Jimma University Institute of Technology, JIT Chapter 5: Torsion for Reinforced Concrete Beam

CHAPTER- 5
TORSION FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
5.1. INTRODUCTION

Reinforced concrete members are commonly subjected to bending moments, to transverse shears
associated with those bending moments, and in case of columns, to axial force often combined with
bending and shear. In addition, torsional forces may act, tending to twist a member about its
longitudinal axis. Such torsional forces are usually acted concurrent with bending moment and
transverse shear and sometimes with axial forces as well. It occurs quite frequently in structures but
generally its importance is secondary to that of moment and shear.

The average designer probably does not worry about torsion very much. He or she thinks almost
exclusively of axially forces, shears, and bending moments, and yet most reinforced concrete
structures are subject to some degree of torsion.

Until recent years the safety factors required by codes for the design of RC members for shear,
moment, and so forth were so large that the effects of torsion could be safely neglected in all but the
most extreme cases. Today, however, overall safety factors are less than they used to be and
members are smaller with the result that torsion is more common problem.

Appreciable torsion does occur in many structures, such as in the main girders of bridges, which are
twisted by transverse beams or slabs. It occurs in buildings where the edge of floor slab and its
beams are supported by a spandrel beam running between the exterior columns. For example Figure
5.1, where the floor beams tend to twist the spandrel beams laterally. Earth quakes can cause
dangerous torsional forces in all buildings. This is particularly true in asymmetrical structures, where
the centers of mass and rigidity do not coincide. Other cases where torsion may be significant are in
curved bridge girders, spiral stairways, and balcony girders, and whenever large loads are applied to
any beam “off center.” An off-center case where torsional stress can be very large is illustrated in
Figure 5.2. It should be realized that if the supporting member is able to rotate, the resulting
torsional stresses will be fairly small. If, however, the member is restrained, the torsional stresses can
be quite large.

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Jimma University Institute of Technology, JIT Chapter 5: Torsion for Reinforced Concrete Beam

Figure 5.1: Torsion in spandrel beams

Figure 5.2: Off-center loads causing torsion in main beam

Should a plain concrete member be subjected to pure torsion, it will crack and fail along spiral
lines because of the diagonal tension corresponding to the torsional stresses. For a very effective
demonstration of this type of failure, you can take a piece of chalk in your hands and twist it until it
breaks. Although the diagonal tension stresses produced by twisting are very similar to those caused
by shear, they will occur on all faces of a member. As a result, they add to the stresses caused by
shear on one side and subtract from them on the other.

In recent years there has been more report of structural failures attributed to torsion. As result, a
rather large amount of resonate has been devoted to the subject, and thus there is a much improved
undress tending of the behavior of structural member subjected to torsion.

For the design of reinforced concrete members subjected to torsion or to torsion combined with shear
and bending. It should be realized that maximum shear and torsional forces may occur in areas
where bending moments are small. For such cases, the interaction of shear and torsion can be

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particularly important as it relates to design. For instance, if three men are walking along with a log
on their shoulder ( a statically indeterminate situation) and one of them lower his shoulders a little
under the load, the will be a major redistribution of the internal forces in the “structure” and a great
deal loss load for him to support. On the other hand, if two men are walkway a long with a log on
their shoulders (a statically determinate situation) and one of them lowers his shoulder slightly there
will be little change in force distribution in the structure. These are similar to the situations that occur
in statically determinate and indeterminate structures subject to torsional moments. They are referred
to respectively as equilibrium torsion and compatibility torsion.

Two types of torsion are commonly identified:

a) Equilibrium torsion: where the torsional moment is required to maintain equilibrium of the
structure. In such situation the external load has no other option but to be carried by torsion
(see Figure 5.3a).

Equilibrium torsion is of primary interest in design because failure of the member is

inevitable if it has insufficient torsional strength.

b) Compatibility Torsion: torsion caused due to the resultant of angular rotation induced by
rigidly connected members. It arises from the requirement of continuity, i.e., compatibility of
deformation between adjacent parts of a structure (see Figure 5.3b).

