LESSON 1: VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF WRITTEN AND SPOKEN

LANGUAGE

is called a creole. Like a pidgin, a

VARIETY OF LANGUAGE creole is a distinct language which has
taken most of its vocabulary from
-“a specific set of linguistic items”
another language, the lexifier, but has
-“human speech patterns (sounds, its own unique grammatical rules.
words, grammatical features) which Unlike a pidgin, however, a creole is
can be associated with some external not restricted in use, and is like any
factor (geographical area or a social other language in its full range of
group) functions

3. REGIONAL DIALECT

DIFFERENT OF LANGUAGE -distinct language but a variety of a

VARIETIES language spoken in a particular area of
a country. Some regional dialects have
1. PIDGIN been given traditional names which
mark them out as being significantly
-a new language which develops in different from standard varieties
situations where speakers of different spoken in the same place
languages need to communicate but
don't share a common language. The 4. MINORITY DIALECT
vocabulary of a pidgin comes mainly
from one particular language (called -Sometimes members of a particular
the 'lexifier'). minority ethnic group have their own
variety which they use as a marker of
-languages that grow out of necessity identity, usually alongside a standard
when groups of people that don't share variety. This is called a minority dialect.
a common language must interact with
each other. Pidgins are a mixture of 5. INDIGINIZED VARIETY
words from different languages, and
-spoken mainly as second languages
feature a simpler grammatical
in ex-colonies with multilingual
structure and smaller vocabulary.
populations.
2. CREOLE
The differences from the standard
variety may be linked to English
-When children start learning a pidgin
proficiency, or may be part of a range
as their first language and it becomes
of varieties used to express identity.
the mother tongue of a community, it
LANGUAGE REGISTERS -uses FORMAL REGISTER

-using speech or language appropriate -used in a semi-formal communication,

to the person to whom you are sentences end to be shorter and
speaking and his/her context spontaneous, the speaker does not
usually plan what he/she wants to say,
-difference in language formality and most operational among others
-depends upon the audience (who), Examples
the topic (what), purpose (why) and
location (where) doctor – patient, teacher – student,
expert – apprentice etc.
TYPES OF LANGUAGE REGISTERS
FOR PROFESSIONAL DISCOURSE
1. STATIC/FROZEN
4. CASUAL
--also known as FIXED LANGUAGE
-language used by friends during
-reserved in traditions in which the ordinary conversations
language DOES NOT CHANGE in a
number of generations -word choice is too general

-Does not require feedback - informal communication between

groups and peers
Examples:
- used in conversation between friends
Pledges, anthems, marriage and insiders who have something to
ceremonies, laws, etc share and have shared background
information but don’t have close
2. FORMAL
relations.
-Standard language used for work,
5. INTIMATE
school and business matters
-language used for very close
-Expected to be presented in complete
relationships like couples, family, and
sentences and with specific uses of
best friends
the language
- used for self-addressed questions or
Examples:
self-talk, etc. intimate speech is used
Announcements, SONA, Job interview, in conversation between people who
Welcome Address are very close and know to each other
quite well because they have the
3. CONSULTATIVE maximum of shared background
information.
-known as the third level of language
LESSON 2: EVALUATING MESSAGES AND/OR IMAGES OF DIFFERENT
TYPES OF TEXTS REFLECTING DIFFERENT CULTURES

MODES (a performance or an event)

●​ The way we communicate with 4. TRANSMEDIA

each other involves different
processes called MODES (story that is told using multiple
delivery channels through a
combination of media platforms, for
example: book, comic, magazine, film,
MULTIMODAL web series, and video game).
-a dynamic convergence of two or
more communication modes within the
same text. All modes are attended to FIVE SEMIOTIC SYSTEMS TO MAKE
as part of meaning-making MEANINGS IN MULTIMODAL TEXT

Examples: image, gesture, music, 1. WRITTEN OR LINGUISTIC

spoken language, and written MEANING
language
for spoken and written language
through the use of vocabulary, generic
structure and grammar
MULTIMODAL TEXT
2. AUDIO MEANING
-combines two or more semiotic
systems -for music, sound effects, noises,
ambient noise, and silence, through
can be delivered via different media or use of volume, pitch and rhythm.
technologies like
3. VISUAL MEANING
1. PAPER
for still and moving images through
(books, comics, posters), the use of color, saliency, page
layouts, vectors, viewpoint, screen
2. DIGITAL
formats, visual symbols; shot framing,
(slide presentations, e-books, blogs, subject distance and angle; camera
e-posters, web pages, and social movement, subject movement.
media, through to animation, film and
4. GESTURAL MEANING-
video games),

3. LIVE
for movement of body, hands and
eyes; facial expression, demeanors,
and body language, and use of
rhythm, speed, stillness and angles

5. SPATIAL MEANING

for environmental and architectural

spaces and use of proximity, direction,
layout, position of and organization of
objects in space.
LESSON 3: CULTURAL SENSITIVITY IN MULTIMODAL TEXT

STAGES OF INTERCULTURAL 2. Learn by asking. Don’t be afraid to

SENSITIVITY ask questions. People feel respected
and appreciated when others take a
1. DENIAL- Does not recognize genuine interest in who they are, so
cultural differences ask open-ended questions about their
culture to learn more.
2. DEFENSE- Recognizes some
differences , but sees them as 3. Make local connections. Find local
negative organizations or venues that work with
a cultural group you’re interested in
3. MINIMIZATION- unaware of
and stop by. Organizations like
projection of own cultural values; sees
advocacy groups, religious institutions,
own values as superior
colleges and social clubs are a great
4. ACCEPTANCE- shifts perspectives place to learn more and make
to understand that the same “ordinary” connections.
behavior can have different meanings
4. Pay attention to non-verbal
in difference cultures
behaviors. Meaning behind body
5.ADAPTATION- can evaluate other’s language can sometimes differ based
behavior from their frame of reference on cultural norms. Pay attention to how
and can adapt behavior to fit the your body language is being perceived
norms of a different culture by those around you.

