Neil Armstrong

Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25,

2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical Neil Armstrong
engineer who, in 1969, became the first person to walk
on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot,
and university professor.

Armstrong was born and raised in Wapakoneta, Ohio.

He entered Purdue University, studying aeronautical
engineering, with the U.S. Navy paying his tuition
under the Holloway Plan. He became a midshipman in
1949 and a naval aviator the following year. He saw
action in the Korean War, flying the Grumman F9F
Panther from the aircraft carrier USS Essex. After the
war, he completed his bachelor's degree at Purdue and
became a test pilot at the National Advisory
Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) High-Speed Armstrong in 1969
Flight Station at Edwards Air Force Base in California. Born Neil Alden Armstrong
He was the project pilot on Century Series fighters and August 5, 1930
flew the North American X-15 seven times. He was Wapakoneta, Ohio, U.S.
also a participant in the U.S. Air Force's Man in Space
Died August 25, 2012 (aged 82)
Soonest and X-20 Dyna-Soar human spaceflight
Fairfield, Ohio, U.S.
programs.
Education Purdue University (BS)
Armstrong joined the NASA Astronaut Corps in the University of Southern California
second group, which was selected in 1962. He made (MS)
his first spaceflight as command pilot of Gemini 8 in Spouses Janet Shearon
March 1966, becoming NASA's first civilian astronaut ​
​(m. 1956; div. 1994)​
to fly in space. During this mission with pilot David
Carol Knight ​(m. 1994)​
Scott, he performed the first docking of two spacecraft;
the mission was aborted after Armstrong used some of Children 3

his re-entry control fuel to stabilize a dangerous roll Awards Presidential Medal of Freedom
caused by a stuck thruster. During training for Congressional Space Medal of
Honor
Armstrong's second and last spaceflight as commander
Congressional Gold Medal
of Apollo 11, he had to eject from the Lunar Landing
NASA Distinguished Service
Research Vehicle moments before a crash.
Medal
NASA Exceptional Service Medal
On July 20, 1969, Armstrong and Apollo 11 Lunar
Air Medal (3)
Module (LM) pilot Buzz Aldrin became the first
people to land on the Moon, and the next day they Space career
spent two and a half hours outside the Lunar Module USAF / NASA astronaut
Eagle spacecraft while Michael Collins remained in Rank Lieutenant, USN
lunar orbit in the Apollo Command Module Columbia. Time in 8d 14h 12m
When Armstrong first stepped onto the lunar surface, space
he famously said: "That's one small step for [a] man, Selection USAF Man in Space Soonest
one giant leap for mankind."[1][2][3][4] It was broadcast (1958)
live to an estimated 530 million viewers worldwide. USAF Dyna-Soar (1960)
Apollo 11 was a major U.S. victory in the Space Race, NASA Group 2 (1962)
by fulfilling a national goal proposed in 1961 by Total 1
President John F. Kennedy "of landing a man on the EVAs
Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" before the Total EVA 2h 31m
end of the decade. Along with Collins and Aldrin, time
Armstrong was awarded the Presidential Medal of Missions Gemini 8 · Apollo 11
Freedom by President Richard Nixon and received the Mission
1969 Collier Trophy. President Jimmy Carter presented insignia
him with the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in
1978, he was inducted into the National Aviation Hall Signature
of Fame in 1979, and with his former crewmates
received the Congressional Gold Medal in 2009.

After he resigned from NASA in 1971, Armstrong

taught in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at
the University of Cincinnati until 1979. He served on
the Apollo 13 accident investigation and on the Rogers
Commission, which investigated the Space Shuttle
Challenger disaster. In 2012, Armstrong died because
of complications resulting from coronary bypass surgery, at the age of 82.

Early life and education

Armstrong was born near Wapakoneta, Ohio,[5] on August 5, 1930, the son of Viola Louise (née Engel)
and Stephen Koenig Armstrong. He was of German, English, Scots-Irish, and Scottish descent.[6][7] He is
a descendant of Clan Armstrong.[8] He had a younger sister, June, and a younger brother, Dean. His father
was an auditor for the Ohio state government,[9] and the family moved around the state repeatedly, living
in 16 towns over the next 14 years.[10] Armstrong's love for flying grew during this time, having started at
the age of two when his father took him to the Cleveland Air Races. When he was five or six, he
experienced his first airplane flight in Warren, Ohio, when he and his father took a ride in a Ford Trimotor
(also known as the "Tin Goose").[11][12]