Although such torsion may result in the formation large cracks at the joint, more serious
consequences are unlikely if the member possess adequate ductility to redistribute the
torsional moments. For this reason compatibility torsion is generally of secondary interest in
design and can often be ignored.

Figure 5.3: Torsional effects in reinforced concrete

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Jimma University Institute of Technology, JIT Chapter 5: Torsion for Reinforced Concrete Beam

Torsion shear stresses are diagonal tension and this result in diagonal crack, which need both closed
stirrups and longitudinal steel to avoid brittle fracture. Different theories have evolved to predict the
ultimate torsional strength.

5.2. BEHAVIOURS OF MEMBERS WITH TORSION

In a member subjected to torsion, a torsional moment causes shear stresses on cross sectional planes
and on radial planes extending from the axis of the member to the surface (see Figure 5.4).

Figure 5.4: shear stresses due to torsion

The distribution of theses stresses may vary according to the geometry of the cross section. Therefore
the treatment of the case depends up on whether the section is solid or thin walled. Also a solid
section may be circular or non-circular, where as thin walled section may be open or closed.

In a circular member, the shearing stresses are zero at the axis of the bar and increases linearly to a
maximum stresses at the outside of the bar.

The maximum shearing stress in circular section is:


Where:

For non circular member, the distribution of shear stresses is not so straight forward. The
rectangular member for example, has the stress distribution shown when subjected to a torque T.
Unlike in the circular member, the stress distribution in a rectangular member is non linear. The
shearing stress at the corner of the section is zero indicating that the corners of the section are not
distorted under torsion and the maximum shear stresses occur at the mid points of the long sides.

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Figure 5.5: Stresses caused by torsion

Analytical studies have shown that the maximum shearing stress in rectangular section is:

Where:

⁄ ⁄

⁄
For compound sections made up of a serious of thin rectangles such as T-sections, box sections,
etc., torsional resistance may be considered as the sum of the capacities of individual rectangular
sections and is given by:

∑ ⁄
Where the term ⁄ is evaluated for each of the rectangle.
For thin-walled hollow section of any shape, the shear stress in the walls is reasonably constant and
is:

Where:
Ao
 is the area enclosed by the centre line of the tube wall
(shaded area) t

 is the thickness of the wall where the shear stress is being

calculated.

5.3. PRINCIPAL STRESSES DUE TO TORSION

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Jimma University Institute of Technology, JIT Chapter 5: Torsion for Reinforced Concrete Beam

When the beam shown in Figure 5.6 is subjected to a torsional moment, T, shearing stresses are
developed on the top and front face as shown by the elements in Figure 5.6a. The principal stresses
on these elements are shown in Figure 5.6b. The principal tensile stresses eventually cause cracking
which spirals around the body as shown by the line A, B, C, D, E (see Figure 5.6c). Therefore,
longitudinal bars in the corners and closed stirrups are required to control such spiral cracks.

Figure 5.6: Development of spiral cracks

After cracking of a reinforced beam, failure may occur in several ways. The stirrups or longitudinal
reinforcement, or both, may yield, or for beams that are over reinforced in torsion. the concrete
between the inclined cracks may crush due to the principal compression stresses prior to yield of the
steel. The most ductile behavior results when both reinforcements yield.

5.4. TORSION IN REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS

For the analysis of torsional resistance of members, consider the equivalent space truss model shown
below. This is done by treating the member as a space truss consisting of spiral concrete diagonals
that are able to take load parallel but not perpendicular to the torsional cracks, transverse tension tie
members that are provided by closed stirrups, and tension cords that are provided by longitudinal
reinforcement.

