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Name: Class: Date:

chapter 1

a. 62.0 °C
b. 34.4 °C
c. 201.2 °C
d. 179.15 °C

6. A standard soccer field covers an area of 7140 m2. Given that there are 39.37 inches in a meter and exactly
12 inches in a foot, calculate the area of a soccer field in square feet.
a. 663 ft2
b. 2.34 × 104 ft2
c. 7.69 × 104 ft2
d. 3.37 × 106 ft2
e. 1.11 × 107 ft2

7. Calculate the volume of an 8.24 g mass of copper (density = 8.96 g/mL).

a. 0.920 mL
b. 1.09 g/mL
c. 73.8 g/mL
d. 8.96 g/mL

8. Potassium is a shiny, solid compound with a melting point of 64 °C. Chlorine is a pale yellow-green gas with
a melting point of –102 °C. These two elements can combine to form a white, crystalline substance with a
melting point of 771 °C. Select the false statement.
a. The white crystalline substance formed is a compound.
b. The melting point of the white crystalline substance is an intensive property.
c. The combination of potassium and chlorine to form a white crystalline substance is an example of a
chemical reaction.
d. The melting point of the white crystalline substance is a chemical property.

9. Select the correct sequence of events in the scientific method.

a. hypothesis → observation → experiment → theory → scientific law
b. theory → observation → scientific law
c. observation → hypothesis → experiment → theory → scientific law
d. hypothesis → experiment → theory → scientific law
e. observation → hypothesis → experiment → theory

10. Which are considered pure substances?

a. elements only
b. compounds only
c. elements and compounds
d. elements, compounds, and homogeneous mixtures
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e. elements, compounds, homogeneous mixtures, and heterogeneous mixtures

11. A scientist studies a 1.0 L water sample from a pond and obtains several results. Select the result that is
quantitative.
a. The water sample contains microorganisms.
b. The water sample contains iron.
c. The water sample contains calcium.
d. The water sample contains 0.5 μg of lead.
e. The water sample contains sediment.

12. Solve the following problem and select the answer with the correct number of significant digits:

a. 1.1 g/cm3
b. 1.05 g/cm3
c. 1.052 g/cm3
d. 1.0516 g/cm3
e. 0.263 g/cm3

13. A sample of potassium explodes when dropped into a swimming pool. This property is
a. extensive and physical.
b. extensive and chemical.
c. intensive and chemical.
d. intensive and physical.

14. Select the largest quantity.

a. 1 ng
b. 1 mg
c. 1 kg
d. 1 μg
e. 1 Mg

15. A car driving from Portland, Oregon, to Portland, Maine, travels 3.19 × 103 miles. Given that one mile =
1.61 km, convert this distance to kilometers.
a. 1.98 × 103 km
b. 5.14 × 103 km
c. 5.14 km
d. 3.19 × 103 km

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Name: Class: Date:

chapter 1
16. An employee makes $18.00 per hour. Given that there are 52 weeks in a year and assuming a 40-hour work
week, calculate the employee's yearly salary.
a. $720 per year
b. $936 per year
c. $37,440 per year
d. $11,230 per year
e. $8,640 per year

17. Select the number of significant digits in the following value: 0.0126
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
e. at least three

18. Water boils at 100 °C at sea level. A scientist working at sea level takes three temperature measurements of
a boiling water sample and obtains values of 93.0 °C, 92.9 °C, and 93.1 °C. Select the statement that most
accurately describes the result of the measurements.
a. The measurements are accurate, but not precise.
b. The measurements are precise, but not accurate.
c. The measurements are both precise and accurate.
d. The measurements are neither precise nor accurate.

19. Select the extensive property.

a. volume
b. density
c. color
d. freezing point

20. Select the true statement.

a. A scientific law can later be revised.
b. A scientific theory can become a scientific law.
c. A theory is first formulated to explain an observation.
d. After a theory becomes generally accepted, it becomes a hypothesis.

21. The cosmic background temperature of outer space is 2.725 K. Calculate the cosmic background
temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.
a. –182.24 °F
b. –267.70 °F
c. –270.43 °F
d. –273.15 °F
e. –454.77 °F
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Name: Class: Date:

chapter 1

22. Object A and object B have the same mass, but object B has a greater volume than object A. Select the true
statement.
a. Object A is more dense than object B.
b. Object B is more dense than object A.
c. Objects A and B have the same densities.
d. The volume of object B is less than the volume of object A.

23. What is the symbol of the SI base unit for amount of substance?
a. m
b. mol
c. g
d. A
e. cd

24. Select the pure substance.

a. air (a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen)
b. seawater (water with dissolved salts)
c. water (a compound of hydrogen and oxygen)
d. brass (a mixture of copper and zinc)

25. Select the choice that is equal to 1 km.

a. 100 m
b. 103 m
c. 10–3 m
d. 10 m
e. 0.001 m

26. A series of experimental results do not support a hypothesis. Select the next step in the scientific method.
a. A scientific theory is formulated, based on the experimental results.
b. A scientific law is formulated, based on the experimental results.
c. Based on the experimental results, a new hypothesis is formulated and tested experimentally.
d. More experiments are conducted, until the results support the original hypothesis.
e. A theory is formulated from the results, which can later become a scientific law.

27. The Dead Sea, which borders Israel, Palestine, and Jordan, is a salt lake. Its water has a density of 1.24
kg/L. Calculate the density of Dead Sea salt water in units of grams per milliliter and determine whether it is
more or less dense than ocean salt water (density = 1.027 g/mL).
a. Dead Sea salt water has a density of 0.124 g/mL, and it is less dense than ocean salt water.
b. Dead Sea salt water has a density of 12.4 g/mL, and it is more dense than ocean salt water.
c. Dead Sea salt water has a density of 1.24 g/mL, and it is more dense than ocean salt water.
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Name: Class: Date:

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d. Dead sea salt water has a density of 1.21 g/mL, and it is more dense than ocean salt water.