The family's last move was in 1944 and took them back to Wapakoneta, where Armstrong attended
Blume High School and took flying lessons at the Wapakoneta airfield.[5] He earned a student flight
certificate on his 16th birthday, then soloed in August, all before he had a driver's license.[13] He was an
active Boy Scout and earned the rank of Eagle Scout.[14] As an adult, he was recognized by the Scouts
with their Distinguished Eagle Scout Award and Silver Buffalo Award.[15][16] While flying toward the
Moon on July 18, 1969, he sent his regards to attendees at the National Scout jamboree in Idaho.[17]
Among the few personal items that he carried with him to the Moon and back was a World Scout
Badge.[18]
At age 17, in 1947, Armstrong began studying aeronautical engineering at Purdue University in West
Lafayette, Indiana; he was the second person in his family to attend college. Armstrong was also accepted
to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),[19] but he resolved to go to Purdue after watching a
football game between the Purdue Boilermakers and the Ohio State Buckeyes at the Ohio Stadium in
1945 in which quarterback Bob DeMoss led the Boilermakers to a sound victory over the highly regarded
Buckeyes.[20] An uncle who attended MIT had also advised him that he could receive a good education
without going all the way to Cambridge, Massachusetts. His college tuition was paid for under the
Holloway Plan. Successful applicants committed to two years of study, followed by two years of flight
training and one year of service as an aviator in the U.S. Navy, then completion of the final two years of
their bachelor's degree.[19] Armstrong did not take courses in naval science, nor did he join the Naval
Reserve Officers Training Corps.[21]

Navy service
Armstrong's call-up from the Navy arrived on January 26, 1949, requiring
him to report to Naval Air Station Pensacola in Florida for flight training
with class 5-49. After passing the medical examinations, he became a
midshipman on February 24, 1949.[22] Flight training was conducted in a
North American SNJ trainer, in which he soloed on September 9, 1949.[23]
On March 2, 1950, he made his first aircraft carrier landing on
USS Cabot, an achievement he considered comparable to his first solo
flight.[23] He was then sent to Naval Air Station Corpus Christi in Texas
for training on the Grumman F8F Bearcat, culminating in a carrier landing
on USS Wright. On August 16, 1950, Armstrong was informed by letter
that he was a fully qualified naval aviator. His mother and sister attended Ensign Neil Armstrong on
May 23, 1952
his graduation ceremony on August 23, 1950.[24]

Armstrong was assigned to Fleet Aircraft Service Squadron 7 (FASRON

7) at NAS San Diego (now known as NAS North Island). On November 27, 1950, he was assigned to
VF-51, an all-jet squadron, becoming its youngest officer, and made his first flight in a jet, a Grumman
F9F Panther, on January 5, 1951. He was promoted to ensign on June 5, 1951, and made his first jet
carrier landing on USS Essex two days later. On June 28, 1951, Essex had set sail for Korea, with VF-51
aboard to act as ground-attack aircraft. VF-51 flew ahead to Naval Air Station Barbers Point in Hawaii,
where it conducted fighter-bomber training before rejoining the ship at the end of July.[25]

On August 29, 1951, Armstrong saw action in the Korean War as an escort for a photo reconnaissance
plane over Songjin.[26] Five days later, on September 3, he flew armed reconnaissance over the primary
transportation and storage facilities south of the village of Majon-ni, west of Wonsan. According to
Armstrong, he was making a low bombing run at 350 mph (560 km/h) when 6 feet (1.8 m) of his wing
was torn off after it collided with a cable that was strung across the hills as a booby trap. He was flying
500 feet (150 m) above the ground when he hit it. While there was heavy anti-aircraft fire in the area,
none hit Armstrong's aircraft.[27] An initial report to the commanding officer of Essex said that
Armstrong's F9F Panther was hit by anti-aircraft fire. The report indicated he was trying to regain control
and collided with a pole, which sliced off 2 feet (0.61 m) of the Panther's right wing. Further perversions
of the story by different authors added that he was only 20 feet (6.1 m) from the ground and that 3 feet
(0.91 m) of his wing was sheared off.[28]
 Armstrong flew the plane back to friendly territory, but because of
the loss of the aileron, ejection was his only safe option. He
intended to eject over water and await rescue by Navy helicopters,
but his parachute was blown back over land. A jeep driven by a
roommate from flight school picked him up; it is unknown what
happened to the wreckage of his aircraft, F9F-2 BuNo 125122.[29]

