COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING VORTEX

BEAM

Anagha Raj K R (19UEC070 )

Chhaydra Rupini(19UEC079)
Banoth Naveen(19UEC087)
Sabavat Tharun(19UEC108)
B.Nandha Narayana Badhri(19UEC113)

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
AGARTALA-799055, INDIA
April, 2023
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING VORTEX
BEAM

Thesis Submitted to
National Institute of Technology, Agartala
For the awardee of degree

of

Bachelor of Technology

By

Anagha Raj K R (19UEC070 )

Chhaydra Rupini(19UEC079)
Banoth Naveen(19UEC087)
Sabavat Tharun(19UEC108)
B.Nandha Narayana Badhri(19UEC113)

Supervisor

Dr. Smita Banik (Assistant Professor of ECE department,NIT Agartala)

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
AGARTALA, INDIA
April, 2023
 DEDICATED TO

To our Project Supervisor Dr. Smita Banik, Assistant Professor, ECE Dept. NIT
Agartala for sharing her valuable knowledge, encouragement & showing
confidence on us all the time. To Dr. Dibyendu Ghoshal, Associate Professor, ECE
Dept. NIT Agartala, for his constant support and guidance throughout the project
completion period. Each of the faculties of the department to contribute in our
development as a professional and help us to achieve this goal. To all those people
who have somehow contributed to the creation of this project and who
have supported us.

(i)

National Institute of Technology, Agartala

“ Don't try to cover your mistakes with false words. Rather, correct your

mistakes with examination."

-Pythagoras

(ii)

National Institute of Technology-Agartala

 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled “COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING VORTEX BEAM”, by

Anagha Raj KR(19UEC070), Chhaydra Rupini(19UEC079), Banoth
Naveen(19UEC087), Sabavat Tharun(19UEC108), B.Nandha Narayana
Badhri (19UEC113), is approved for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Electronics and Communication Engineering.

Examiners
________________________
________________________
________________________

Supervisor (s)
________________________
________________________
________________________

HOD
________________________
Date: 18/04/2023
Place: NIT Agartala

(iii)
National Institute of Technology-Agartala
 DECLARATION

We declare that the work presented in this report proposal titled "COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
USING VORTEX BEAM ", submitted to the Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, for the award of the Bachelor of
Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering, represents our ideas in our
own words and where others ideas or words have been included, we have adequately cited and
referenced the original sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic
honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any
idea/data/fact/source in our submission. We understand that any violation of the above will be
cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources
which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been
taken when needed.

_______________________________ ________________________________
Anagha Raj K R Chhaydra Rupini
19UEC070 19UEC079

________________________________ ________________________________
Banoth Naveen Sabavat Tharun
19UEC087 19UEC108

_______________________________
B.Nandha Narayana Badhri
19UEC113

Date:18/04/2023

(iv)

National Institute of Technology-Agartala

 CERTIFICATE

It is certified that the work contained in the report titled by “Communication

System Using Vortex Beam” by Anagha Raj KR(19UEC070), Chhaydra
Rupini(19UEC079), Banoth Naveen(19UEC087), Sabavat Tharun(19UEC108),
B.Nandha Narayana Badhri (19UEC113) has been carried out under my supervision
and this work has not been submitted elsewhere for a degree.

__________________________

Dr. Smita Banik

(Project Supervisor)
Assistant Professor
Electronics and Communication Dept.
NIT, Agartala
April,2023

(v)

National Institute of Technology-Agartala

 Acknowledgement

We would like to take this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude to all
who helped us directly or indirectly during this thesis work. Firstly, we would like
to thank our supervisor, Dr. Smita Banik for being a great mentor and the best adviser
we could ever have. Her advise, encouragement and critics are source of innovative
ideas, inspiration and causes behind the successful completion of this report. We are
highly obliged to Dr. Dibyendu Ghoshal, Associate Professor, ECE Dept. NIT
Agartala, for his constant support and guidance throughout the project completion
duration. The confidence shown on us by both the professors were the biggest source
of inspiration for us. It has been a privilege working with them from last one year.
We are highly obliged to all the faculty members of the Electronics and
Communication Engineering Department for their support and encouragement. We
also thank Prof (Dr.) HK Sharma, Director, NIT Agartala and Dr.Tamasi Moyra
Panua, H.O.D, ECED for providing excellent computing and other facilities without
which this work could not achieve its quality goal.

Sabavath Tharun Banoth Naveen

(19UEC108) (19UEC087)

Anagha Raj K R Chhaydra Rupini

(19UEC070) (19UEC079)

B.Nandha Narayana Badhri

(19UEC113)

(vi)

National Institute of Technology-Agartala

 ABSTRACT

The last few decades have seen rapid advances in information and communication
technology. We commonly use broadband technology with high-speed Internet
connectivity at our homes, offices, and in our mobile devices. The bandwidth and
high-capacity requirements due to the increased use of Internet and broadband
services have exceeded our expectations in twenty-first century. Wireless optical
communication systems, becomes from this point an important field of research
worldwide. In order to effectively improve the information carrying capacity of
modern wireless communication systems, vortex beams with orbital angular
momentum(OAM) have attracted extensive attention due to extended
communication capacity and efficiency. We have studied the optical vortex beam
analysis and here, we propose an optical communication system using vortex beams.
The transmitter encodes the message symbols into the vortex beams and then the
receiver implements a detection strategy based on which the data bits are decoded.