28. Suppose you have two different brands of baking powder that are each uniform throughout. However, the
labels show that one brand has a higher sodium content than the other. Classify baking powder.
a. element
b. compound
c. homogeneous mixture
d. heterogeneous mixture

29. Select the choice that is not a derived unit.

a. m/s
b. s–1
c. m
d. m3
e. kg·m/s2

30. Solve the following problem and select the answer with the correct number of significant digits: (3.001
g/mL)(1.25 mL) = ?
a. 3.7 g
b. 3.75 g
c. 3.751 g
d. 3.7513 g

31. Water has a density of 1.000 g/mL at 4 °C and a density of 0.997 g/mL at 25 °C. Given that 1 mL = exactly
1 cm3, calculate the volume difference between 1.000 kg masses of water at these two different temperatures.
a. 997 cm3
b. 0.000 cm3
c. 3 cm3
d. 0.003 cm3
e. 0.997 cm3

32. In a cup, there is orange juice containing pulp and a few ice cubes. Which choice best describes the contents
of the cup?
a. element
b. compound
c. homogeneous mixture
d. heterogeneous mixture

33. Select the number of significant digits in the following value: 7900
a. one
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Name: Class: Date:

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b. two
c. three
d. four
e. at least two

34. Select the choice that is equal to 1 ng.

a. 106 g
b. 103 g
c. 10–9 g
d. 10–6 g
e. 10–3 g

35. Solve the following problem and select the answer with the correct number of significant digits: 25.00 cm +
3.2 cm = ?
a. 28 cm
b. 28.2 cm
c. 28.20 cm
d. 28.200 cm

36. Select the choice that is equal to 10–3 s.

a. 1 ms
b. 1 ks
c. 1 s
d. 1 μs
e. 1 ds

37. Select the number of significant digits in the following value: 2.006
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
e. at least two

38. Select the chemical change.

a. ice melting
b. crushing an aluminum can
c. breaking glass
d. water condensing on a cool glass
e. burning wood

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Name: Class: Date:

chapter 1
39. An observation is made and a hypothesis is formed. Select the next step in the scientific method.
a. The hypothesis is tested with experiments.
b. The hypothesis becomes a theory.
c. The hypothesis becomes a scientific law.
d. The hypothesis becomes a scientific axiom.

40. A log burns in a fireplace. Which choice best describes the energy conversion?
a. Potential energy is converted to nuclear energy.
b. Matter is converted to potential energy.
c. Kinetic energy is converted to electrical energy.
d. Nuclear energy is converted to heat energy.
e. Chemical energy is converted to heat energy.

41. Select the chemical property.

a. color
b. melting point
c. flammability
d. density
e. conductivity

42. Select the true statement.

a. All compounds are mixtures.
b. Only elements are pure substances.
c. Pure substances cannot consist of more than one type of element.
d. A compound consists of two or more elements.

43. Cooking oil has a density of 0.92 g/mL. Calculate the mass of a teaspoon of cooking oil, which is equivalent
to 4.93 mL.

44. How many significant digits are in the following value? 156.100

45. The lowest recorded temperature on Earth was –89.2 °C at the Soviet Vostok Station in Antarctica in 1983.
Calculate this temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.

46. Helium's boiling point is 4.222 K. Calculate helium's boiling point in degrees Fahrenheit.

47. When added to water, octane will form a layer on the surface of the water. Iron will sink when added to
water. Rank the densities of these substances from lowest to highest.

48. The surface area of the Caspian Sea is approximately 1.4 × 105 square miles. Given that there are 1.609 km
in one mile, calculate the surface area of the Caspian Sea in square meters and round the answer to the correct
number of significant figures.
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49. Crater Lake in Oregon is approximately 9.7 km long and 8.0 km wide, and has an average depth of 350 m.
Assuming that the lake has the three-dimensional shape of a rectangular prism, calculate the volume of Crater
Lake and round the answer to the correct number of significant figures.

50. The average life expectancy in the United States is 78.7 years. Given that there are 365.25 days in a year,
exactly 24 hours in a day, exactly 60 minutes in an hour, and exactly 60 seconds in a minute, calculate the
number of minutes that the average American lives.

51. What is the name and symbol for the SI unit of length?

52. Solve the following problem and round the answer to the correct number of significant digits.

53. Give the symbol and numerical meaning for the prefix micro-.

54. Standard-sized dice that are used in games and gambling are approximately cubic in shape and 16 mm in
length on each side. Given that there are exactly 10 mm in 1 cm, calculate the volume of a die in units of cubic
centimeters. Assume that the die is completely cubic in shape.

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Name: Class: Date:

chapter 1
Answer Key
1. a

2. c

3. b

4. d

5. b

6. c

7. a

8. d

9. e

10. c

11. d

12. a

13. c

14. e

15. b

16. c

17. c

18. d

19. a

20. a

21. e

22. a

23. b

24. c
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Name: Class: Date:

chapter 1

25. b

26. c

27. c

28. c

29. c

30. b

31. c

32. d

33. e

34. c

35. b

36. b

37. d

38. e

39. a

40. e

41. c

42. d

43. 4.5 g

44. six

45. –128.6 °F

46. –452.07 °F

47. octane < water < iron

48. 3.6 × 1011 m2

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49. 27 km3

50. 4.14 × 107 min

51. meter, m

52. 0.010

53. μ, 106

54. 4.1 cm3

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Other documents randomly have
different content
which was worm-eaten in the step; and the Etoile shortened hers,
the head of it being sprung. We likewise took in, from on board the
store-ship, the flour and biscuit which still belonged to us, in
proportion to our number. There were fewer pulse than we at first
thought, and I was obliged to cut off above a third part of the
allowance of the (gourganes) pease or caravanses for our soup: I
say ours, for every thing was equally distributed. The officers and the
sailors had the same nourishment; our situation, like death, rendered
all ranks of men equal. We likewise profited of the fair weather, to
make good observations.
Observation of On the 11th, in the morning, M. Verron brought his
longitude. quadrant and pendulum on shore, and employed
them the same day, to take the sun’s altitude at noon. The motion of
the pendulum was exactly determined by several corresponding
altitudes, taken for two days consecutively. On the 13th, there was
an eclipse of the sun visible to us, and we got every thing in
readiness to observe it, if the weather permitted. It was very fair; and
we saw both the moment of immersion, and that of emersion. M.
Verron observed with a telescope of nine feet; the chevalier du
Bouchage with one of Dollond’s acromatic telescopes, four feet long;
my place was at the pendulum. The beginning of the eclipse was to
us, on the 13th, at 10h. 5′ 45″ in the morning, the end at 00 h. 28′ 16″
true time, and its magnitude 3′ 22″. We have buried an inscription
under the very spot where the pendulum had been; and we called
this harbour Port Praslin.
This observation is so much the more important, as it was now
possible, by its means, and by the astronomical observations, made
upon the coast of Peru, to determine, in a certain fixed manner, the
extent of longitude of the vast Pacific Ocean, which, till now, had
been so uncertain. Our good fortune, in having fair weather at the
time of the eclipse, was so much the greater, as from that day to our
departure there was not a single day but what was dreadful. The
continued rains, together with the suffocating heat, rendered our stay
here very pernicious to us. On the 16th, the frigate had completed
her works, and we employed all our boats to finish those of the
Etoile. This store-ship was quite light, and as there were no stones
proper for ballast, we were obliged to make use of wood for that
purpose; this was a long troublesome labour, which in these forests,
where an eternal humidity prevails, is likewise unwholesome.
Description of Here we daily killed snakes, scorpions, and great
two insects. numbers of insects, of a singular sort. They are
three or four inches long, and covered over with a kind of armour;
they have six legs, projecting points on the sides, and a very long
tail. Our people likewise brought me another creature, which
appeared extraordinary to us all. It is an insect about three inches
long, and belongs to the Mantis genus. Almost every part of its body
is of such a texture, as one would take for a leaf, even when one
looks closely at it. Each of its wings is one half of a leaf, which is
entire when the two wings are closed together; the under side of its
body resembles a leaf, of a more dead colour than the upper one.
The creature has two antennæ and six legs, of which the upper joints
are likewise similar to parts of leaves. M. de Commerçon has
described this singular insect; and I placed it in the king’s cabinet,
preserved in spirits.
Here we found abundance of shells, many of them very fine. The
shoals offered treasures for the study of Conchology. We met with
ten hammer-oysters in one place, and they are said to be a scarce
species[120]. The curiosity of some of our people was accordingly
raised to a great pitch; but an accident happening to one of our
sailors abated their zeal. He was bit in the water by Sailor bit by a
a kind of snake as he was hauling the seine. The water-snake.
poisonous effects of the bite appeared in half an hour’s time. The
sailor felt an excessive pain all over his body. The spot where he had
been bit, which was on the left side, became livid, and swelled
visibly. Four or five scarifications extracted a quantity of blood, which
was already dissolved. Our people were obliged to lead the patient
walking, to prevent his getting convulsions. He suffered greatly for
five or six hours together. At last the treacle (theriaque) and flower
de luce water which had been given him, brought on an abundant
perspiration, and cured him.
This accident made every one more circumspect and careful in
going into the water. Our Taiti-man curiously observed the patient
during the whole course of his sickness. He let us know that in his
country were snakes along the sea-shore, which bit the people in the
sea, and that every one who was thus bit died of the wound. They
have a kind of medicinal knowledge, but I do not believe it is
extensive at all. The Taiti-man was surprised to see the sailor return
to his work, four or five days after the accident had happened to him.
When he examined the productions of our arts, and the various
means by which they augment our faculties, and multiply our forces,
this islander would often fall into an extatic fit, and blush for his own
country, saying with grief, aouaou Taiti, fy upon Taiti. However, he
did not like to express that he felt our superiority over his nation. It is
incredible how far his haughtiness went. We have observed that he
was as supple as he was proud; and this character at once shews
that he lives in a country where there is an inequality of ranks, and
points out what rank he holds there.
Bad weather On the 19th in the evening we were ready to sail,
which but it seemed the weather always grew worse and
persecutes us. worse. There was a high south wind, a deluge of
