Eight Parts of Speech

1) Noun (အမည်နာမရှိတဲ့အရာတတွေအာားလားက Noun တတွေပဖြစ်သည်)

a) Countable Noun
i) Singular (Singular Noun တ ွေက Article ပြဿနာအမ ြဲလှိိုလှိိုရှိသည်)
ii) Plural (Plural Noun တ ွေတရှေ့ ှာတ ှာော့ the ထညော့်သငော့် သငော့်ကှိိုသှာ စဉ််းစှာ်းရန်လှိိုသည်)
b) Uncountable Noun (Article ပြဿနာ ရှိ)

2) Adjective (Noun တတွေကှိ အထားဖပြုဖြင်ား၊ အဓှိပပါယ်ဖြညဲ့်စွေက်တပားဖြင်ား (Complement) တှိို့အတွေက်သားသည်)

Example:
Adjective Noun Noun Phrase
interesting book an interesting book
heavy box a heavy box
generous donor a generous donor
excellent presentation an excellent presentation

Note: adjective တ ွေက Noun ကှိို အထ်းပြြုသညော့်အခါ (modify) Noun Phrase ှာ်းသည် Noun သှာပြစ်သည်။

3) Adverb (အတဖြြှိင်ပပားသာား မလစကာားလားမ ာားရှိသလှိ ၊ မှိမှိလှိြ င်သညဲ့်အဓှိပပါယ်ဖြစ်တအာင် တရားသာားသညဲ့် Adverb မ ာားရှိသည်။)

a) အတဖြြှိင်ပပားသာား Adverb မ ာား
(Example : fast, very, slowly, quickly, beautifully)
b) Frequency Adverb မ ာား
100% (Always/ 90-99% (Almost 70-89% 50-69% 30-49% 1-29% 0%
Constantly) Always) (Often/ (Sometimes/ (Rarely/ (Almost (Never)
Repeatedly) Occasionally) Infrequently) Never)
Always Usually Often Sometimes Rarely Barely Never
Constantly Normally Repeatedly Occasionally Seldom Almost never Not ever
Invariably Generally Commonly Periodically Hardly ever
Without fail Regularly Typically From time to time Scarcely
Frequently

c) မှိမှိလှိြ င်သညဲ့် အဓှိပပါယ်ဖြစ်တအာင် တရားသာားနှိင်သညဲ့် Adverb မ ာား

i) Adverb of Manner
ii) Adverb of Place (preposition + noun ြံိုစံပြငော့် တရ်းသှာ်းနှိိုင်သည်)
iii) Adverb of Time (preposition + noun ြံိုစံပြငော့် တရ်းသှာ်းနှိိုင်သည်)
iv) Adverb of Reason
4) Verb (Sub ဘာဖြစ်လ၊ ဘယ်မာရှိလ၊ ဘာလပ်လ၊ ဘာလပ်ြရလ ဆှိတာမ ြုှိ ားကှိ တဖပာတသာစကာားလားတတွေဖြစ်တယ်။
Verb ကှိ တယဘယ အာားဖြငဲ့် (2) မ ြုှိ ားြွေတလဲ့လာမယ်။
a) Main Verb
i) Intransitive verb (object လှိို/ adverb သှာလှိိုသည်)
(Example: go, sleep, jump, come, smile, dance, travel, die, ….)
ii) Transitive verb (object လှိိုသည်)
(Example: buy, build, kill, break …)
b) Helping Verb (Auxiliary Verb)
i) Verb to be (am, is, are, was, were)
ii) Verb to do (do, does, did)
iii) Verb to have (has, have, had)
iv) Modal (can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must, have to, ought to, be to, be going to …)

Making Sentences

တေဘေ အှာ်းပြငော့် Sentence (၂) ြုှိ ်းသှာ ခွေြဲထို ်တလော့လှာနှိိုင်သည်။

1) Main Verb အသံို်းပြြုတရ်းတသှာစှာတ ကှာင််း

- Main Verb အသံို်းပြြုတရ်းသှာ်းတသှာ စှာတ ကှာင််း ှာ်းသညော့် ပြြုလိုြ်ပခင််းနငော့်ဆှိိုင်တသှာ အတ ကှာင််းအရှာ ှာ်းကှိို တပြှာသည်။
2) Helping Verb အသံို်းပြြုတရ်းသှာ်းတသှာစှာတ ကှာင််း
- Verb to be အသံို်းပြြုတရ်းသှာ်းတသှာ စှာတ ကှာင််း ှာ်းသည် ပြစ်ပခင််း/ရှိပခင််း (တနရှာ) အတ ကှာင််းအရှာ ှာ်းကှိို တပြှာသည်။
- Verb to have အသံို်းပြြုတရ်းသှာ်းတသှာ စှာတ ကှာင််း ှာ်းသည် ြှိိုင်ဆှိိုင်ပခင််းကှိိုတပြှာသည်။ ( ခါ ရံ၌ Action Verb
အတနပြငော့်လည််း သံို်းသည်။)