Figure 5.7: Space-truss analogy

With reference to Figure 5.7, the torsional resistance provided by a member with a rectangular cross
section can be represented as the sum of the contributions of the shear in each of the four walls of the

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equivalent hollow tube. For example, the contribution of the shear acting in the right hand vertical
wall of the tube to the torsional resistance is:

5.4.1. Design equivalent Truss Analogy

To quantify the behavior of members with torsional reinforcement, an equivalent space truss model
can be used. This theory assumes that solid members can be designed as equivalent hollow
members.

Extensive tests indicate that the presence of concrete at the centre of the member doesn’t have a very
significant effect on its torsional resistance .thus it is faire to assume that solid members can be
designed as equivalent hollow members.

The torsional resistance of any section may be calculated on the basis of equivalent hollow section
with thin walls as defined in the figure 5.8 below.

(a) Thin- walled tube analogy

(b) Space truss analogy

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T
D

c) Equivalent hollow section

Figure 5.8:Thin –walled tube / space truss analogy
The centre line of the longitudinal reinforcement are taken as the centre line of the walls of the
equivalent hollow section having a thickness equal to
 Convert the section into an equivalent hollow box section of thickness (see figure 5.8c

So that for a rectangular section

 Calculate the area within the centerline of the equivalent hollow box section. For a
rectangular section

Where:

And the perimeter of the centerline is

( )

 In the space truss model,

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Each leg of the closed stirrups as a tension member.

The longitudinal steel bars act as continuous top and bottom chords.
The concrete in compression between the cracks acts as compression struts.
5.4.1.1. Area of Stirrups

A beam subject to pure torsion can be modeled as shown in Figure 5.8(b). a rectangular beam will be
considered for simplicity, but a similar derivation could be applied to any cross-sectional shpe. The
beam is idealized as a space truss consisting of longgitudinal bars in the corners, closed stirrups, and
diagonal concrete compression members which spiral around the beam between the cracks. The
height and width of the truss are measured between the centers of the corner bars. The
angle of the cracks is , which initially is close to , but may become flatter at high torques.

From Equation (5.5) the Shear force per unit length of the perimeter of the tube or truss, referred to
as the shear flow, is given by

The total shear force due to torsion along each of the top and bottom sides of the truss is

Similarly the shear force due to torsion along each of the two vertical sides

Summing moments about one corner of the truss, we find that the internal torque is

Substituting for using Equation 5.9a and 5.9b gives

( ) ( )

or

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But, by definition, . Thus we have shown that the internal forces through equilibrate
the applied torque,

A portion of one of the vertical sides is shown in Figure 5.9. The inclined crack cuts stirrups,
where

Where: is the spacing of the stirrups. The force in the stirrups must equilibrate . Assuming that
all the stirrups yield at ultimate

( ) ( )

Figure 5.9: Forces in stirrups

Where is the yield strength of the stirrups. Replacing with Equation 5.9 b and taking

( )

Thus the lateral reinforcement required to resist a torsion is

( )

Where:

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is the area enclosed by the centre-lines of the connecting walls, including inner
hollow areas

is the yield strength of the stirrups ,

is spacing of the lateral reinforcement

is resist torsion
5.4.1.2. Area Longitudinal Reinforcement

In addition to the lateral reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement is required to resist torsion.

As shown by the force triangle Figure 3.9, the shear force can be resolved into a diagonal
compression force, C, parallel to the concrete struts and axial tension force, , where are
given by

Figure 3.10: Side of space truss-resolution of shear force

Because the shear flow , , is constant from point to point along side 2, the force acts along the
centroidal axis of side 2. For a beam with longitudinal bars in the top and bottom corners of side 2,
half of will be resisted by each corner bar. A similar resolltion of forces occurs on each side of
the truss. For a rectangular member as shown in Figure 5.8b, the total longitudinal force is

Substituting Equation 5.9(a) and (b) and 5.14, and taking gives

Where:

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The total longitudinal force :

Where is the perimeter of the closed stirrup, . Longitudinal reinforcement with a

total area of must be provided for the longitudinal force, . Assuming this reinforcement
yields at ultimate, with a yield strength of , gives

( )

( ⁄ )

is total area of the longitudinal reinforcement required to resist an applied torsion of . It is

additional to whatever longitudinal reinforcement is required to resist flexural stresses.