rain, with thunder and tempestuous squalls, a great sea in the offing,
and all the fishing birds retired into the bay. On the Earthquake.
22d in the morning, towards half an hour past ten o’clock, we
sustained several shocks of an earthquake. They were very sensibly
felt on board our ships, and lasted about two minutes. During this
time the sea rose and fell several times consecutively, which greatly
terrified those who were fishing on the rocks, and made them retreat
to the boats. It seems upon the whole, that during this season the
rains are uninterrupted here. One tempest comes on before the
other is gone off, it thunders continually, and the nights are fit to
convey an idea of chaotic darkness. Notwithstanding this, we daily
went into the woods in search of thatch palms and cabbage trees,
and endeavouring to kill some turtle doves. We Unsuccessful
divided into several bodies, and the ordinary result endeavours to
of these fatiguing caravans, was, that we returned find provisions.
wet to the skin, and with empty hands. However, in these last days,
we found some mangle-apples, and a kind of fruit called Prunes de
Monbin[121]. These would have been of some service to us, had we
discovered them sooner. We likewise found a species of aromatic
ivy, in which our surgeons believed they had discovered an
antiscorbutic quality; at least, the patients who used an infusion of it,
and washed with it, found themselves better.
Description of a We all went to see a prodigious cascade, which
fine cascade. furnished the Etoile’s brook with water. In vain would
art endeavour to produce in the palaces of kings, what nature has
here lavished upon an uninhabited spot. We admired the
assemblage of rocks, of which the almost regular gradations
precipitate and diversify the fall of the waters; with admiration we
viewed all these masses, of various figures, forming an hundred
different basons, which contain the limpid sheets of water, coloured
and shaded by trees of immense height, some of which have their
roots in the very reservoirs themselves. Let it suffice that some men
exist, whose bold pencil can trace the image of these inimitable
beauties: this cascade deserves to be drawn by the greatest painter.
Our situation Mean while our situation grew worse every
grows worse moment of our stay here, and during all the time
every day. which we spent without advancing homeward. The
number of those who were ill of the scurvy, and their complaints
encreased. The crew of the Etoile was in a still worse condition than
ours. Every day I sent boats out to sea, in order to know what kind of
weather there was. The wind was constantly at south, blowing
almost a storm with a dreadful sea. Under these circumstances it
was impossible to get under sail, especially as this could not be done
without getting a spring upon an anchor that was to be slipped all at
once; and in that case it would have been impossible in the offing to
hoist in the boats that must have remained to weigh the anchor,
which we could not afford to leave behind us. These obstacles
determined me to go on the 23d to view a passage between
Hammer island and the main land. I found one, through which we
could go out with a south wind, hoisting in our boats in the channel.
This passage had indeed great inconveniences, and happily we
were not obliged to make use of it. It rained without We leave
intermission all the night between the 23d and 24th. Port Praslin.
At day-break the weather became fair and calm. We immediately
weighed our small bower, fastened a warp to some trees, bent a
hawser to a stream-anchor, and hove a-peek on the off-anchor.
During the whole day we waited for the moment of setting sail; we
already despaired of it, and the approach of night would have
obliged us to moor again, when at half past five o’clock a breeze
sprung up from the bottom of the harbour. We immediately slipt our
shore-fast, veered out the hawser of the stream-anchor, from which
the Etoile was to set sail after us, and in half an hour’s time we were
got under sail. The boats towed us into the middle of the passage,
where there was wind enough to enable us to proceed without their
assistance. We immediately sent them to the Etoile to bring her out.
Being got two leagues out to sea, we lay-to in order to wait for her,
holding in our long-boat and small boats. At eight o’clock we began
to see the Etoile which was come out of port; but the calm did not
permit her to join us till two hours after midnight. Our barge returned
at the same time, and we hoisted her in.
During night we had squalls and rain. The fair weather returned at
day break. The wind was at S. W. and we steered from E. by S. to N.
N. E. turning to northward with the land. It would not have been
prudent to endeavour to pass to windward of it: we suspected that
this land was New Britain, and all the appearances confirmed us in it.
Indeed the lands which we had discovered more to the westward
came very close to this, and in the midst of what one might have
taken for a passage, we saw separate hummocks, which doubtless
joined to the other lands, by means of some low grounds. Such is
the picture Dampier gives of the great bay, which he calls St.
George’s Bay, and we have been at anchor at the N. E. point of it, as
we verified on the first days after our leaving the port. Dampier was
more successful than we were. He took shelter near an inhabited
district, which procured him refreshments, and whereof the
productions gave him room to conceive great hopes concerning this
country; and we, who were as indigent as he was, fell in with a
desart, which, instead of supplying all our wants, has only afforded
us wood and water.
When I left Port Praslin, I corrected my longitude by that which we
obtained from the calculation of the solar eclipse, which we observed
there; my difference was about 3°, which I was to the eastward. The
thermometer during the stay which we made there, was constantly at
22° or 23°; but the heat was greater than it seemed to shew. I
attribute the cause of this to the want of air, which is common here;
this bason being closed in on all sides, and especially on the side of
the reigning winds.
 CHAP. VI.
Run from Port Praslin to the Moluccas; stay at Boero.