Note: Verb to do ကှိ တြါတရ၌ Main Verb အဖြစ်သားနှိင်သည်။

Verbs of Incomplete Predication

1. seem Seem: Stay: Taste:

2. appear • It seems impossible to finish this on • Please stay quiet during the • The soup tastes salty.
3. become time. presentation. • This cake tastes
• She seemed upset after the meeting. • He stayed strong throughout the ordeal. amazing!
4. grow
Appear: Turn: Smell:
5. remain
• He appears confident on stage. • The leaves turned yellow in autumn. • The flowers smell
6. stay
• The sky appears cloudy today. • The situation turned serious quickly. fresh.
7. turn
Become: Feel: • This dish smells
8. feel • He became a famous artist. • I feel tired after the long day. incredible.
9. look • The weather became colder overnight. • This fabric feels soft.
10. sound Grow: Look:
11. taste • She grew fond of the new city. • You look amazing today!

12. get • The child grew taller over the summer. • The cake looks delicious.
Remain: Sound:
• Despite the chaos, he remained calm. • That sounds like a great idea.
• The prices remain unchanged. • The music sounded wonderful.
Prepositional Phrase (Adverb)

Prep + Noun ြံစ

ို ံပြငော့်တရ်းတသှာ phrase ှာ်းကှိို propositional phrase ဟိုတခေါ်သည်။ ၎င််း phrase ှာ်းသည်
adverb ှာ်းသည်။ သှိတ
ိုို့ သှာ် စ်ခါ ရံ၌ ၎င််း phrase ှာ်း၏အတရှေ့ င
ွေ ် သငော့်တလ ှာ်တသှာ Noun စ်ခိုရှိလျှင်
adjective အလိုြ်လိုြသ
် ည်။

Example:

a) The book on the table is mine.

b) I don’t know the things in the box.
c) The vegetables in Twantay market are fresh and healthy.

Articles (a, an, the)

1) တရတွေက်၍ရတသာ Singular Noun မ ာားအတရှေ့တွေင် “the” ထညဲ့်ရသညဲ့်အတ ကာင်ားရင်ား

- Unique in nature
- Generalization
- Particularly refer

Unique in nature (unique ဖြစ်တသာ Noun မ ာားအတရှေ့တွေင် the ထညဲ့်တရားရမည်)

- Example: the sun, the moon, the tallest boy, the most expensive diamond

Generalization (မ ြုှိ ားနွေယ်စတစ်ြ၊ အမ ြုှိ ားအစာားတစ်ြ ကှိခြြုင၍တဖပာလှိလျှင် the ထညဲ့်တရားရမည်)

a) The lion is considered the king of the jungle. (Generalizing all lions as a species.)
b) The smartphone has become an essential tool in modern life. (Generalizing smartphones as a
category.)
c) The dog is often called man’s best friend. (Referring to dogs as a species in general.)
d) The wheel is one of the greatest inventions of all time. (Generalizing all wheels as a concept or
invention.)
e) The ocean covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface. (Referring to oceans collectively as a general
entity.)
f) The elderly require more care and support in society. (Referring to elderly people as a group.)
g) The heart is a vital organ in the human body. (Generalizing the heart as an organ across all humans.)
h) The computer has transformed how we work and learn. (Generalizing computers as a category.)
i) The artist sees the world differently from others. (Generalizing artists as a group.)
Particularly refer (သားဖြာား ရည်ညွှန်ားတဖပာလှိသညဲ့်အြါတွေင်လည်ား the ထညဲ့်တရားရမည်)

a) The book you gave me was incredibly insightful. (Referring to a specific book already mentioned or
known.)
b) Can you pass me the salt, please? (Referring to a particular salt container in the context.)
c) The dog next door barks all night. (Referring to a specific dog in a known location.)
d) I saw the movie you recommended last night. (Referring to a specific movie that was previously
discussed.)
e) The teacher in Room 101 is my favorite. (Referring to a particular teacher associated with Room 101.)
f) The cake on the table is for the party. (Referring to a specific cake in a particular location.)
g) She was wearing the dress she bought last week. (Referring to a specific dress that was mentioned or
known.)
h) The man we met at the conference called me today. (Referring to a particular man from a known
interaction.)
i) The phone on the counter is yours. (Referring to a specific phone located on the counter.)
j) The decision to postpone the event was unanimous. (Referring to a particular decision in context.)