( )

Compressive force in the struts (diagonal members) (see Figure 5.10)

 The compressive force in the struts (diagonal members) shown in equation 5.13

 This force is resisted by the stress in the concrete between diagonal cracks
 The surface area to which this force is applied is .

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Where: is the effectiveness factor for torsion given by

[ ]

From equation (5.14)

Similarly

Hence the allowable torque which the section can sustain is

( )

Some codes recommend that

5.4.2. Members with combined actions

For members with combined torsion and shear, the section should satisfy the interaction equation,

( ) ( )

Where:

5.5. DESIGN FOR TORSION ACCORDING TO : ES EN-2 1992:2015

The theory and design requirements for torsion were covered in section 5.4. The design procedure
consists of calculations to determine additional area of links and longitudinal reinforcement to resists
the torsional moment, using an equivalent hollow box section.

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Usually it is not necessary to design for torsion in statically indeterminate structures where the
torsional forces are often only a secondary effect and the structure can be in equilibrium even if the
torsion is neglected. When the equilibrium depends on the torsional resistance the effects of torsion
must be considered
The approach to design for torsion is therefore:

(a) Based on the calculated ultimate torsional moment , check the maximum torsional
moment that can be carried by the section which is governed by compression in the
concrete struts, as given by equation 5.18:

(b) Calculate the torsional reinforcement required from equation 5.12:

Where is the area of one leg of a link.

(c) Calculate the additional longitudinal reinforcement from equation 5.16:

( )

5.5.1. Design Procedure for torsion combined with shear

Notation:





The following section outlines the procedure for designing for torsion and explains how torsional
design must be considered together with the design for shear.

(1) Design for shear using the variable Strut Inclination Method

The angle should range between so that is between 2.5 and 1.0. The value
determined for should be used

The diagonal compressive strut and the angle :

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The shear force applied to the section must be limited so that excessive compressive stresses do not
occur in the diagonal compressive struts, leading to compressive failure of the concrete. Thus the
maximum design shear force is limited by the ultimate crusing strength of the diagonal
concrete member in the analogous truss and its vertical component.

This by conversion of the trigometrical functions can also be expressed as

In EBCS-2 this equation is modified by the inclusion of a strength reduction factor for concrete
cracked in shear.
Thus

Where the strength reduction factor takes the value of ⁄ and, putting
, equation 5.20 becomes

As previously noted EBCS-2 limits to a value between 45 degrees.

(i) With (this is the usual case for unifirmly distributed loads) From equation
(5.21):

If then a larger value of the angle must be used so that the diagonal
concrete strut has a larger vertical component to balance .
(ii) With (the maximum value of as allowed by EBCS-2) From equation (5.21):

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Which is upper limit on the compressive strength of the concrete diagonal member in the
analogous truss. When , from equation (5.23) the diaginal strut will be over
stressed and the beam’s dimensions must be incresed or a higher class of concrete be used.
(iii) With

The required value for can be obtained by equating and solving for in equation
5.21 as follows:
⁄

And

There fore by substitution

{ }
⁄

Which alternatively can be expressed as:

, -

If this calculation gives a value of then the beam should be re-sized or a higher
class of concrete could be used.
The shear reinforcement required can be calculated:

Where is the cross-section area of the legs of the reinforcement ⁄ for sing stirrups).

For a predominately uniformly distributed load the shear should be calculated at a distance
from the face of the support and the shear reinforcement should continue to the face of the support.