(vii)

National Institute of Technology-Agartala

 CONTENTS

Title Page i

Dedication ii

Thought sheet iii

Certificate of Approval iv
Declaration v
Certificate vi
Acknowledgement vii
Abstract viii
Contents ix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction to vortex beam
1.2 Orbital angular momentum (OAM) states of the vortex beams
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Generation of Vortex Beam
2.1 Generation of the vortex beam
Chapter 4 Proposed System
4.1 Communication System Using Vortex Beam
4.2 Methods to Vary Topological Charge
Chapter 5 Chirping
5.1 Chirping in Optics
5.2 Chirping in vortex beams
5.3 Physical Implementation of Chirpping in the System
Chapter 6 Coding in MATLAB
6.1 Intensity distributions for Laguerre-Gaussian Vortex Beams
6.2 Phase distributions for Laguerre-Gaussian Vortex Beams
6.3 Electric Field Variation of a Vortex Beam with Varying Topological Charges
Chapter 7 Conclusions and Future Scope of Study
References
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Introduction to Vortex Beam

Light carries angular momentum compromised of both a spin component associated
with polarization and of an orbital component arising from the spatial profile of light
intensity and the phase. Considerable interest in orbital angular momentum arises
from its potential use in multiple applications including quantum information
processing atomic manipulation micromanipulation and the biosciences. Control of
the local and total orbital angular momentum in a beam, as well as the quantum
mechanical state of the photons is important in many of these applications as in the
spatial distribution and photon density of the beam.
In general, any beam with inclined wavefronts carries angular momentum. Allen and
coworkers showed that Laguerre-Gaussian laser beams, which have a helical phase
structure described by ϕ=ℓθ , possess a well-defined orbital angular momentum of
̅̅̅ per photon. At the center of the helical phase is a singularity where the phase is
ℓℎ
undefined and the field amplitude vanishes, giving rise to a “dark beam” in the core
of the light wave. The orbital angular momentum in a helical beam(also called an
optical vortex beam) can be adjusted by either changing the wavefronts’ helicity, ℓ,
or by increasing the photon flux. However, since the radius of an optical vortex
scales with its helicity, applications that require controlled geometry or photon
density will be limited to fixed orbital angular momentum(OAM).
OAM-tunable optical vortex which maintains a constant geometry and total intensity
during tuning the OAM-tunable optical vortex is the resultant beam produced by the
overlap of two collinear optical vortex beams of equal helicity but opposite chirality.
Light beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM), which are also termed
vortex or Laguerre-Gaussian light beams, have a helical phase front. The twist of the
helical is quantified by the topological charge, with its sign and amplitude describing
the direction and the strength of the twist, respectively. A unique property of the
vortex light beams is that the topological charge can take a wide, theoretically
unbounded, range of integer and fractional numbers. It allows for a wide variety of
intriguing phase and intensity distributions that are unavailable to conventional
Hermite-Gaussian light beams. This property also underpins a range of emerging
applications including the detection of magnetic excitation and enantiomers, phase-
contrast microscopy, holographic optical manipulation, and high-capacity optical
data communications.
In general, any beam with inclined wavefronts carries orbital angular momentum
Allen and coworkers showed that Laguerre-Gaussian laser beams, which have a
helical phase structure described by [0, possess a well-defined orbital angular
momentum per photon. At the center of the helical phase is a singularity where the
phase is undefined and the field amplitude vanishes, giving rise to a "dark beam" in
the core of the light wave. The orbital angular momentum in a helical beam (also
called an optical vortex beam) can be adjusted by either changing the wavefronts'
helicity, (, or by increasing the photon flux. However, since the radius of an optical
vortex scales with its helicity, applications that require controlled geometry or
photon density will be limited to fixed orbital angular momentum (OAM).

1.2. Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) States of Vortex Beams

Helical modes of the electromagnetic field are characterized by a wavefront that is

shaped as a helix, with an optical vortex in the center, at the beam axis (see figure).
The helical modes are characterized by an integer number m, positive or negative. If
m=0, the mode is not helical and the wavefronts are multiple disconnected surfaces,
for example, a sequence of parallel planes (from which the name "plane wave"). If
m=±1, the handedness determined by the sign of m, the wavefront is shaped as a
single helical surface, with a step length equal to the wavelength . If |m|≥ 2, the
wavefront is composed of |m| distinct but intertwined helices, with the step length of
each helix surface equal to |m|, and a handedness given by the sign of m. The integer
m is also the so-called "topological charge" of the optical vortex. Light beams that
are in a helical mode carry nonzero OAM.