We put to sea again after a stay of eight days, during which time, as
we have before observed, the weather had been constantly bad, and
the wind almost always southerly. The 25th it returned to S. E.
veering round to E. and we followed the direction of the coast at
about three leagues distance. It rounded insensibly, and we soon
discovered in the offing a succession of islands, one after the other.
We passed between them and the main, and I gave them the names
of the principal officers. We now no longer doubted that we were
coasting New Britain. This land is very high, and seemed to be
intersected with fine bays, in which we perceived fires, and other
marks of habitations.
Distribution of The third day after our departure I caused our
cloaths to the field-tents to be cut up, and distributed trowsers to
sailors. the two ships companies. We had already, on
several occasions, made the like distributions of cloathing of all
kinds. Without that, how would it have been possible that these poor
fellows should be clad during so long a voyage, on which they were
several times obliged to pass alternately from cold to hot, and to
endure frequent deluges of rain? I had, upon the Extreme want
whole, nothing more to give them, all was of victuals.
exhausted, and I was even forced to cut off another ounce of the
daily allowance of bread. Of the little provisions that remained, part
was spoiled, and in any other situation all our salt provisions would
have been thrown over-board; but we were under the necessity of
eating the bad as well as the good, for it was impossible to tell when
our situation would mend. Thus it was our case to suffer at once by
what was past, which had weakened us; by our present situation, of
which the melancholy circumstances were every instant repeated
before us; and lastly, by what was to come, the indeterminate
duration of which was the greatest of all our calamities. My personal
sufferings encreased by those of others. However, I must declare
that not one suffered himself to be dejected, and that our patience
under sufferings has been superior to the most critical situations.
The officers set the example, and the seamen never ceased dancing
in the evenings, as well in the time of scarcity, as in that of the
greatest plenty. Nor has it been necessary to double their pay[122].
Description of We had New Britain constantly in sight till the 3d
the inhabitants of August, during which time we had little wind,
of New Guinea. frequent rain, the currents against us, and the ships
went worse than ever. The coast trenched more and more to the
westward, and on the 29th in the morning, we found ourselves
nearer it than we had yet been: this approach procured us a visit
from some periaguas; two came within hail of the frigate, and five
others went to the Etoile. They carried each of them five or fix black
men, with frizled woolly hair, and some of them had powdered it
white. They had pretty long beards, and white ornaments round their
arms, in form of bracelets. Their nudities were but indifferently
covered with the leaves of trees. They are tall, and appeared active
and robust. They shewed us a kind of bread, and invited us by signs
to go ashore. We desired them to come on board; but our invitations,
and even the gift of some pieces of stuff which we threw over-board,
did not inspire them with confidence sufficient to make them venture
along-side. They took up what was thrown into the water, and by way
of thanks one of them with a sling flung a stone, which did not quite
reach on board; we would not return them evil for evil, so they
retired, striking all together on their canoes, and setting up loud
shouts. They without doubt carried their hostilities farther on board
the Etoile, for we saw our people fire several muskets, which put
them to flight. Their periaguas are long, narrow, and with out-riggers;
they all have their heads and sterns more or less ornamented with
sculptures, painted red, which does honour to their skill.
The next day there came a much greater number of them, who
made no difficulty of coming along-side the ship. One of their
conductors, who seemed to be the chief, carried a staff about two or
three feet long, painted red, with a knob at each end, which, in
approaching us, he raised with both hands over his head, and
continued some time in that attitude. All these negroes seemed to be
dressed out in their best, some had their woolly hair painted red,
others had plumes on their heads, certain seeds in their ears by way
of ear-rings, or large white round plates hanging to their necks; some
had rings passed through the cartilage of the nose; but an ornament
pretty common to them all was bracelets, made of the mouth of a
large shell, sawed asunder. We were desirous of forming an
intercourse, in order to engage them to bring us some refreshments,
but their treachery soon convinced us that we could not succeed in
that attempt. They strove to seize what was offered them, and would
give nothing in exchange. We could scarce get a few roots of yams
from them; therefore we left off giving them, and they retired. Two
canoes rowed towards the frigate at the beginning of night, but a
rocket being fired for some signal, they fled precipitately.
They attack the Upon the whole, it seemed that the visits they
Etoile. made us these two last days had been with no other
view than to reconnoitre us, and to concert a plan of attack; for the
31st, at day-break, we saw a swarm of periaguas coming off shore, a
part of them passed athwart us without stopping, and all directed
their course for the Etoile, which they had no doubt observed to be
the smallest vessel of the two, and to keep astern. The negroes
made their attacks with stones and arrows, but the action was short,
for one platoon disconcerted their scheme, many threw themselves
into the sea, and some periaguas were abandoned: from this time
we did not see any more of them.
Description of The coast of New Britain now ran W. by N. and W.
the northern and in this part it became considerably lower. It was
part of New no longer that high coast adorned with several rows
Britain.
of mountains; the northern point which we
discovered was very low land, and covered with trees from space to
space. The five first days of the month of August were rainy, the
weather thick and unsettled, and the wind squally. We discovered
the coast only by piecemeal, in the clear intervals, without being able
to distinguish the particulars of it: however, we saw enough of it to be
convinced that the tides continued to carry us a part of the moderate
run we made each day. I then steered N. W. and N. W. by W. to
avoid a cluster of islands that ly off the northern extremity of New
Britain. The 4th in the afternoon we discovered two 1768.
islands, which I take to be those that Dampier calls August.
Matthias Island and Stormy or Squally Island. Matthias Island is high
and mountainous, and extends to N. W. about eight or nine leagues.
The other is not above three or four leagues long, and between the
two lies a small isle. An island which we thought we perceived the
5th, at two o’clock in the morning, to the westward, caused us again
to stand to the northward. We were not mistaken; for at ten o’clock
the fog, which till then had been thick, being dissipated, we saw that
island, which is small and low, bearing S. E. by S. The tides then
ceased to set to the southward and eastward which seemed to arise
from our having got beyond the northern point of New Britain, which
the Dutch have called Cape Salomaswer. We were then in no more
than 00° 41′ south lat. We had sounded almost every day without
finding bottom.
Isle of We steered west till the 7th, with a pretty fresh
Anchorets. gale and fair weather, without seeing land. The 7th
in the evening, the sky being very hazy, and appearing at sun-set to
be a horizon of land from W. to W. S. W. I determined to steer S. W.
by S. for the night; at daylight we steered west again. In the morning
we saw a low land, about five or six leagues a-head of us. We
steered W. by S. and W. S. W. to pass to the southward of it, and we
ranged along it at about a league and a half distance. It was a flat