The shear resistance for the links actually specified is

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(2) Convert the section into an equivalent hollow box section of thickness, :
 The centre line of the longitudinal reinforcement are taken as the centre line of the walls of the
equivalent hollow section having a thickness equal to
 The effective thickness of the wall, ,is commonly taken as

Where:
is the outer circumference of the cross-section.
is outer circumference of the cross-section

Figure 5.11: Equivalent hollow section

Calculate the area within the centerline of the equivalent hollow box section. For a rectangular
section

And the perimeter of the centerline is

( )

(3) Check that the concrete section is adequate to resist the combined shear and torsion using
the interaction condition.
The maximum resistance of a member subjected to torsion and shear is limited by the capacity of the
concrete struts. In order not to exceed this resistance the following condition should be satisfied:

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Where:

( )

is the maximum design shear resistance according to Expressions (5.21). In

solid cross sections the full width of the web may be used to determine
For approximately rectangular solid sections only minimum reinforcement is required provided that
the following condition is satisfied:

Where:
is the torsional cracking moment, which may be determined by setting

⁄
Where: Tensile strength,
⁄
⁄
follows from Expression (5.27)
The shear capacity of concrete, in such situations is given by an empirical expression:

⁄
[ ]

With a minimum value of:

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⁄ ⁄
[ ]

Where:
the design shear resistance of the section without shear reinforcement

. √ /

The area of tensile reinforcement that extends beyond the section being
considered by at least a full anchorage length plus one effective depth (d)
The smallest width of the section in the tensile area (mm)
(4) Calculate the additional stirrup reinforcement required to resist torsion

The spacing of the stirrups should not exceed the lesser of (a) ⁄ the
least dimension of the beam’s cross-section. The stirrups should be of the closed type fully
anchored by means of laps.
(5) Calculate the total amount of stirrup reinforcement ⁄
This is the sum of the stirrup reinforcement for shear and torsion from steps (1) and (4).
(6) Calculate the area of the additional longitudinal reinforcement

Equation 5.28 and 5.29 can be used to design a section to resist torsion. The calculated amount of
reinforcement must be provided in addition to the full bending and shear reinforcement requirements
for the ultimate load combinations corresponding to the torsional load case considered. where
longitudinal bending reinforcement is required the additional torsional steel area may either be
provided by increasing the size of the bars, or by additional bars. Torsional links must consist of
fully anchored closed links spaced longitudinally no more than ⁄ apart. The longitudinal steel
must consist of at least one bar in each corner of the section with other bars distributed equally
around the inner periphery of the links spaced at not more than 350mm centres. Where the
reinforcement is known equations 5.28 and 5.29 can be rearranged for analysis purposes to give

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Jimma University Institute of Technology, JIT Chapter 5: Torsion for Reinforced Concrete Beam

as follows:

( )

And

( )
⁄
( )

Calculate the minimum reinforcement required by EBCS-2 from

Calculate the additional tensile force in the longitudinal reinforcement due to shear may be
calculated from:

⁄ Should be taken not greater than ⁄ where is the maximum

moment along the beam.

EXAMPLES 5.1: (Analysis beam for torsion)

Determine the maximum torque which can be applied to the member of the figure E 5.1. Given
materials for longitudinal, for stirrups. (Using
Equivalent Truss Analogy Method)

SOLUTION:
 The thickness of the wall,

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Jimma University Institute of Technology, JIT Chapter 5: Torsion for Reinforced Concrete Beam

Area of stirrups reinforcement,

Area of longitudinal reinforcement,

( )

 Determine of the torque due to stirrup reinforcement

( )

( ) ( )

( )

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( ) ( )

Equating equation (1) and (2

It is between ok!
 Check for :

Where:
The effectiveness factor for torsion given by

[ ] [ ]

[ ( ) ]

Which means the given reinforcement sufficient

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EXAMPLE 5.2: (Design of torsional Reinforcement for shear and torsion)

The design shear force and torsional moment at a critical section of a rectangular RC beam ( ⁄
⁄ are , respectively. The flexural reinforcement at
the same section consists of bars. If materials ⁄ are used design this beam
for the combined actions. Assume and use the ES EN-2 1992:2015 Method, show
reinforcement detail using sketch. (Jimma University, JIT. 3rd Year advanced diploma civil Engineering Final
examination, January, 27, 2005).
SOLUTION:
1. Design for shear using the variable strut inclination method

 For
⁄

⁄
* +

 For the shear reinforcement required can be calculated:

2. Covert the rectangular Section to an equivalent hollow box section (Figure E5.3b)
 Thickens of box section , :

 Area with centerline,

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 Perimeter of centerline,

Figure E5.2: Torsion example

3. Check if concrete section is adequate

Where:

With

[ ] [ ]

Therefore

[ ]

And

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( ) ( )

Therefore, the concrete section is adequate.