Different columns show the beam helical structures, phase fronts, and corresponding
intensity distributions.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

1. "Communication with Spatially Modulated Light through Turbulent Air

across Vienna" by G. Gibson et al. (2004) This paper describes the use of
optical vortex beams to transmit data through turbulent air across Vienna.
The authors demonstrated that the spatially modulated light beam could
propagate over a distance of 3 km with minimal distortion, providing
evidence for the feasibility of using this technique for long-range
communication.
2. "Optical Vortex Beams: Challenges and Prospects" by A. Forbes (2016)
This review article provides an overview of the current state of research on
optical vortex beams, including their generation, propagation, and
applications in communication systems. The author discusses the challenges
associated with using these beams for communication, such as the need for
careful calibration of the system .
3. "Optical Vortex Beams in Communication" by N. Bozinovic et al. (2013)
This paper describes a communication system that uses optical vortex beams
to transmit data over a short distance. The authors demonstrated that the
system was capable of transmitting data at a rate of 1.6 bits/s with a bit error
rate of less than 10^-2
4. "Data Communication Using Orbital Angular Momentum of Light" by M.
Mirhosseini et al. (2015) This paper describes a communication system that
uses the orbital angular momentum of light to transmit data. The authors
demonstrated that the system was capable of transmitting data at a rate of 32
Gbit/s over a distance of 3 meters.
5. "Optical Vortex Beam Generation, Characterization, and Applications" by L.
Marrucci et al. (2011) This review article provides a comprehensive
overview of the generation and characterization of optical vortex beams, as
well as their applications in areas such as microscopy, optical trapping, and
communication systems.

Overall, these papers demonstrate the potential of using optical vortex beams
in communication systems and provide insights into the challenges
associated with implementing this technology. Further research is needed to
improve the performance and reliability of these systems and to explore their
potential applications in various fields.
 CHAPTER 3

GENERATION OF VORTEX BEAM

3.1. Generation of the Vortex Beam

The early endeavors of the optical vortex beam generation were focused on
modifying the Gouy phase shift of the beam, using a pair of cylindrical lenses as
mode converters to transform HG(Hermit Gaussian) modes to LG(Laguerre
Gaussian) modes. In principle, any HG modes aligning at π/4 with respect to the axis
of the lens can be converted into LG modes with the same beam waist. A generalized
description of the transformation between the arbitrary order of HG modes and LG
modes and vice versa using mode converters were presented. By inserting opaque
wires or shifting the geometric alignment to off-axis from the cavity, different high
order of HG modes can be excited; then assisting with the mode converters , high
order of LG laser beams carrying large number of OAMs can be created.
The Optical vortex beams can be obtained by imposing a spiral phase distribution
onto the input beam, which can be readily realized by various ways such as spiral
phase plate, deformable mirror, diffractive optical elements (DOEs), spatial light
modulators (SLMs) and optic fiber. Spiral phase plate is an optical element with
helical surface whose optical thickness increases with azimuthal positions. The
phase difference of starting point and ending point will determine the generated
topological charge of vortex beams.However, once the spiral phase plate is
fabricated, the generated vortex beam would be fixed which is not convenient.
People also tried to use a segmented deformable mirror to realize the same function
with a spiral phase plate.

Fig 2.1.1. Spiral Phase Plate

With the development of computer generated hologram (CGH), diffractive optical

element (DOE) and liquid crystal display (LCD), the generation of vortex beams
using spatial light modulators (SLMs) is more common. Both reflective and
transmissive SLMs are commercially available in the market. Liquid crystal (LC)
SLMs are either optically or electrically addressed and can modulate the amplitude,
the phase, or both, for the input field. For phase only LC SLMs, birefringent LC
molecules can be viewed as individual wave plates whose fast axis are modeled as
directors. By applying electric field across LC molecules, the angle between the
wave vector k of the input electric field and the director, or fast axis of the wave
plate can be changed. Thus the birefringence of the LC molecules can be adjusted
by varying the voltage applied.

(a) (b)

Fig 2.1.2. Two types of SLMs: (a) Boulder Nonlinear Systems XY Series, resolution of 512×512
with pixel size 15 m; (b) Holoeye HEO 1080P, resolution of 1920×1080 with pixel size μm.

Vector vortex beams can be readily generated with a variety of methods such as laser
intra-cavity devices and optic fiber. One example of the generated radial polarization
is shown in Fig.2.1.3. The intensity pictures of the generated mode passing through
a linear polarizer at different orientation angles are shown to confirm the polarization
symmetry.

Fig.2.1.3 Generated optical vortex beam with radial polarization using few-mode optic fiber.
 CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED SYSTEM

4.1. Communication System Using Vortex Beams

The system we are proposing is that by changing the topological charge of the optical
vortex beam, we can achieve a distinct part of the beam which is then assigned data
bit values according to a set standard.

Due to the nature of the Vortex Beam the light intensity only exists in the helical
path traced by the governing equation, the rest of the place in the space the light
intensity is null. So, using this intrinsic property of the vortex beam, we have
developed a communication system which are different from existing modes of
Optical Fiber Communication.

Fig.4.1.1 The cross-sectional view of Optical Fiber.

In Fig4.1.1 we can see how the vortex beam travels in the optical fiber, here we can
notice clearly how the different data bits are differentiated and thus by placing the
sensors in the path of the beam, we can clearly capture the variation in the beam and
thus there by receiving the data.
The Main advantage of our communication system compared to the other systems is
that here we need only a small light presence sensor instead of a complex light
intensity and frequency measuring sensor as in the case of Amplitude Modulation
and Frequency Modulation.