island, about three leagues long, covered with trees, and divided into
several parts, connected together by breakers and sand-banks.
There are upon this island a great quantity of cocoa-nut trees, and
the sea-shore is covered with a great number of habitations, from
which it may be supposed to be extremely populous. The huts were
high, almost square, and well covered. They seemed to us larger
and handsomer than the huts built with reeds generally are, and we
thought we again beheld the houses of Taiti. We discovered a great
number of periaguas employed in fishing all round the island; none
of them seemed to be disturbed at seeing us pass, from which we
judged that these people, who were not curious, were contented with
their fate. We called this island the Isle of Hermits, or Anchorets.
Three leagues to the westward of this, we saw another low island
from the mast-head.
Archipelago; by The night was very dark, and some fixed clouds to
us called the the southward made us suppose there was land;
Echiquier. and, in fact, at day-light we discovered two small
isles, bearing S. S. E. ¾ E. at eight or nine leagues distance. We
had not yet lost sight of them, at half past eight o’clock, when we
discovered another low island, bearing W. S. W. and a little after, an
infinite number of little islands extending to W. N. W. and S. W. of
this last, which might be about two leagues long; all the others,
properly speaking, are nothing but a chain of little flat isles, or keys,
covered with wood; which, indeed, was a very disagreeable
discovery to us. There was, however, an island separated from the
others, and more to the southward, which seemed to us more
considerable. We shaped our course between that and the
Archipelago of isles, which I called the Chess-board, (l’Echiquier)
and which I wanted to leave to the northward. We were not yet near
getting clear of it, This chain discovered, ever since the morning,
extended much farther to the south-westward, than we were at that
time able to determine.
Danger which We endeavoured, as I have observed before, to
we run there. double it to the southward; but in the beginning of
the night, we were still engaged with it, without knowing precisely
how far it extended. The weather being continually squally, had
never shewn us at once, all that we had to fear; to add to our
embarrassment, it became calm in the beginning of the night, and
the calm scarce ended at the return of day. We passed the night
under continual apprehensions of being cast ashore by the currents.
I ordered two anchors to be got clear, and the cables bitted with a
range along the deck, which was almost an unnecessary precaution;
for we sounded several times without finding bottom. This is one of
the greatest dangers of these coasts; for you have not the resource
of anchoring at twice the ship’s length from the ledges, by which they
are bounded. The weather fortunately continued without squalls; and
about midnight a gentle breeze sprung up from the northward, which
enabled us to get a little to the south-eastward. The wind freshened
in proportion as the sun ascended, and carried us from these low
islands; which, I believe, are uninhabited; at least, during the time we
were carried near enough to discern them, we distinguished neither
fires, nor huts, nor periaguas. The Etoile had been, during the night,
in still greater danger than us; for she was a very long time without
steerage-way, and the tide drew her insensibly towards the shore,
when the wind sprung up to her relief. At two o’clock, in the
afternoon, we doubled the westermost of the islands, and steered W.
S. W.
We get sight of The 11th, at noon, being in 2° 17′ south latitude,
New Guinea. we perceived, to the southward, a high coast, which
seemed to us to be that of New Guinea. Some hours after, we saw it
more distinctly. The land is high and mountainous, and in this part
extends to the W. N. W. The 12th, at noon, we were about ten
leagues from the nearest land; it was impossible to observe the
coast minutely at that distance there: it appeared to us only a large
bay, about 2° 25′ south latitude; in the bottom of which, the land was
so low, that we only saw it from the mast-head. We also judged from
the celerity with which we doubled the land, that the currents were
become favourable to us; but in order to determine with any
exactness, the difference they occasioned in our estimated run, it
would have been necessary to sail at a less distance from the coast.
We continued ranging along it, at ten or twelve leagues distance; its
direction was constantly W. N. W. and its height immense. We
remarked particularly two very high peaks, neighbours to each other,
which surpassed all the other mountains in height. We called them
the Two Cyclops. We had occasion to remark, that the tides set to
the N. W. The next day we actually found ourselves further off from
the coast of New Guinea; which here tended away west. The 14th, at
break of day, we discovered two islands and a little isle or key, which
seemed to be between them, but more to the southward. Their
corrected bearings are E. S. E. and W. N. W. They are at about two
leagues distance from each other, of a middling height, and not
above a league and a half in extent each.
Direction of the We advanced but little each day. Since our arrival
winds and on the coast of New Guinea, we had pretty regularly
currents. a light breeze from east to N. E. which began about
two or three o’clock in the afternoon, and lasted till about midnight;
this breeze was succeeded with a longer or shorter interval of calm,
which was followed by the land-breeze, varying from S. W. to S. S.
W. and that terminated also towards noon, in two or three hours
calm. The 15th, in the morning, we again saw the westmost of the
two islands we had seen the preceding evening. We discovered at
the same time other land, which seemed to us to be islands,
extending from S. E. to W. S. W. very low, over which, in a distant
point of view, we perceived the high mountains of the continent. The
highest, which we set at eight o’clock in the morning, bearing S. S.
E. by compass, detached from the others, we called the Giant of
Moulineau, and we gave the name of la Nymphe Alice to the
westmost of the low islands, to the N. W. of Moulineau. At ten in the
morning we fell into a race of a tide, where the current seemed to
carry us with violence to N. and N. N. E. It was so violent, that till
noon it prevented our steering; and as it carried us much into the
offing, it became impossible for us to fix a positive judgment of its
true direction. The water, in the first tide-line, was covered with the
trunks of drift trees, sundry fruits and rock-weeds; it was at the same
time so agitated, that we dreaded being on a bank; but sounding, we
had no bottom at 100 fathom. This race of a tide seems to indicate
either a great river in the continent, or a passage which would here
divide New Guinea; a passage whose entrance would be almost
north and south. According to two distances, between the sun and
moon, observed with an octant, by the chevalier du Bouchage and
M. Verron, our longitude, the 15th at noon, was 136° 16′ 30″ east of
Paris. My reckoning continued from the determined Observations
longitude of Port Praslin; differed from it 2° 47′. We compared with
observed the same day 1° 17′ south latitude. the reckoning.
The 16th and 17th it was almost calm; the little wind that did blow,
was variable. The 16th, we did not see the land till seven in the
morning; and then only from the mast-head, extremely high and
rugged. We lost all that day in waiting for the Etoile, who, overcome
by the current, could not keep her course; and the 17th, as she was
very far from us, I was obliged to bear down to join her; but this we
did not accomplish, till the approach of night, which proved very
stormy, with a deluge of rain and frightful thunder. The six following
days were all as unpropitious to us; we had rain and calms; and the
little wind that did blow was right a-head. It is impossible to form an
idea of this, without being in the situation we were then in. The 17th,
in the afternoon, we had seen from S. by W. ½ W. to S. W. ½ W. by
compass, at about sixteen leagues distance, a high coast, which we
