLUENCING RATE
OF EVAPORATION:
1. Concentration of the substance evaporating in the air:
If the air already has a high concentration of the substance
evaporating, then the given substance will evaporate more
slowly.

2. Concentration of other substances in the air:

If the air is already saturated with other substances, it can have
a lower capacity forth substance evaporating.

3. Temperature of the substance:

If the substance is hotter, then evaporation will be faster.
4. Flow rate of air:
If fresh air is moving over the substance all the time, then the
concentration of the substance in the air is less likely to go up
with time, thus encouraging faster evaporation. In addition,
molecules in motion have more energy than those at rest.

5. Inter-molecular forces:
The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in the
liquid or solid state the more energy that must be input in order
to evaporate them.

6. Surface area and temperature:

The rate of evaporation of liquids varies directly with
temperature. With the increase in the temperature, fraction of
molecules having sufficient kinetic energy to escape out from
the surface also increases. Thus with the increase in
temperature rate of evaporation also increases. Molecules that
escape the surface of the liquids constitute the evaporation.
Therefore larger surface area contributes accelerating
evaporation.

7. Nature of Liquids:
The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of attraction in liquid
determines the speed of evaporation. Weaker the inter-
molecular forces of attraction larger are the extent of
evaporation.
8. Composition of Environment:
The rate of evaporation of liquids depends upon the flow of air
currents above the surface of the liquid. Air current flowing
over the surface of the liquid took away the molecules of the
substance in vapour state thereby preventing condensation.

9. Density:
The higher the density, the slower a liquid evaporates.

10. Pressure:
In an area of less pressure, evaporation happens faster because
there is less exertion on the surface keeping the molecules
from launching themselves. If the substance is hotter, then
evaporation will be faster.
 USES OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS:

WATER:
Water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation
of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by
allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allows
replication. Water is vital both as a solvent in many ways and
respiration. It is also central to acid base neutrality and enzyme
function.

ACETONE:
Acetone is often the primary component in nail polish remover. It is
used extensively for the safe transporting and storage of acetylene.
Vessels containing a porous material are first filled with acetone
followed by acetylene, which dissolves into acetone. It is a strong
solvent for most plastics and synthetic fibers. It is also used as a
drying agent, due to readiness with which it binds to water, and it
volatility. Acetone can also be used on hair to remove buildup and oil.

ACETALDEHYDE:
It is a flammable liquid with fruity smell. Acetaldehyde occurs naturally
in ripe fruit, coffee and fresh bread and is produced by plants as a part
of their normal metabolism. It is known as the chemical that causes
hangovers. It is used as an intermediate in the production of acetic
acid, certain esters and a number of other chemicals
ETHANOL:
The largest single use of ethanol is an a motor fuel and fuel additive. It
may also be utilized as a rocket fuel and is currently used in
lightweight rocked powered racing craft. Ethanol fuels flue-less, real
flame fireplaces. Ethanol is kept in a burner containing a wick such as
glass wool, a safety sheild to reduce the chances of accidents and an
extinguisher such as plate or shutter to cut off oxygen.
 EXPERIMENTS

 EXPERIMENT -1

Aim :
To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone, benzene and
chloroform.

Requirement :
Three same size Petri dishes of diameter 10 cm., 10 ml. pipettes, stop
watch, acetone benzene and chloroform.

Procedure :
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A, B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. acetone in Petri dish "A" with stopper
similarly pipette out of 10 ml. of benzene and chloroform in each of
Petri "B" and "C".
3. Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and start the stop
watch.
4. Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minute. Now cover
each of the petri dish and note the volume of remaining material in
them.
Observation :
Time : 10 min. = 600 Sec.
Petri dishes Liquid Taken (V1) Volume remaining (V2) Vol. Evap. V=V1–V2 Rate (V/T) ml./s
Marked ml. ml
A 10 2 8 8/600=0.0133
B 10 3 7 7/600=0.0116
C 10 4 6 6/600=0.010

Results :
Rate of evaporation of Acetone is 0.0133 ml/s. Rate of evaporation of
Benzene is 0.0166 ml/s. Rate of evaporation of Chloroform is 0.010
ml/s.

Conclusion :
The intermolecular forces of acetone, benzene and chloroform are in
order.
Chloroform > Benzene > Acetone.
  EXPERIMENT -2
Aim :
To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation of
diethylether.

Requirement :
Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5 cm., 5 cm., 7.5 cm. with cover, 10
ml. of pipette and stop watch.

Procedure :
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and mark them as A, B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. diethylether in each of the Petri dishes A, B
and C and cover them immediately.
3. Uncover all three Petri dishes and start the stop watch.
4. Note the remaining volume after 10 min. vaporization of diethyl
ether from each Petri dish.

Observation :
Time : 10 min. = 600 Sec.
Petri dishes Marked Diameter of PTDs Volume Taken (ml) Remaining Vol. (ml) Evaporated Vol.
A 2.5 10 4 6
B 5.0 10 2 8
C 7.5 10 0 10

Results :
The order of evaporation of acetone in three petri dishes as
7.5 > 5.0 >2.5 cm.
Conclusion :
Larger the surface area more is evaporation.
• EXPERIMENT -3
Aim :
To study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation of
acetone.

Requirement :
Two Petri dishes acetone.

Procedure :
1. Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A and B.
2. Keep one dish where no air current and other under a fast air
current.
3. Note the reading.

Observation :
Initial Volume 10 ml. of Acetone.
Petri dishes Marked Conditions Time (Sec.) Volume Evaporated (ml.)
A With fan 40 10
B Without fan 50 10

Results :
The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as given

With fan > Without Fan..

Conclusion :
The rate of evaporation of liquid increases with the increase in rate
of flow of air current.
 CONCLUSION
After performing all the four experiments, we can conclude that rate
of Evaporation of a liquid increases with:

i. The increase in Volatility (Volatility of Acetone is very large as

compared to that of water.)
ii. The increase in surface area of liquids.
iii. The increase in flow of air current.
 PRECAUTIONS
 Handle all liquids, especially volatile ones, with care to
avoid spills or accidents.
 Conduct the experiment in a well-ventilated area.
 Use heat sources responsibly; avoid overheating.
 Wear safety gear like gloves and goggles.
 Keep flammable liquids away from open flames.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM

 WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET

 WWW.PINTEREST.COM

 WWW.STUDY.COM