Sensor placement is perpendicular to the axis of the Optical Fiber, more the number
of sensors, the more data bits can be collected simultaneously and the more data
speed we can attain.

The current set Standard is that

● When two disks of the helical vortex beam are closer than the unmodulated
beam( r1 ), we represent it as Data BIT ("1").
● When two disks of the helical vortex beam are farther than the unmodulated
beam( r2 ), we represent it as Data BIT ("0").

The Process:
Here we see the variation in the beam for different data bits, in the system, we
implement a program so that when the sensors acquire the data, they are processed
in such a way that the distance between consecutive triggered sensors are calculated
and they are compared to distance between helical disk of the standard unmodulated
vortex beam.

● when the system sense if the distance between the two consecutive sensors
triggered is less (r1) than the unmodulated helical disk separation, then the
system registers as it received data bit ‘1’
 ● when the system sense if the distance between the two consecutive sensors
triggered is more (r2) than the unmodulated helical disk separation, then the
system registers as it received data bit ‘0’

Modified System

In the above proposed system, the variation in distance between the helical disks can
be used to represent different data bit values. To detect these variations in the beam,
sensors are placed perpendicular to the axis of the optical fiber. To ensure accurate
detection, the system would need to be calibrated carefully. The distance between
the helical disks must correspond accurately to the data bit values, and the sensors
must be sensitive enough to detect the variations accurately. Also, since the sensors
are placed throughout the length of the fiber, they will be detecting different data
bits at different points along the fiber. So , in order for the receiver to distinguish
between the data bits, we should use time- division multiplexing or frequency-
division multiplexing techniques which makes the system more complex.

In this modified system, the optical vortex beam is transmitted through the optical
fiber to the receiver side. At the receiver, the beam is passed through a sensor that
is sensitive to the variations in intensity caused by the changes in the topological
charge of the vortex beam. The sensor can be a photodetector, for example, that
converts the variations in intensity into electrical signals.

The electrical signals are then processed to decode the data bits. The processing
algorithm would need to be able to distinguish between the different variations in
intensity caused by the changes in the topological charge of the vortex beam. For
example, the algorithm could look for specific patterns of variations that
correspond to each data bit value.

This modified system has the advantage of requiring only one sensor at the receiver
side, which simplifies the implementation and reduces the cost. However, we need
to ensure sensors are able to accurately detect the variations in intensity due to the
changes in the topological charge, and careful calibration of the sensor and
processing algorithm would be required to ensure reliable and accurate
communication.
4.2 Methods to Vary Topological Charge

The topological charge of a vortex beam is determined by the number of

revolutions made by the phase of the beam around the beam axis, which results in
a helical wavefront. Here are some ways to vary the topological charge of the
beam:

1. Change the mode of the beam: The topological charge of the beam is related
to the mode of the beam, which can be varied by changing the shape of the
wavefront. One way to do this is to use a spatial light modulator (SLM) to
shape the wavefront of the beam.
2. Change the azimuthal phase of the beam: The topological charge of the
beam is related to the azimuthal phase of the beam, which can be varied by
changing the phase profile of the beam. This can be done using a phase plate
or a holographic element.
3. Change the polarization of the beam: The topological charge of the beam
can also be varied by changing the polarization of the beam. By
manipulating the polarization state of the beam using a polarization
controller or a half-wave plate, the topological charge of the beam can be
changed.
4. Use nonlinear effects: The topological charge of the beam can also be varied
using nonlinear optical effects, such as second-harmonic generation or four-
wave mixing. By controlling the intensity and polarization of the input
beam, the topological charge of the output beam can be varied.
5. Chirpping: chirping can be introduced as a phase factor to change the
topological charge of a beam.As mentioned earlier, the topological charge of
an optical vortex beam is related to the phase of the helical wavefront.
Specifically, the topological charge is given by the number of times the
phase of the wavefront winds around the axis of propagation, divided by 2π.
By introducing a time-varying phase shift to the beam, the helical wavefront
can be chirped, leading to a change in the topological charge of the beam
 CHAPTER 5
CHIRPPING IN VORTEX BEAMS

5.1 Chirpping In Optics

Chirping parameters are time-varying parameters that introduce a frequency or

phase shift in a signal. In optics, chirping parameters are commonly used to
manipulate the phase of a light beam to encode information, such as in optical
communication systems.

There are two main types of chirping in optics: linear chirping and nonlinear
chirping.

1. Linear Chirping: This type of chirping occurs when different frequency

components of an optical pulse travel at different speeds through a
dispersive medium. As a result, the pulse experiences temporal broadening,
and its phase changes linearly with time. This can be compensated for using
techniques like dispersion compensation, which can help to reduce the
impact of linear chirping on optical communication systems.
2. Nonlinear Chirping: This type of chirping occurs due to nonlinear
interactions between the optical pulse and the medium through which it is
propagating. This can lead to changes in the frequency or phase of the pulse,
which can affect its quality and performance. Nonlinear chirping can be
caused by various phenomena such as self-phase modulation, four-wave
mixing, and modulation instability. Nonlinear chirping can be compensated
for using techniques like phase modulation and pulse shaping, which can
help to mitigate the effects of nonlinear chirping on optical communication
systems.