did not lose sight of till night came on. The 18th, at nine in the
morning, we discovered a high island, bearing S. W. by W. distance
about twelve leagues: we saw it again the next day; and at noon it
bore from S. S. W. to S. W. at the distance of 15 or 20 leagues.
During these three last days, the currents gave us ten leagues
northing: we could not determine what they had helped us in
longitude.
We cross the The 20th we crossed the line, for the second time
Equator. the voyage. The currents continued to set us from
the land; and we saw nothing of it the 20th or 21st, although we had
kept on those tacks by which we approached it most. It became,
however, necessary to make the coast, and to range along it, near
enough, so as not to commit any dangerous error, which might make
us miss the passage into the Indian Sea, and carry us into one of the
gulphs of Gilolo. The 22d, at break of day, we had sight of a higher
coast than any part of New Guinea that we had yet seen. We
steered for it, and at noon we set it, when it bore from S. by E. ½ E.
to S. W. where it did not seem to terminate. We passed the line for
the third time. The land ran W. N. W. and we Cross the line
approached it, being determined not to quit it any again.
more till we arrived at its extremity, which geographers call Cape
Mabo. In the night we doubled a point, on the other side of which the
land, still very high, trenched away W. by S. and W. S. W. The 23d at
noon, we saw an extent of coast, of about twenty leagues; the
westmost part of which bore from us S. W. thirteen or fourteen
leagues. We were much nearer two low islands, covered with wood,
distant from each other about four leagues. We Unsuccessful
stood within about half a league; and whilst we attempt on
waited for the Etoile, who was a great distance from shore.
us, I sent the chevalier de Suzannet, with two of our boats armed, to
the northermost of the two islands. We thought we saw some
habitations there, and were in hopes of getting some refreshments.
A bank, which lies the length of the island, and extends even pretty
far to the eastward, obliged the boats to take a large circuit to double
it. The chevalier de Suzannet found neither dwellings, inhabitants,
nor refreshments. What had seemed to us at a distance to form a
village, was nothing but a heap of rocks, undermined and hollowed
into caverns by the sea. The trees that covered the island, bore no
fruits proper to be eaten by man. We buried an inscription here. The
boats did not return on board till ten o’clock at night, when the Etoile
had joined us. The constant sight of the land shewed us that the
currents set here to the N. W.
Continuation of After hoisting in our boats, we strove to keep the
New Guinea. shore on board, as well as the winds, which were
constantly at S. and S. S. W. would permit us. We were obliged to
make several boards, with an intent to pass to windward of a large
island, which we had seen at sun-set, bearing W. and W. by N. The
dawn of day surprised us, still to leeward of this island. Its eastern
side, which may be about five leagues long, runs nearly N. and S.
and off the south point lies a low island of small extent. Between it
and the coast of New Guinea, which runs here nearly S. W. by W.
there appeared a large passage, the entrance of which, of about
eight leagues, lay N. E. and S. W. The wind blew out of it, and the
tide set to the N. W. it was not possible to gain in turning to windward
against wind and sea; but I strove to do it till nine in the morning. I
saw with concern that it was fruitless, and resolved to bear away, in
order to range the northern side of the island, abandoning with regret
a passage, which I thought a fine one, to extricate me out of this
everlasting chain of islands.
Hidden danger. We had two successive alarms this morning. The
first time they called from aloft, that they saw a long range of
breakers a-head, and we immediately got the other tacks on board.
These breakers, at length, more attentively examined, turned out to
be the ripling of a violent tide, and we returned to our former course.
An hour after, several persons called from the forecastle, that they
saw the bottom under us; the affair was pressing; but the alarm was
fortunately as short as it had been sudden. We should even have
thought it false, if the Etoile, who was in our wake, had not perceived
the same shoal for near two minutes. It appeared to them a coral-
bank. Almost north and south of this bank, which may have still less
water in some places, there is a sandy creek, in which are built some
huts, surrounded with cocoa-trees. This mark may so much the
better serve for a direction, as hitherto we had not seen any traces of
habitations on this coast. At one o’clock in the afternoon, we doubled
the N. E. point of the great island; which from thence extended W.
and W. by S. near 20 leagues. We were obliged to hug our wind to
coast it; and it was not long ere we perceived other islands, bearing
W. and W. by N. We saw one at sun-set, which bore even N. E. by
N. to which there joined a ledge, which seemed to extend as far as
N. by W. thus were we once more hemmed in.
Loss of the This day we lost our first master, called Denys,
master of the who died of the scurvy. He was a native of St.
ship. Malo’s, and aged about fifty years; most of them
spent in the king’s service. The sentiments of honour, and extensive
knowledge, that distinguished him in his important charge, caused
him to be universally regretted among us. Forty-five other persons
were afflicted with the scurvy; lemonade and wine only suspended
its fatal progress.
Difficult course. We spent the night upon our tacks; and the 25th,
at day-light, found ourselves surrounded with land. Three passages
presented themselves to us; one opened to the S. W. the second to
W. S. W. and the third almost east and west. The wind was fair for
none but the east; and I did not approve of it, as I did not doubt that it
would carry us into the midst of the isles of Papua. It was necessary
to avoid falling any farther to the northward; for fear, as I have before
observed, we should be imbayed in one of the gulphs, on the east
side of Gilolo. The essential means for getting out of these critical
parts, was therefore to get into a southern latitude; for on the other
side of the S. W. passage we observed to the southward an open
sea, to the utmost extent of our view, therefore I resolved to ply to
windward, in order to gain that outlet. All these islands, which
inclosed us, are very steep, of a moderate height, and covered with
trees. We did not perceive the least appearance of their being
inhabited.
Fourth passage At eleven o’clock in the afternoon, we sounded 45
of the line. fathom, a sandy bottom; this was one resource. At
noon we observed in 00° 5′ N. latitude, having crossed the line a
fourth time. At six in the evening we were so far to windward, as to
be able to fetch the W. S. W. passage, having gained about three
leagues by working the whole day. The night was more favourable,
thanks to the moon-shine, which enabled us to turn to windward
between the rocks and islands. The current, which had been against
us whilst we were passing by the two first passages, likewise
became favourable for us as soon as we opened the S. W. passage.
Description of The channel through which we at last passed out
the channel this night, may be about three leagues broad. It is
through which bounded to the westward by a cluster of pretty high
we pass.
islands and keys. Its eastern side, which at first sight
we took for the westmost point of the great island, is also nothing but
a heap of small islands and rocks, which, at a distance, seemed to
form only one body; and the separations between these islands
shew at first the appearance of fine bays; this is what we discovered
in each tack, that we made towards that shore. It was not till half past
four o’clock in the morning, that we were able to double the
southmost of the little islands of the new passage, which we called
the French Passage. We deepened our water in the midst of this
Archipelago of Islands, in advancing to the southward. Our
soundings were from 55 to 75 and 80 fathom, grey sand, ooze, and