4. Calculate the additional stirrups reinforcement required to resist torsion. (Note that is for
one leg only)

5. Therefore for shear plus torsion and based on the area of one legs

Assumed

Spacing of the stirrups, S:

6. Calculate the area of the additional longitudinal reinforcement for torsion

[ ]

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EXAMPLE 5.3: (Design of torsion using Equilivalent Truss Analogy Method)

The rectangular cross section shown figure E5.3 the resists a shear force of 160KN and torsion
moment of 10KN-m. The material characteristic strength
and . It is reinforced for flexure with . Design the section for shear and
torsion .Assume (use equilivalent truss analogy).

SOLUTION:
Figure E5.3: Rectangular cross-section

1. The thickness of the wall, :

2. Check for

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Where:

[ ] [ ]

[ ]

Therefore, the section is adequate the applied torsion.

3. Check for

For
⁄

[ ⁄ ]

Again the section is adequate for shear force

4. Members with combined actions
For members with combined torsion and shear, the section should satisfy the interaction equation,

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

5. Calculate the total amount of stirrup reinforcement

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a) Shear
The shear capacity of the concrete:
⁄
[ ]

Where

. √ / . √ /

( )

⁄
[ ]

Shear resistance,

b) Torsion
The lateral reinforcement required to resist a torsion is

( ) ( )

Total stirrups are:

( ) ( )

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Assumed

Spacing, S:

⁄
6. Determine area of longitudinal Reinforcement bars:

( ) ( )

[ ]

EXAMPLE 5.4: (Design of Cantilever beam for torsion Using the ES EN-2 1992:2015 Method
Figure E5.4 shows a cantilevered beam which supports a concentrated force applied at
the end, with an eccentricity 400mm from centerline. Design this beam for flexure, shear and torsion
at the support. if Materials concrete, ⁄ for longitudinal reinforcement and
for lateral reinforcement (stirrups). Assume ⁄ ⁄ and neglect self
weight of the beam (Jimma University, JIT. 3rd Year advanced diploma civil Engineering Final exam, January, 14,
2003).
.

Figure E5.4

Given:

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 Cross-section : ⁄ ⁄
 Action effects: applied at an eccentricity 400mm
 Span length of beam , L=2.5m
 Material Data : Concrete ⁄
 Steels for longitudinal reinforcement
for lateral reinforcement

REQUIRED: Amount of reinforcement of beam: (a) for Flexural and (b) For Torsion and shear

SOLUTION:
a) For flexure:
 Determine the bending moment and shear force of beam

Bending Moment Diagram

175KNm

V=70KN Shear Force Diagram

We should design at maximum moment ,then maximum moment is at support

Shear force

Assume reinforcements, and concrete cover is

30mm.

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Using General Design Table 1a:

√ ⁄ √ ⁄

b) For Torsion and shear

Using the ES EN-2 1992:2015 Method
1. Design for shear using the variable strut inclination method

 For
⁄

⁄
* +

The section is adequate for shear.

 For the shear reinforcement required can be calculated:

2. Covert the rectangular Section to an equivalent hollow box section (Figure E3.4b)
 Thickens of box section , :

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Jimma University Institute of Technology, JIT Chapter 5: Torsion for Reinforced Concrete Beam

 Area with centerline,

 Perimeter of centerline,

Figure E 5.4: Torsion example

3. Check if concrete section is adequate

Where:

With

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Jimma University Institute of Technology, JIT Chapter 5: Torsion for Reinforced Concrete Beam

[ ] [ ]

Therefore

[ ]

And

( ) ( )

Therefore, the concrete section is adequate.