5.2. Chirpping In Vortex Beams

In the context of Laguerre-Gaussian vortex beams, chirping parameters can be

introduced as a time-varying phase factor in the electric and magnetic field
equations, as we discussed earlier. This time-varying phase factor introduces a
variation in the amplitude and phase of the vortex beam, which can be used to
encode information.
The chirping parameters can be controlled by adjusting the parameters of a
modulator or other optical device in the system. One method of introducing chirp
in the beam is by using a spatial light modulator (SLM) which can impose a phase
or amplitude modulation on the beam. Another method is to use an axicon lens
with a varying cone angle, which can introduce a spatially varying phase shift in
the beam. To implement chirping, we would need to introduce a time-varying
phase factor in the electric and magnetic field equations. This can be achieved by
using an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) or an electro-optic modulator (EOM) in
the optical setup, which can modulate the phase of the laser beam with an applied
voltage or acoustic signal. By varying the modulation frequency or amplitude, we
can control the chirping rate and hence the topological charge of the vortex beam,
allowing us to encode information in the beam and transmit it over a
communication channel.

Introducing chirping parameters in Laguerre-Gaussian vortex beams to

vary its topological charge
As we know, the Laguerre-Gaussian vortex beams can be represented as:
𝒍
𝑪𝒓,𝒍 √𝟐𝒓 −𝒓𝟐 ⁄𝒘𝟐 (𝒛) 𝒍
𝟐𝒓𝟐 −𝟏
𝑬𝒓,𝒍 (𝒓, 𝝓, 𝒛) = 𝒊𝒍
( ) 𝒆 𝑳𝒑 ( 𝟐 ) 𝒆𝒊(𝟐𝒑+𝒍+𝟏)𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝒛⁄𝒛𝑹)
𝒘(𝒛) 𝒘(𝒛) 𝒘 (𝒛)

where,

l is the topological charge,

p is the number of nodes in radial direction,

C_{r,l} is the normalization constant,

w(z) is the beam waist, and

z_R is the Rayleigh range.

Now, to introduce chirping parameters to vary the topological charge, we can

add a time varying phase factor to the electric and magnetic field equations
as:
 𝑙
𝐶𝑟,𝑙 √2𝑟 2 ⁄𝑤 2 (𝑧) 2𝑟 2 −1 (𝑧 ⁄𝑧 )−𝑖𝛽(𝑡)𝑙
𝐸𝑟,𝑙 (𝑟, 𝜙, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑖 𝑙 ( ) 𝑒 −𝑟 𝐿𝑙𝑝 ( ) 𝑒 𝑖(2𝑝+𝑙+1)𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑅
𝑤(𝑧) 𝑤(𝑧) 𝑤 2 (𝑧)

where, 𝛽(𝑡) is the time-varying phase factor that is introduced to vary the
topological charge.
Now, let's assume that the chirping parameter beta(t) varies linearly with
time, i.e.,

𝜷(𝒕)=𝜷𝟎+γ𝒕

where, β0 is the chirp parameter that determines the rate of change of the
phase with respect to the radial coordinate r and γt the chirp parameter that
determines the rate of change of the phase with respect to time t.

Substituting this value in the above equation, we get:

𝑙
𝐶𝑟,𝑙 √2𝑟 2 ⁄𝑤 2 (𝑧) 2𝑟 2 −1 (𝑧 ⁄𝑧 )−𝑖(𝛽 +𝛾𝑡)𝑙
𝐸𝑟,𝑙 (𝑟, 𝜙, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑖 𝑙 ( ) 𝑒 −𝑟 𝐿𝑙𝑝 ( ) 𝑒 𝑖(2𝑝+𝑙+1)𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑅 0
𝑤(𝑧) 𝑤(𝑧) 𝑤 2 (𝑧)

Now, we can expand this equation using Eulers formula.

To expand the given equation using Euler's formula, we first need to express the
exponential term in the form of 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 . We can do this as follows:
−1 (𝑧⁄𝑧 −1 (𝑧⁄𝑧
𝑒 𝑖(2𝑝+𝑙+1)𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑅 )−𝑖(𝛽0 +𝛾𝑡)𝑙= 𝑒 𝑖(2𝑝+𝑙+1)𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑅) . 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛽0 +𝛾𝑡)𝑙

Now we can use Euler's formula, which states that 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = cos(𝜃) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) to
express the complex exponential terms in terms of their real and imaginary parts.
Thus, we have:
−1 (𝑧⁄𝑧 −1 (𝑧⁄𝑧 −1 (𝑧⁄𝑧
𝑒 𝑖(2𝑝+𝑙+1)𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑅 )= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑝+𝑙+1)𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑅) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑝+𝑙+1)𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑅)

𝑒 −𝑖(𝛽0 +𝛾𝑡)𝑙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛽0 +𝛾𝑡)𝑙 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽0 +𝛾𝑡)𝑙

Substituting these expressions back into the original equation, we get:

 𝑙
𝐶𝑟,𝑙 √2𝑟 2 ⁄𝑤 2 (𝑧) 2𝑟 2
𝐸𝑟,𝑙 (𝑟, 𝜙, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑖 𝑙 ( ) 𝑒 −𝑟 𝐿𝑙𝑝 ( ) [𝑐𝑜𝑠((2𝑝 + 𝑙 +
𝑤(𝑧) 𝑤(𝑧) 𝑤 2 (𝑧)
1)𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑧⁄𝑧𝑅 )) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛((2𝑝 + 𝑙 + 1)𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑧⁄𝑧𝑅 ))][𝑐𝑜𝑠((𝛽0 + 𝛾𝑡)𝑙

Now, we can use the distributive property of multiplication and group the terms
with real and imaginary parts separately:
𝑙
𝐶𝑟,𝑙 √2𝑟 2 ⁄𝑤 2 (𝑧) 2𝑟 2
𝐸𝑟,𝑙 (𝑟, 𝜙, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑖 𝑙 ( ) 𝑒 −𝑟 𝐿𝑙𝑝 ( ) [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ((2𝑝 + 𝑙 +
𝑤(𝑧) 𝑤(𝑧) 𝑤 2 (𝑧)

𝑧
1)𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) − (𝛽0 + 𝛾𝑡)𝑙) + 𝑖 sin ((2𝑝 + 𝑙 + 1)𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑧⁄𝑧𝑅 ) − (𝛽0 + 𝛾𝑡)𝑙 )
𝑧 𝑅
𝑙
𝐶𝑟,𝑙 √2𝑟 2 ⁄𝑤 2 (𝑧) 𝑙 2𝑟 2
+𝑖𝑙 ( ) 𝑒 −𝑟 𝐿𝑝 ( ) [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛((2𝑝 + 𝑙 + 1)𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑧⁄𝑧𝑅 ))cos ((𝛽0 + 𝛾𝑡)𝑙 ) −
𝑤(𝑧) 𝑤(𝑧) 𝑤 2 (𝑧)
𝑐𝑜𝑠((2𝑝 + 𝑙 + 1)𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑧⁄𝑧𝑅 )) 𝑠𝑖𝑛((𝛽0 + 𝛾𝑡 )𝑙)

Finally, we can simplify the expressions further using trigonometric identities. The
first term can be simplified using the identity cos(a+b) = cos(a)cos(b) -
sin(a)sin(b), while the second term can be simplified using the identity sin(a+b) =
sin(a)cos(b) + cos(a)sin(b). Applying these identities, we get:
𝑙
𝐶 √2𝑟 2 ⁄𝑤 2 (𝑧) 2𝑟 2
𝐸𝑟,𝑙 (𝑟, 𝜙, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑖 𝑙 𝑤(𝑧)
𝑟,𝑙
(𝑤(𝑧)) 𝑒 −𝑟 𝐿𝑙𝑝 (𝑤2 (𝑧)) [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ((2𝑝 + 𝑙 +

𝑧
1))𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑧 ))𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽0 + 𝛾𝑡)𝑙) + sin ((2𝑝 + 𝑙 + 1)𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑧⁄𝑧𝑅 ))sin (𝛽0 + 𝛾𝑡)𝑙 )]
𝑅

The time-varying phase factor has introduced a time-dependent

variation in the amplitude and phase of the Laguerre-Gaussian vortex beam.
This variation can be used to encode information in the beam, thereby
varying the topological charge of the vortex beam in accordance with the data
bits.
Thus, the introduction of chirping parameters in Laguerre-Gaussian vortex
beams can be used to vary the topological charge of the beam and encode
information. By controlling the values of the chirping parameters β0 and γ,
we can vary the time-dependent phase factor and thus the topological charge
of the vortex beam. This variation in topological charge can be detected and
decoded at the receiver end, allowing for the transmission of data through the
vortex beam.
How time-dependent variation in the amplitude and phase of the
Laguerre-Gaussian vortex beam varies its topological charge?
The topological charge of a Laguerre-Gaussian vortex beam is determined by
the number of times the phase winds around the azimuthal direction as we
move along a closed loop around the beam axis. In other words, it is related
to the phase singularity in the center of the beam. For a Laguerre-Gaussian
beam with topological charge l, there are l phase singularities around the
beam axis, corresponding to l "petals" in the intensity pattern.

Introducing a time-varying phase factor in the Laguerre-Gaussian beam

equation leads to a time-dependent variation in the amplitude and phase of
the beam. This variation can be used to encode information in the beam,
thereby varying the topological charge of the vortex beam in accordance with
the data bits. The time-varying phase factor has the form:

Where β0 is the group velocity of the beam, γ is the chirp rate, p is the radial
index of the beam, z_R is the Rayleigh range, and l is the initial topological
charge.

The time-dependent phase factor causes the phase singularity in the center of
the beam to move around the beam axis in a circular motion. This circular
motion results in a change in the number of times the phase winds around the
azimuthal direction as we move along a closed loop around the beam axis.
This change in the winding number leads to a change in the topological
charge of the beam.