F9F-2 Panthers over Korea, with In all, Armstrong flew 78 missions over Korea for a total of
Armstrong piloting S-116 (left)
121 hours in the air, a third of them in January 1952, with the final
mission on March 5, 1952. Of 492 U.S. Navy personnel killed in
the Korean War, 27 of them were from Essex on this war cruise. Armstrong received the Air Medal for 20
combat missions, two gold stars for the next 40, the Korean Service Medal and Engagement Star, the
National Defense Service Medal, and the United Nations Korea Medal.[30]

Armstrong's regular commission was terminated on February 25, 1952, and he became an ensign in the
United States Navy Reserve. On completion of his combat tour with Essex, he was assigned to a transport
squadron, VR-32, in May 1952. He was released from active duty on August 23, 1952, but remained in
the reserve, and was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) on May 9, 1953.[31] As a reservist, he
continued to fly, first with VF-724 at Naval Air Station Glenview in Illinois, and then, after moving to
California, with VF-773 at Naval Air Station Los Alamitos.[32] He remained in the reserve for eight years
before resigning his commission on October 21, 1960.[31]

College years
After his service with the Navy, Armstrong returned to Purdue. His previously earned good but not
outstanding grades now improved, lifting his final Grade Point Average (GPA) to a respectable but not
outstanding 4.8 out of 6.0. He pledged the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, and lived in its fraternity house. He
wrote and co-directed two musicals as part of the all-student revue. The first was a version of Snow White
and the Seven Dwarfs, co-directed with his girlfriend Joanne Alford from the Alpha Chi Omega sorority,
with songs from the 1937 Walt Disney film, including "Someday My Prince Will Come"; the second was
titled The Land of Egelloc ("college" spelled backward), with music from Gilbert and Sullivan but new
lyrics.

Armstrong was chairman of the Purdue Aero Flying Club, and flew the club's aircraft, an Aeronca and a
couple of Pipers, which were kept at nearby Aretz Airport in Lafayette, Indiana. Flying the Aeronca to
Wapakoneta in 1954, he damaged it in a rough landing in a farmer's field, and it had to be hauled back to
Lafayette on a trailer.[33] He was a baritone player in the Purdue All-American Marching Band.[34] Ten
years later he was made an honorary member of Kappa Kappa Psi national band honorary fraternity.[35]
Armstrong graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering in January 1955.[32]
In 1970, he completed his Master of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering at the University of
Southern California (USC).[36] He would eventually be awarded honorary doctorates by several
universities.[37]

Armstrong met Janet Elizabeth Shearon, who was majoring in home economics, at a party hosted by
Alpha Chi Omega.[38] According to the couple, there was no real courtship, and neither could remember
the exact circumstances of their engagement. They were married on January 28, 1956, at the
Congregational Church in Wilmette, Illinois. When he moved to Edwards Air Force Base, he lived in the
bachelor quarters of the base, while Janet lived in the Westwood district of Los Angeles. After one
semester, they moved into a house in Antelope Valley, near Edwards AFB. Janet did not finish her degree,
a fact she regretted later in life. The couple had three children.[39] In June 1961, their daughter Karen was
diagnosed with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma, a malignant tumor of the middle part of her brain
stem.[40] X-ray treatment slowed its growth, but her health deteriorated to the point where she could no
longer walk or talk. She died of pneumonia, related to her weakened health, on January 28, 1962, aged
two.[41]

Test pilot
Following his graduation from Purdue, Armstrong became an experimental research test pilot. He applied
at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) High-Speed Flight Station at Edwards Air
Force Base.[42] NACA had no open positions, and forwarded his application to the Lewis Flight
Propulsion Laboratory in Cleveland, where Armstrong made his first test flight on March 1, 1955.[42]
Armstrong's stint at Cleveland lasted only a couple of months before a position at the High-Speed Flight
Station became available, and he reported for work there on July 11, 1955.[43]

On his first day, Armstrong was tasked with piloting chase planes during
releases of experimental aircraft from modified bombers. He also flew the
modified bombers, and on one of these missions had his first flight
incident at Edwards. On March 22, 1956, he was in a Boeing B-29
Superfortress,[44] which was to air-drop a Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket. He
sat in the right-hand co-pilot seat while pilot in command, Stan Butchart
sat in the left-hand pilot seat flying the B-29.[45]