4. Calculate the additional stirrups reinforcement required to resist torsion. (Note that is
for one leg only)

5. Therefore for shear plus torsion and based on the area of two legs

Assumed

Spacing of the stirrups, S:

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Jimma University Institute of Technology, JIT Chapter 5: Torsion for Reinforced Concrete Beam

6. Calculate the area of the additional longitudinal reinforcement for torsion

[ ]

EXAMPLE 5.5:
Architectural and clearance requirements call for the use of a transfer girder, shown in Figure E 5.5,
spanning between supporting column faces. The girder must carry from design above a
concentrated column load P= at 400 mm eccentricity from centerline of the girder at mid
span that include an allowance for girder self-weight. The concentrated load provide full torsional
and flexural rigidity. Design the girder at one of the supports for all types of action (except for
flexure) According to ES EN-2 1992:2015 design provisions. Material strength are
and show reinforcement detail.(Jimma University, JIT. 3rd Year Civil Engineering Final
examination, June,16,2017).

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Jimma University Institute of Technology, JIT Chapter 5: Torsion for Reinforced Concrete Beam

x 450mm
P =150KN

150KN
250mm

3m 3m

Figure E5.5: Transfer girder: (a) Top view; (b) Front view; (c) section x-x

SOLUTION:
1. Design constant strength

⁄
⁄
⁄ ⁄

2. Covert the rectangular Section to an equivalent hollow box section (Figure E3.4c)
 Thickens of box section , :

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Jimma University Institute of Technology, JIT Chapter 5: Torsion for Reinforced Concrete Beam

 Area with centerline,

 Perimeter of centerline,

3. Check for

Where:

At one of the support T should divided by two

⁄ ⁄
 Capacity for diagonal resistance compression failure , , torsional
resistance of cross section. Assume ,

With

[ ] [ ]

Therefore

[ ]

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Jimma University Institute of Technology, JIT Chapter 5: Torsion for Reinforced Concrete Beam

The section is adequate for torsion

 The torque carried by the concrete ,

We have to provide the reinforcement for difference between the two torque.

4. Calculate the torsional reinforcement required

Assumed

Spacing of the stirrups, S:

5. Calculate the longitudinal reinforcement :

( )

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Jimma University Institute of Technology, JIT Chapter 5: Torsion for Reinforced Concrete Beam

[ ]

EXERCISE PROBLEM (ASSIGUMENT -1)

5.1. A rectangular beam cross section is subjected to the combined effects of

and . If this beam has been constructed from concrete ⁄ ,
Steel , design the beam for torsion and shear. Use Equivalent Truss Analogy and
Assume .(Jimma University, JIT. 3rd Year advanced diploma civil Engineering Mid-semester
examination, 04/01/2004).
5.2. The beam in the Figure 5.2 is made up of reinforced concrete with for
AC and BD respectively. The beam BD is connected to beam AC at and carries 100KN
load at point D in addition to its self-weight. Beam AC carries live load of ⁄ . Use
⁄ ⁄ , concrete cover 25mm and available bar diameters are
20mm and 8mm. (consider the weight of man as dead load.
a) Determine design torsional moment
b) Design beam AC for flexure
c) Design beam AC for shear and torsion
d) Sketch detailing for beam AC

2.5m
C
2.5m B

100KN

A 1.5m

Figure 5.2: Beams

5.3. The cantilever beam shown in figure 5.3 below, supports factored concentrated load
of 150KN acts at the end of the beam 85mm away from the centroidal axis of its
member. The length of the beam is 4 m. Design the beam for the torsional moment
and check torsion-shear interaction effect and neglect self weight of beam. use:

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Jimma University Institute of Technology, JIT Chapter 5: Torsion for Reinforced Concrete Beam

Materials, ⁄
, and .

Figure 5.3

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