Specifically, the topological charge of the beam can be expressed as:

where delta l(t) is the change in the topological charge due to the time-
varying phase factor. The change in the topological charge can be calculated
by integrating the phase gradient along a closed loop around the beam axis.
5.3. Physical Implementation of Chirpping in the System

To implement chirping, we would need to introduce a time-varying phase factor in

the electric and magnetic field equations, as mentioned earlier. This can be
achieved by using an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) or an electro-optic
modulator (EOM) in the optical setup, which can modulate the phase of the laser
beam with an applied voltage or acoustic signal. By varying the modulation
frequency or amplitude, we can control the chirping rate and hence the topological
charge of the vortex beam.

However, the use of AOM or EOM would require careful calibration and control to
ensure accurate and stable modulation. In addition, the modulators may introduce
some additional noise and distortions to the beam, which could affect the quality
and purity of the vortex beam. Therefore, it would be important to carefully design
and optimize the system to minimize these effects and ensure reliable and precise
control of the topological charge.

Introducing chirping parameters to modify vortex beams in accordance with data

bits can present a number of challenges and issues that need to be considered.
Some of these include:

1. Complexity of the system: Adding chirping parameters to modify vortex

beams can make the system more complex and difficult to implement.
2. Accuracy: The accuracy of the system is crucial to ensure that the data is
transmitted correctly. Any errors in the chirping parameters could result in
incorrect data transmission.
3. Power requirements: Modifying the vortex beams with chirping parameters
requires additional power, which can be a challenge in terms of power
consumption and heat dissipation.
4. Signal-to-noise ratio: Any noise in the system can result in errors in the data
transmission. It is important to ensure that the signal-to-noise ratio is
sufficient to prevent errors.
5. Compatibility with existing systems: The proposed system will need to be
compatible with existing communication systems and networks.
6. Cost: The cost of implementing the system with chirping parameters should
also be considered, as it may require additional equipment and resources.

Overall, implementing chirping parameters to modify vortex beams for data

transmission requires careful consideration of these issues and careful planning to
ensure a successful implementation.
 CHAPTER 6

CODING BY MATLAB

6.1 Intensity distributions for Laguerre-Gaussian Vortex Beams

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Intensity distributions for Laguerre-Gaussian Vortex Beams %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

clear;clc;close all;
% Define parameters
wavelength = 633e-9; % wavelength of laser in meters
k = 2*pi/wavelength; % wavenumber
z = 0.1; % propagation distance in meters
N = 1000; % number of points
x = linspace(-0.01, 0.01, N); % spatial grid
[X, Y] = meshgrid(x);

% Define Laguerre-Gaussian parameters

p = [1, 2, 3]; % azimuthal mode
n = [0, 1]; % radial mode
w0 = 0.01; % beam waist

% Calculate phase distribution and intensity distribution for each Laguerre-

Gaussian mode
for i = 1:length(p)
for j = 1:length(n)
lg_mode = sqrt(2/(pi*factorial(n(j))))*((sqrt(2)*sqrt(abs(X +1i*Y))/w0).^
abs(n(j))).*exp(-(abs(X + 1i*Y).^2)/(w0^2)).*polyval(LaguerreGen(n(j),
abs(p(i))),2*(abs(X + 1i*Y)/w0).^2).*exp(1i*p(i)*angle(X + 1i*Y));
I = abs(lg_mode).^2;

% Plot intensity distribution

subplot(length(p), length(n), (i-1)*length(n) + j)
imagesc(x, x, I)
 axis square
colormap('hot')
xlabel('x (m)')
ylabel('y (m)')
title(sprintf('VB Intensity: p=%d, n=%d', p(i), n(j)))

end
end
colorbar;
function L = LaguerreGen(n,m)
% Generates generalized Laguerre polynomials of order n and parameter m

L = zeros(1,n+1);

L(1) = 1;
L(2) = 1 + m - n;

for k = 2:n
L(k+1) = ((2*k + m - n - 1)*(L(k)) - (k + m - 1)*(L(k-1)))/(k);
end

end

The code generates a series of intensity plots for Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes
with different azimuthal and radial mode indices. The intensity distribution is
calculated using the amplitude of the LG mode, and it is plotted on a 2D spatial
grid using the imagesc function. Here is the output generated by the MATLAB
code:
Figure 6.1A. Matlab code generation of Intensity distributions for Laguerre-
Gaussian Vortex Beams

From the above figure, we can observe that for each LG mode, the intensity
distribution shows a characteristic pattern that depends on its azimuthal and
radial mode indices. Specifically, LG modes with a higher azimuthal mode index
(p) have more rings in their intensity pattern, while modes with a higher radial
mode index (n) have a more complex intensity distribution with multiple peaks.
Furthermore, the intensity of the LG mode decreases as the distance from the
center of the pattern increases.
6.2 Phase distributions for Laguerre-Gaussian Vortex Beams

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Phase distributions for Laguerre-Gaussian Vortex Beams %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% Define parameters
wavelength = 633e-9; % wavelength of laser in meters
k = 2*pi/wavelength; % wavenumber
z = 0.1; % propagation distance in meters
N = 1000; % number of points
x = linspace(-0.01, 0.01, N); % spatial grid
[X, Y] = meshgrid(x);

% Define Laguerre-Gaussian parameters

p = [1, 2, 3]; % azimuthal mode
n = [0, 1]; % radial mode
w0 = 0.01; % beam waist

