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SMA_111_Lesson4_17-12-2024

The document discusses the power rule and the derivatives of trigonometric functions using first principles and limits. It provides trigonometric identities and examples for deriving the derivatives of cos x and sin x. The document concludes with an assignment to determine the derivative of tan x from first principles.

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6 views2 pages

SMA_111_Lesson4_17-12-2024

The document discusses the power rule and the derivatives of trigonometric functions using first principles and limits. It provides trigonometric identities and examples for deriving the derivatives of cos x and sin x. The document concludes with an assignment to determine the derivative of tan x from first principles.

Uploaded by

kerrysewe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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This rule is conventionally referred to as the power rule, and works for any finite value

of n.

3.3.6 Derivatives of trigonometric functions


Evaluation of derivatives of trigonometric functions in accordance with first principles re-
quires both the application of limits (discussed in Section 2) and common trigonometric
rules. These rules include
cos(A B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B (13)
cos(A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B (14)
sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + sin B cos A (15)
sin(A B) = sin A cos B sin B cos A (16)
A direct consequence of the rules above is the well known set of trigonometric identities
cos2 A + sin2 A = 1 (17)
1 + tan2 A = sec2 A (18)
1 + cot2 A = csc2 A (19)
Equations (13) leads, on setting A = B, to cos2 A + sin2 A = 1. Further dividing through by
cos2 A and sin2 A leads to sec2 A = 1 + tan2 A and csc2 A = 1 + cot2 A respectively.

Example 3.3: Derivative of cos x from first principles


To evaluate the derivative of cos x from first principles, we proceed as follows;

f (x) = cos x
f (x + x) = cos(x + x)
= cos x cos x sin x sin x
dy f (x + x) f (x)
= lim
dx x!0 x
cos x cos x sin(x) sin x cos x
= lim
x!0 x
cos x(cos x 1) sin(x) sin x
= lim
x!0
✓ x ◆
cos x 1 sin x
= lim cos x sin x
x!0 x x
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
cos x 1 sin x
= cos x lim sin x lim
x!0 x x!0 x

It can be shown that as x ! 0, (cos x 1) ! 0;


✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
cos x 1 sin x
lim = 0 and lim =1
x!0 x x!0 x

22
We now have
dy
= cos x(0) sin x(1)
dx
= sin x

Example 3.4: Derivative of sin x from first principles

To evaluate the derivative of sin x from first principles, we find an expression for f (x+ x)
and then proceed as done in Example 3.3.

f (x) = sin x
f (x + x) = sin(x + x)
= sin x cos x + sin x cos x
dy f (x + x) f (x)
= lim
dx x!0 x
(sin x cos x + sin x cos x) sin x
= lim
x!0 x
sin x(cos x 1) + sin x cos x
= lim
x!0
✓ x ◆ ✓ ◆
cos x 1) sin x
= sin x lim + cos x lim
x!0 x x!0 x
= sin x(0) + cos x(1)
= cos x

Assignment 3.1
Determine the derivative of tan x from the first principles.

23

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