As they climbed to 30,000 feet (9 km), the number-four engine stopped

and the propeller began windmilling (rotating freely) in the airstream.
Hitting the switch that would stop the propeller's spinning, Butchart
watched it slow, then resume spinning even faster than the others; if it
spun too fast, it would break apart. Their aircraft needed to hold an
Armstrong, 26, as a test
airspeed of 210 mph (338 km/h) to launch its Skyrocket payload, and the
pilot at the NACA High-
Speed Flight Station at
B-29 could not land with the Skyrocket attached to its belly. Armstrong
Edwards AFB, California and Butchart brought the aircraft into a nose-down attitude to increase
speed, then launched the Skyrocket. At the instant of launch, the number-
four engine propeller disintegrated. Pieces of it damaged the number-three
engine and hit the number-two engine. Butchart and Armstrong were forced to shut down the damaged
number-three engine, along with the number-one engine, because of the torque it created. They made a
slow, circling descent from 30,000 ft (9 km) using only the number-two engine, and landed safely.[46]

Armstrong served as project pilot on Century Series fighters, including the North American F-100 Super
Sabre A and C variants, the McDonnell F-101 Voodoo, the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, the Republic F-
105 Thunderchief and the Convair F-106 Delta Dart. He also flew the Douglas DC-3, Lockheed T-33
Shooting Star, North American F-86 Sabre, McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, Douglas F5D-1
Skylancer, Boeing B-29 Superfortress, Boeing B-47 Stratojet and Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker, and was
one of eight elite pilots involved in the Paresev paraglider research vehicle program.[47] Over his career,
he flew more than 200 different models of aircraft.[36] His first flight in a rocket-powered aircraft was on
August 15, 1957, in the Bell X-1B, to an altitude of 11.4 miles (18.3 km). On landing, the poorly
designed nose landing gear failed, as had happened on about a dozen previous flights of the Bell X-1B.
He flew the North American X-15 seven times,[48] including the first flight with the Q-ball system, the
first flight of the number 3 X-15 airframe, and the first flight of the MH-96 adaptive flight control
system.[49][50] He became an employee of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
when it was established on October 1, 1958, absorbing NACA.[51]

Armstrong was involved in several incidents that went down in Edwards folklore or were chronicled in
the memoirs of colleagues. During his sixth X-15 flight on April 20, 1962, Armstrong was testing the
MH-96 control system when he flew to a height of over 207,000 feet (63 km) (the highest he flew before
Gemini 8). He held up the aircraft nose during its descent to demonstrate the MH-96's g-limiting
performance, and the X-15 ballooned back up to around 140,000 feet (43 km). He flew past the landing
field at Mach 3 at over 100,000 feet (30 km) in altitude, and ended up 40 miles (64 km) south of
Edwards. After sufficient descent, he turned back toward the landing area, and landed. It was the longest
X-15 flight in both flight time and length of the ground track.[52][53]

Fellow astronaut Michael Collins wrote that of the X-15 pilots

Armstrong "had been considered one of the weaker stick-and-
rudder men, but the very best when it came to understanding the
machine's design and how it operated".[54] Many of the test pilots
at Edwards praised Armstrong's engineering ability. Milt
Thompson said he was "the most technically capable of the early
X-15 pilots". Bill Dana said Armstrong "had a mind that absorbed
things like a sponge". Those who flew for the Air Force tended to
have a different opinion, especially people like Chuck Yeager and
Armstrong and X-15-1 after a
Pete Knight, who did not have engineering degrees. Knight said
research flight in 1960
that pilot-engineers flew in a way that was "more mechanical than
it is flying", and gave this as the reason why some pilot-engineers
got into trouble: Their flying skills did not come naturally.[55] Armstrong made seven flights in the X-15
between November 30, 1960, and July 26, 1962.[56] He reached a top speed of Mach 5.74 (3,989 mph,
6,420 km/h) in the X-15-1, and left the Flight Research Center with a total of 2,400 flying hours.[57]

On April 24, 1962, Armstrong flew for the only time with Yeager. Their job, flying a T-33, was to
evaluate Smith Ranch Dry Lake in Nevada for use as an emergency landing site for the X-15. In his
autobiography, Yeager wrote that he knew the lake bed was unsuitable for landings after recent rains, but
Armstrong insisted on flying out anyway. As they attempted a touch-and-go, the wheels became stuck
and they had to wait for rescue. As Armstrong told the story, Yeager never tried to talk him out of it and
they made a first successful landing on the east side of the lake. Then Yeager told him to try again, this
time a bit slower. On the second landing, they became stuck, provoking Yeager to fits of laughter.[58]

