Scribd
Upload
5 views

8_step_model_of process

The 8 Step Model of the research process includes formulating a research problem, conceptualizing a research design, constructing data collection instruments, selecting a sample, writing a research proposal, collecting data, processing and displaying data, and writing a research report. Each step is crucial for ensuring the research is well-structured and effectively addresses the identified problem. The model emphasizes the importance of careful planning and execution at each stage to achieve reliable and valid results.

Uploaded by

Nimra Sajjad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

8_step_model_of process

The 8 Step Model of the research process includes formulating a research problem, conceptualizing a research design, constructing data collection instruments, selecting a sample, writing a research proposal, collecting data, processing and displaying data, and writing a research report. Each step is crucial for ensuring the research is well-structured and effectively addresses the identified problem. The model emphasizes the importance of careful planning and execution at each stage to achieve reliable and valid results.

Uploaded by

Nimra Sajjad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

8 step model of research process

The 8 Step Model The eight-step model for carrying out research is explained in the
subsequent paragraphs
(a) Formulating a research problem. First and foremost step in the research
process is the identification of the correct problem area and the issue which needs to be
researched. The more specific and clear we are in formulation of the research problem,
the better it is as everything that follows in the successive steps of the research process
is greatly influenced by the way the research problem has been formulated. Hence, this
step needs to be analyzed very critically and carefully. It is extremely important that to
formulate the research problem in the light of the financial resources and time available
to ones disposal for the research. Moreover, knowledge and expertise of the individual
conducting the research is also a factor requiring due consideration before finalization of
the problem or issue to be researched.
(b) Conceptualizing a research design The main function of a research design
is to make a decision, depict, give explanation for and explain how you will find answers
to your research questions. Literature review is a very important part of the research
process must be done prior finalizing our conceptual frame work for the research
design. The research design sets out the logic of your enquiry. Although these are not
the essential element of research design but important elements of a research design
have been briefly touched upon in the following sub paragraphs
(i) The logistical arrangements that you propose to undertake, during
the course of research must be known at this stage keeping in view the
effort available and the finances available for the research
(ii) The measurement procedures like questionnaires to be developed
or interviews to be conducted also need clarity
(iii) The sampling strategy like random or non random sampling
technique or any other method / technique to be adopted during research
should be planned during this step and how should we analyze the data
gathered
(iv) The frame of analysis meaning thereby as to how one plans to
analyze the data gathered employing suitable techniques and software
should be planned at this stage. Examples for analysis can be tables, pie
charts, excel sheet or some customized analysis software
(v) The tentative time-frame required for the conduct of the research in
question also requires due consideration during this step.

(c) Constructing an instrument for data collection. The data collection tools
are generally in the form of questionnaires, observation forms or interviews conducted

1
from a sample of people. This indeed is the first practical step towards the research
study. In case of primary data, questionnaires already developed by the people during
earlier studies or custom made new questionnaires to meet requirement of one’s
research can be used as an instrument for data collection however in case of
secondary data, the collection of data can be undertaken by developing a form and
extracting relevant data from the existing data available. In order to establish the
efficacy of the instrument developed for data collection; field testing / pre-testing also
forms an integral part of instrument construction.
(d) Selecting a sample. The basic aim of selecting a sample and the
fundamental principle in sampling is that a relatively smaller sample can genuinely
represent the population under study with adequate degree of probability. The accuracy
of the findings will largely depend on the way the sample has been selected for
research and analysis purposes. For sampling purposes, random / probability or non
random / non sampling designs can be employed. One must know the applicability of
various techniques in different scenarios in order to ascertain its suitability for our
research. As a matter of principle, while sampling two key factors that must be taken
care off are:-
(i) Avoidance of bias in the selection of a sample for the research.
(ii) Achieving maximum precision against available resources.
(e) Writing a research proposal. This is indeed the Consolidation / compilation
of the all the preparatory work in the form of a report. in a way that provides adequate
information about your research study, for your research supervisor and others. This
overall plan, called a research proposal. It tells the reader about your research problem
and how you are planning to investigate it. Broadly, a research proposal’s main function
is to detail the operational plan for obtaining answers to your research questions
(f) Collection of data through your instrument. In this phase one actually collects
the data. Collection of data through any one of the methods like conducting interviews,
mailing out a questionnaire, conduct nominal/focus group discussions or making
observations.
(g) Processing and displaying data. In this phase the data collected is
processed manually or using software and is subsequently displayed in tabular or
graphical form etc. If your study is purely descriptive, you can write your report on the
basis of your notes, manually analyze the contents of your notes (content analysis), or
use a computer program such as NVivo for this purpose.
(h) Writing a research report. Writing the report is the last step of the
research process. This report tells the world what you have done, what you have
discovered and what conclusions you have drawn from your findings. If you are clear
about the whole process, you will also be clear about the way you want to write your
report. Your report should be written in an academic style and be divided into different
chapters and sections

You might also like