6. INTEGRATION- can shift frame of 5. Exchange stories. Storytelling is a

reference and also deal with resulting great way to share experiences that go
identity issues beyond culture. Initiate an open
conversation by sharing a personal
Use these tips from the American story or experience.
Psychological Association to be
more culturally aware:

1. Think beyond race and ethnicity.

A person’s culture is shaped by more
than the color of their skin or the way
that they dress. It’s shaped by the
person’s life experiences and
traditions, which may be seen or
unseen to the naked eye.
LESSON 4: COMMUNICATION AIDS AND STRATEGIES USING TOOLS IN
TECHNOLOGY

Tools for Learning: Using These tools help learners to identify

Technology and link relevant concepts and
represent those concepts visually
1. WEBQUEST
2. DATABASE SOFTWARE
-a learning activity not long after the
initial development of the worldwide This type of software allows learners to
web record, sort and report on a variety of
data in numerical, textual and media
-an inquiry based activity that embeds forms.
the use of a variety of learning
resources – with most being digital 3. SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE
learning resources available on the
internet This type of software allows learners to
record, sort, mathematically analyze
-the inquiry activity may take the form and represent numerical data in
of tasks such as a problem to be tabular and/or graphical forms. Using
solved, a position to be taken, a technology to communicate
product to be designed or a work to be
created. OTHER COMMUNICATION TOOLS:

TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS •Blog •Texting •Email •Video

conferencing •Social networking
Analysis and simulation tools
support knowledge construction by BLOGS-are personal journal websites
allowing learners to manipulate on which a user can type an entry, add
information and visualize information in images, video and links to other
different ways. The curriculum in websites. Readers of a blog usually
History, Mathematics and Science can post comments.
includes learning elaborations that
MULTIMEDIA
involve students collecting, organizing,
analyzing and interpreting various •A content that uses a combination of
forms of data and information. Some different content forms such as text,
examples of technological tools that audio, images, animations, video and
support these processes include: interactive content.
1. CONCEPT OR MIND MAPPING PRESENTATION
TOOLS
-a software package used to display can reasonably fit on a screen using at
information in the form of a slide show. least 24 point fonts, then either: (a)
create another slide or (b) shorten your
MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION text.
- contains at least one of the following 5. Incorporate high quality photos,
elements: Video or movie clip. images or diagrams that reinforce your
Animation Sound (this could be a verbal message.
voice-over, background music or
sound clips) communication is enhanced when a
verbal message is combined with a
powerful image on the screen

TIPS FOR CREATING EFFECTIVE Avoid clip art, since it can make
PRESENTATIONS your presentation look dated and
unprofessional.
1. Design a template that is free from
distracting items. 6. Use phrases or abbreviated
sentences, rather than full
-Strive for simplicity and readability
sentences
2. Ensure your template promotes
7. Use bullet points sparingly. If using
readability.
bullet points, be sure they are less
-Choose color combinations that make than six words long
it easy for the audience to read your
8. Eliminate the use of headings or
slides
titles unless they communicate the
3. Select a sans serif font. main message.

Sans serif fonts (translated as “without 9. Use animation, slide transitions,

serifs”), such as Calibri, Arial and audio, and video sparingly and if used,
Trebuchet, produce a cleaner, less do so only to reinforce a key concept.
cluttered, easier to read look.
10. Highlight the most important
By limiting your fonts to two (at most), information in tables and graphs
your presentation will have a
11. Create a handout to accompany
consistent look and feel.
your presentation
4. Always use fonts that are 24 point
12. Be passionate about your topic.
or larger.

Too small to read texts compromise

your message and frustrate your
audience. If you have more text than
ADVANTAGES OF TECHNOLOGY IN -lives are becoming more publicized
COMMUNICATION
3. INFORMATION OVERLOAD OR
1. VIVIDNESS AND GREATER DIFFICULTY IN EFFECTIVE
APPEAL INFORMATION SELECTION

-makes clear and effective messages -Factual information are difficult to

distinguish
2. SPEED AND EFFICIENCY
4. SYSTEM FAILURES
-enables us to send messages almost
anytime, anywhere -technical difficulties may arise
anytime
3. PROFESSIONAL APPEARANCE
AND FLAVOR 5. FATIGUE AND FRUSTRATION
ENCOUNTERED
-makes create presentations that suit
the purpose -distractions and stress may occur

4. PLENTY OF RESOURCES FOR

DATA

-The web has unlimited information

to offer

5. LOT OF FACILITIES FOR

REVISING, EDITING AND
FORMATTING

-makes sending messages or

presentations more creative

LIMITATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY IN
COMMUNICATION

1. REQUIREMENTS OF A CERTAIN
LEVEL OF TECHNICAL LITERACY

-Knowledge and skills in the use of

computer/gadget is necessary

2. BLURRING OF OFFICIAL AND

PERSONAL LINES IN LIVES