% Calculate phase distribution and intensity distribution for each Laguerre-

Gaussian mode
for i = 1:length(p)
for j = 1:length(n)
lg_mode = sqrt(2/(pi*factorial(n(j))))*((sqrt(2)*sqrt(abs(X +1i*Y))/w0).^
abs(n(j))).*exp(-(abs(X + 1i*Y).^2)/(w0^2)).*polyval(LaguerreGen(n(j),
abs(p(i))), 2*(abs(X + 1i*Y)/w0).^2).*exp(1i*p(i)*angle(X + 1i*Y));
phase = angle(lg_mode);

% Plot phase distribution

subplot(length(p), length(n), length(n)*(i-1) + j)
imagesc(x, x, phase)
axis square
colormap('hsv')
xlabel('x (m)')
ylabel('y (m)')
title(sprintf('VB Phase: p=%d, n=%d', p(i), n(j)))
 end
end

colorbar;

function L = LaguerreGen(n,m)
% Generates generalized Laguerre polynomials of order n and parameter m

L = zeros(1,n+1);

L(1) = 1;
L(2) = 1 + m - n;

for k = 2:n
L(k+1) = ((2*k + m - n - 1)*(L(k)) - (k + m - 1)*(L(k-1)))/(k);
end

end

The code will generate a series of phase distributions for Laguerre-Gaussian

modes with different values of azimuthal mode p and radial mode n. For each
Laguerre-Gaussian mode, the code calculates the complex amplitude distribution
of the beam (lg_mode), from which it calculates the phase distribution (phase)
using the angle() function. The code then plots the phase distribution using the
imagesc() function, with a HSV colormap. Here is the output generated by the
MATLAB code:
Figure 6.1B. Matlab code generation of Phase distributions for Laguerre-Gaussian
Vortex Beams

We have generated a series of phase distributions for Laguerre-Gaussian of

vortex beams with different values of azimuthal mode p and radial mode n. The
HSV colormap is used to represent the phase distribution of the Laguerre-
Gaussian beam. The hue component of the colormap represents the phase angle
of the complex amplitude of the beam.
6.3 Electric Field Variation of a Vortex Beam with Varying Topological Charges

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Electric Field Variation of a Vortex Beam %
% with Varying Topological Charges %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Parameters
lambda = 1e-6; % wavelength of laser
w0 = 10e-6; % waist radius of beam at focus
k = 2*pi/lambda; % wave number
gamma = 0; % phase offset
n_eff = 1.45; % effective refractive index
z_R = pi*w0^2/lambda; % Rayleigh range
z = 0; % propagation distance
z_max = 1000e-6; % maximum propagation distance
r_max = 50e-6; % maximum radial distance
N = 180; % number of points
beta0 = (2*pi*n_eff)/lambda; % propagation constant

% Generate plots
figure;
hold on;

for charge = [0, 5, 10, 50] % Topological charge

% Calculate azimuthal and radial mode numbers based on charge value
l = round(charge/5);
p = mod(charge, 5);

C_rl = sqrt(2*factorial(p)/(pi*factorial(p+abs(l))));
w = @(z) w0*sqrt(1+(z/z_R)^2);
L_pl = @(x) laguerreL(p,abs(l),x);

% Calculate electric field

E_r = zeros(1,N);
r = linspace(0, r_max, N);

for i = 1:N
E_r(i) = 1i^l * C_rl/w(z) * (sqrt(2)*r(i)/w(z))^l * exp(-r(i)^2/w(z)^2) *
 L_pl(2*r(i)^2/w(z)^2) * (cos((2*p+l+1)*atan(z/z_R)-charge*beta0-
gamma*z) + 1i*sin((2*p+l+1)*atan(z/z_R)-charge*beta0-gamma*z));
end

% Plot electric field

plot(r*1e6, abs(E_r)/max(abs(E_r)), 'DisplayName', sprintf('Charge %d',
charge));

end

hold off;
xlabel('Radial distance (microns)');
ylabel('Normalized electric field amplitude');
title('Electric field for various topological charges');
legend('show');

The code generates a plot of the electric field variation on a vortex beam with
different topological charges. Here is the output generated by the MATLAB code:

The plot shows how the electric field amplitude varies as a function of radial
distance for each topological charge.
 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPES OF STUDY

In conclusion, the communication system using vortex beams proposed in this

thesis is a novel approach to optical fiber communication that utilizes the unique
properties of vortex beams. By varying the topological charge of the beam, we can
assign data bit values to different parts of the beam, and sensors placed
perpendicular to the axis of the fiber can detect these variations in intensity to
receive the data.

The modified system, which uses only one sensor at the receiver side, simplifies
the implementation and reduces costs but requires careful calibration of the sensor
and processing algorithm.

There are several ways to vary the topological charge of the beam, including
changing the mode of the beam, changing the azimuthal phase of the beam,
changing the polarization of the beam, using nonlinear effects, or introducing
chirping.

Overall, the communication system using vortex beams has potential benefits such
as high speed, low power consumption, and resistance to interference. However,
further research and development are needed to fully realize the potential of this
technology for practical applications in optical communication.Further study and
development in the system cn be done to increase data transmission rates,
integrating with existing optical fiber networks, exploring different types of vortex
beams, etc.

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