rotten shells. When we were entirely out of the channel, we sounded
and found no bottom. We then steered S. W.
Pass the line a The 26th, at break of day, we discovered an
fifth time. island, bearing S. S. W. and a little after another
bearing W. N. W. At noon we saw no more of the labyrinth of islands
we had left, and the meridian altitude gave us 00° 23′ south latitude.
This was the fifth time of our passing the line. We continued close on
a wind, with the larboard tacks on board, and in the afternoon we
had sight of a small island in the S. E. The next day, at sun-rise, we
saw it somewhat elevated, bearing N. E. about nine or ten leagues
distance, seeming to extend N. E. and S. W. about two leagues. A
large hummock, very steep, and of a remarkable height, which we
named Big Thomas, (Gros Thomas) shewed itself at ten in the
forenoon. At its southern point there is a small island, and there are
two at the northern one. The currents ceased setting us to the
northward; we had, on the contrary, a difference to the southward.
This circumstance, together with our observed latitude, which made
us to the southward of Cape Mabo, totally convinced me that we
were at length entered into the Archipelago of the Moluccas.
Discussion Let me now ask, which this Cape Mabo is, and
concerning where it is situated? Some make it the Cape, which,
Cape Mabo. to the northward, terminates the western part of
New Guinea. Dampier and Woods Rogers place it the former, in one
of the gulphs of Gilolo in 30′ S. lat. The second, eight leagues at
farthest from this great island. But all this part is an extensive
Archipelago of little isles; which, on account of their number, were
called the Thousand Isles, by admiral Roggewein, who passed
through them in 1722. Then in what manner does this Cape Mabo,
which is in the neighbourhood of Gilolo, belong to New Guinea?
Where shall we place it, if (as there is so much reason to believe) all
New Guinea itself is a heap of great islands? the various channels
between which are as yet unknown. It must certainly belong to the
westmost of these considerable isles.
Entrance into On the 27th, in the afternoon, we discovered five
the Archipelago or six islands, bearing from W. S. W. ½ W. to W. N.
of the W. by compass. During night we kept the S. S. E.
Moluccas.
tack; so that we did not see them again the 28th in
the morning. We then perceived five other little isles, which we stood
in for. At noon they bore from S. S. W. 1° W. to S. 10° W. at the
distance of two, three, four, and five leagues. We still saw Big
Thomas bearing N. E. by E. ½ E. about five leagues. We likewise got
sight of another island, bearing W. S. W. seven or eight leagues
distant. During the last twenty-four hours we felt several strong tides,
which seemed to set from the westward. However, the difference
between my reckoning, and the observation at noon, and at the
setting of the bearings, gave us ten or eleven miles to S. W. by S.
and S. S. W. At nine o’clock in the morning I ordered the Etoile to
mount her guns, and sent her cutter to the S. W. isles, in order to see
whether there was any anchorage, and whether these isles had any
interesting productions.
Meeting with a It was almost a calm in the afternoon, and the
negro. boat did not return before nine o’clock in the
evening. She had landed on two isles, where our people had found
no signs of habitation, or cultivation, and not even any kind of fruits.
They were going to return, when, to their great surprise, they saw a
negro, quite by himself, coming towards them in a periagua, with two
outriggers. In one ear he had a golden ring, and his arms were two
lances. He came up to our boat without shewing any marks of fear or
surprize. Our people asked him for something to eat and to drink,
and he offered them water, and a small quantity of a sort of flour,
which seemed to be his ordinary food. Our men gave him a
handkerchief, a looking-glass, and some other trifles of that sort. He
laughed when he received these presents, and did not admire them.
He seemed to know the Europeans, and we thought that he might
possibly be a run-away negro from one of the neighbouring islands
where the Dutch have settlements; or that he had perhaps been sent
out a-fishing. The Dutch call these islands the Five Isles, and send
some people to visit them from time to time. They told us that they
were formerly seven in number, but that two have been sunk by
earthquakes, which happen frequently in these parts. Between these
isles there is a prodigious current, without any anchorage. The trees
and plants are almost all the same here as upon New Britain. Our
people took a turtle here of about two hundred weight.
Sight of Ceram. From this time we continued to meet with violent
tides, which set to the southward, and we kept the course which
came nearest to their direction. We sounded several times without
finding bottom, and till the 30th in the afternoon, we got sight of no
other land than a single isle to the westward, ten or twelve leagues
from us; but then we saw a considerable land bearing south at a
great distance. The current, which was of more service to us than
the wind, brought us nearer to it during night, and on the 31st at day-
break we were about seven or eight leagues from it. This was the
Isle of Ceram. Its coast, which is partly woody and partly cleared,
runs nearly east and west, and we could not see it terminated. This
isle is very high; prodigious mountains rise on it from space to space,
and the numerous fires which we saw on all sides of it, indicate its
being very populous. We passed the day and the next night in
ranging the northern coast of this isle, making our tacks in order to
gain to the westward, and double its westermost point. The current
was favourable to us, but the wind was scant.
Observations I shall here take an opportunity from the contrary
on the winds we had now met with for a long time, to
monsoons in observe, that in the Moluccas, they call the westerly
these parts.
monsoon the northern one, and the easterly
monsoon the southern one; because, during the former, the winds
blow more generally from N. N. W. than from W. and during the
latter, they come most frequently from S. S. E. These winds likewise
prevail in the isles of Papua, and on the coasts of New Guinea; we
got this information by fatal experience, having employed thirty-six
days to make four hundred and fifty leagues in.
1768. The first of September, at the dawn of day, we
September. were at the entrance of a bay, in which we saw
several fires. Soon after we perceived two vessels under sail, built in
form of the Malay boats. We hoisted a Dutch ensign and pendent,
and fired a gun, by which I committed a fault without knowing it. We
have since learnt that the inhabitants of Ceram are at war with the
Dutch, and that they have expelled the latter from almost every part
of their isle. Therefore we made a board into the bay without
success, the boats retreated on shore, and we profited of the fresh
breeze to proceed on our course. The shore at the bottom of the bay
is low and level, surrounded by high mountains; and the bay itself
contains several islands. We were obliged to steer W. N. W. in order
to double a pretty large island, at the point of which you see a little
isle or key, and a sand bank, with some breakers which seem to
extend a league out to sea. This island is called Bonao; it is divided
into two by a very narrow channel. When we had doubled it, we
steered W. by S. till noon.
It blew very fresh from S. S. W. to S. S. E. and we plyed the
remainder of the day between Bonao, Kelang, and Manipa,
endeavouring to make way to the S. W. At ten o’clock in the evening
we discovered the lands of the isle of Boero, by means of the fires
which burnt on it; and as it was my intention to put in there, we
passed the night on our tacks, in order to keep within reach, and if
possible to the windward of it. I knew that the Dutch Project for our
had a weak factory on this isle, which was however safety.
abundant in refreshments. As we were perfectly ignorant of the
situation of affairs in Europe, it was not prudent to venture to learn
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