အထက်ပါ အြ က်ပါ (၃) ြ က်ဖြငဲ့် မကှိက်ညလျှင် a/an ကှိသာ ထညဲ့်လှိက်ရသာလှိသည်။

2) တရတွေက်၍ရတသာ အမ ာား Noun (plural) မ ာားတရှေ့တွေင် ခြြုငတဖပာဆှိဖြင်ား (Generalization) ဖပြုလပ်ဖြင်ား

မဟတ်လျှင် the ထညဲ့်တရားရမည်။ ဆှိလှိသည်မာ အမ ာား Noun (plural) မ ာားတရှေ့တွေင် the မပါလျှင် ခြြုင
တဖပာဆှိတသာ အဓှိပပါယ်တပါက်သည်။

Example

a) Dogs are known for their loyalty to humans. (Generalizing all dogs as a species.)
b) Books can transport readers to entirely different worlds. (Referring to books in general.)
c) Cars have become a necessity in most modern cities. (Generalizing all cars as a category.)
d) Trees provide oxygen and are essential for the environment. (Referring to trees collectively.)
e) Cats are often more independent than dogs. (Generalizing all cats as a species.)
f) Smartphones have transformed the way people communicate. (Referring to smartphones as a general
category.)
g) Bees play a crucial role in pollination and maintaining ecosystems. (Generalizing bees as a group.)
h) Musicians often spend years mastering their craft. (Referring to musicians as a group in general.)
i) Computers have become an integral part of education. (Generalizing all computers as a category.)
j) Children are naturally curious and eager to learn. (Referring to children in general.)
 Adjectives

i) လရှိမြ်းသှာ်း Adjective
ii) Participle Adjective (Ving, V3) (e.g interesting, interested, exciting, excited)
iii) Adjective Clause

Participle Adjective မ ာား

- Ving ြံိုစံ adjective ှာ်းသည် Main Verb ှာ်းပြငော့အ

် ဓှိက ြန် ်းနှိင
ို ်သည်။ ၎င််း Adjective ှာ်းအထ်းပြြုတသှာ
Noun သည် အဆှိိုြါ Adjective ၏ Action ကှိို လိုြ်တဆှာင် သှာ အသံို်းပြြုနိုင
ှိ ်သည်။

Example: sit → sitting, eat→eating, swim→swimming

(1) The girl sitting next to you is my little sister.

(2) Did you see the girl wearing a white dress.

- V3 ြံိုစံ adjective ှာ်းကှိိုလည််း Main Verb ှာ်းပြငော့် ြန် ်းနှိိုင်သည်။ ၎င််း Adjective ှာ်းအထ်းပြြုတသှာ Noun
ှာ်းသည် အဆှိိုြါ Adjective ၏ Action ကှိို ခံရ သှာ အသံ်းို ပြြုနိုင
ှိ ်သည်။

Example: write→ written, buy→ bought

(1) I like the books written by Sayar Thoe Saung.

(2) The teaching materials required in our classroom are not available in Yangon.

Adjective Clause (Relative Pronouns)

- Pharse ှာ်းနငော့် အ သညော့အ

် ခ က် ှာ Clause ှာ်းသည် Sentence ြံိုစံ (သှိ)ိုို့ imperative ြံိုစံ ှာ်းပြစ် ကသည်။
- အထ်းပြြုခံရ ညော့် Noun သည် ၎င််းကှိို အထ်းပြြုတသှာ Adjective ွေင်ြါဝင်တသှာ Verb ၏ Action ကှိိုပြြုလိုြ်လျှင်
Imperative ြံိုစပံ ြငော့်တရ်းမြ်း ပြြုလိုြ်လျှင် Sentence ြံိုစပံ ြငော့် တရ်းရသည်။
- Example:
- I like the book that Sayar Aung Thin wrote.
- He is waiting for the teacher who are about to teach him grammar.