AIR POLLUTION

Air pollution refers to any physical, chemical or biological change in the air. It is the
contamination of air by harmful gases, dust and smoke which affects plants, animals and
humans drastically.

There is a certain percentage of gases present in the atmosphere. An increase or decrease in

the composition of these gases is harmful to survival. This imbalance in the gaseous
composition has resulted in an increase in earth’s temperature, which is known as global
warming.

Types of Air Pollutants

There are two types of air pollutants:

1. Primary Pollutants

The pollutants that directly cause air pollution are known as primary pollutants. Sulphur-
dioxide emitted from factories is a primary pollutant.

2. Secondary Pollutants

The pollutants formed by the intermingling and reaction of primary pollutants are known as
secondary pollutants. Smog, formed by the intermingling of smoke and fog, is a secondary
pollutant.

Causes of Air Pollution

Natural Sources

Some of the natural sources of air pollution are organic compounds from plants, sea salt,
suspended soils and dusts (e.g. from the Sahara).

Other natural sources are released during catastrophes such as volcanic eruptions and forest
fires. Large amounts of harmful gases and smoke are released which can increase background
pollution levels for years - even in areas far away from the original source. Ozone is one of
the most common natural air pollutants.
Man-made Pollutants

1.Burning of Fossil Fuels

The combustion of fossil fuels emits a large amount of sulphur dioxide. Carbon monoxide
released by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels also results in air pollution.

2.Automobiles The gases emitted from vehicles such as jeeps, trucks, cars, buses, etc. pollute
the environment. These are the major sources of greenhouse gases and also result in diseases
among individuals.

3. Agricultural Activities

Ammonia is one of the most hazardous gases emitted during agricultural activities. The
insecticides, pesticides and fertilisers emit harmful chemicals in the atmosphere and
contaminate it.

4.Factories and Industries

Factories and industries are the main source of carbon monoxide, organic compounds,
hydrocarbons and chemicals. These are released into the air, degrading its quality.

5. Mining Activities

In the mining process, the minerals below the earth are extracted using large pieces of
equipment. The dust and chemicals released during the process not only pollute the air, but
also deteriorate the health of the workers and people living in the nearby areas.

6. Domestic Sources

The household cleaning products and paints contain toxic chemicals that are released in the
air. The smell from the newly painted walls is the smell of the chemicals present in the paints.
It not only pollutes the air but also affects breathing.
Effects of Air Pollution

The hazardous effects of air pollution on the environment include:

1. Diseases

Air pollution has resulted in several respiratory disorders and heart diseases among humans.
The cases of lung cancer have increased in the last few decades. Children living near polluted
areas are more prone to pneumonia and asthma. Many people die every year due to the direct
or indirect effects of air pollution.

2. Global Warming

Due to the emission of greenhouse gases, there is an imbalance in the gaseous composition of
the air. This has led to an increase in the temperature of the earth. This increase in earth’s
temperature is known as global warming. This has resulted in the melting of glaciers and an
increase in sea levels. Many areas are submerged underwater.

3. Acid Rain

The burning of fossil fuels releases harmful gases such as nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides
in the air. The water droplets combine with these pollutants, become acidic and fall as acid
rain which damages human, animal and plant life.

4. Ozone Layer Depletion

The release of chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and hydrochlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere

is the major cause of depletion of the ozone layer. The depleting ozone layer does not prevent
the harmful ultraviolet rays coming from the sun and causes skin diseases and eye problems
among individuals.

5. Effect on Animals

The air pollutants suspend in the water bodies and affect aquatic life. Pollution also compels
the animals to leave their habitat and shift to a new place. This renders them stray and has
also led to the extinction of a large number of animal species.
Air Pollution Control

Following are the measures one should adopt, to control air pollution:

1. Avoid Using Vehicles

People should avoid using vehicles for shorter distances. Rather, they should prefer public
modes of transport to travel from one place to another. This not only prevents pollution, but
also conserves energy.

2. Energy Conservation

A large number of fossil fuels are burnt to generate electricity. Therefore, do not forget to
switch off the electrical appliances when not in use. Thus, you can save the environment at
the individual level. Use of energy-efficient devices such as CFLs also controls pollution to a
greater level.

3. Use of Clean Energy Resources

The use of solar, wind and geothermal energies reduce air pollution at a larger level. Various
countries, including India, have implemented the use of these resources as a step towards a
cleaner environment.

Other air pollution control measures include:

1. By minimising and reducing the use of fire and fire products.

2. Since industrial emissions are one of the major causes of air pollution, the pollutants
can be controlled or treated at the source itself to reduce its effects. For example, if
the reactions of a certain raw material yield a pollutant, then the raw materials can be
substituted with other less polluting materials.

3. Fuel substitution is another way of controlling air pollution. In many parts of India,
petrol and diesel are being replaced by CNG – Compressed Natural Gas fuelled
vehicles. These are mostly adopted by vehicles that aren’t fully operating with ideal
emission engines.

4. Although there are many practices in India, which focus on repairing the quality of
air, most of them are either forgotten or not being enforced properly. There are still a
lot of vehicles on roads which haven’t been tested for vehicle emissions.
 5. Another way of controlling air pollution caused by industries is to modify and
maintain existing pieces of equipment so that the emission of pollutants is minimised.

6. Sometimes controlling pollutants at the source is not possible. In that case, we can
have process control equipment to control the pollution.

7. A very effective way of controlling air pollution is by diluting the air pollutants.

8. The last and the best way of reducing the ill effects of air pollution is tree plantation.
Plants and trees reduce a large number of pollutants in the air. Ideally, planting trees
in areas of high pollution levels will be extremely effective.

SHORT NOTES

What is the major cause of air pollution?

The main cause of air pollution is the burning of fossil fuels. Harmful gases like sulphur
dioxide, carbon monoxide etc. are released into the atmosphere due to incomplete combustion
of fossil fuels which pollutes the air.

How air pollution causes global warming?

In air pollution, the release of greenhouse gases changes the gaseous composition of the
atmosphere and causes an increase in the temperature of the earth. This increased temperature
of earth is known as global warming.

What is acid rain? Name the gases responsible for acid rain.

Acid rain is the precipitation of acid in the form of rain. The harmful gases like nitrogen
oxides and sulphur oxides are released into the atmosphere by burning of fossil fuels. These
pollutants react with the rainwater and fall as acid rain.

Deforestation is a major reason for air pollution. Explain.

Deforestation can be defined as the large-scale removal of trees from forests or other lands.
Plants utilise carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere for the process of photosynthesis,
this causes a decrease in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. As the number of trees decline
due to deforestation, the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere increases, causing air pollution.