On May 21, 1962, Armstrong was involved in the "Nellis Affair". He was sent in an F-104 to inspect
Delamar Dry Lake in southern Nevada, again for emergency landings. He misjudged his altitude and did
not realize that the landing gear had not fully extended. As he touched down, the landing gear began to
retract; Armstrong applied full power to abort the landing, but the ventral fin and landing gear door struck
the ground, damaging the radio and releasing hydraulic fluid. Without radio communication, Armstrong
flew south to Nellis Air Force Base, past the control tower, and waggled his wings, the signal for a no-
radio approach. The loss of hydraulic fluid caused the tailhook to release, and upon landing, he caught the
arresting wire attached to an anchor chain, and dragged the chain along the runway.[59]

It took thirty minutes to clear the runway and rig another arresting cable. Armstrong telephoned Edwards
and asked for someone to collect him. Milt Thompson was sent in an F-104B, the only two-seater
available, but a plane Thompson had never flown. With great difficulty, Thompson made it to Nellis,
where a strong crosswind caused a hard landing and the left main tire suffered a blowout. The runway
was again closed to clear it, and Bill Dana was sent to Nellis in a T-33, but he almost landed long. The
Nellis base operations office then decided that to avoid any further problems, it would be best to find the
three NASA pilots ground transport back to Edwards.[59]

Astronaut career
In June 1958, Armstrong was selected for the U.S. Air Force's Man in
Space Soonest program, but the Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA) canceled its funding on August 1, 1958, and on November 5,
1958, it was superseded by Project Mercury, a civilian project run by
NASA. As a NASA civilian test pilot, Armstrong was ineligible to become
one of its astronauts at this time, as selection was restricted to military test
pilots.[60][61] In November 1960, he was chosen as part of the pilot
consultant group for the X-20 Dyna-Soar, a military space plane under
development by Boeing for the U.S. Air Force, and on March 15, 1962, he
was selected by the U.S. Air Force as one of seven pilot-engineers who
would fly the X-20 when it got off the design board.[62][63]
Armstrong in an early
In April 1962, NASA sought applications for the second group of NASA Gemini space suit
astronauts for Project Gemini, a proposed two-man spacecraft. This time,
selection was open to qualified civilian test pilots.[64] Armstrong visited
the Seattle World's Fair in May 1962 and attended a conference there on space exploration that was co-
sponsored by NASA. After he returned from Seattle on June 4, he applied to become an astronaut. His
application arrived about a week past the June 1, 1962, deadline, but Dick Day, a flight simulator expert
with whom Armstrong had worked closely at Edwards, saw the late arrival of the application and slipped
it into the pile before anyone noticed.[65] At Brooks Air Force Base at the end of June, Armstrong
underwent a medical exam that many of the applicants described as painful and at times seemingly
pointless.[66]

NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations, Deke Slayton, called Armstrong on September 13, 1962,
and asked whether he would be interested in joining the NASA Astronaut Corps as part of what the press
dubbed "the New Nine"; without hesitation, Armstrong said yes. The selections were kept secret until
three days later, although newspaper reports had circulated since earlier that year that he would be
selected as the "first civilian astronaut".[67] Armstrong was one of two civilian pilots selected for this
group;[68] the other was Elliot See, another former naval aviator.[69] NASA selected the second group
that, compared with the Mercury Seven astronauts, were younger,[66] and had more impressive academic
credentials.[70] Collins wrote that Armstrong was by far the most experienced test pilot in the Astronaut
Corps.[54]

Gemini program

Gemini 5
On February 8, 1965, Armstrong and Elliot See were picked as the backup crew for Gemini 5, with
Armstrong as commander, supporting the prime crew of Gordon Cooper and Pete Conrad.[71] The
mission's purpose was to practice space rendezvous and to develop procedures and equipment for a
seven-day flight, all of which would be required for a mission to the Moon. With two other flights
(Gemini 3 and Gemini 4) in preparation, six crews were competing for simulator time, so Gemini 5 was
postponed. It finally lifted off on August 21.[72] Armstrong and See watched the launch at Cape Kennedy,
then flew to the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) in Houston.[73] The mission was generally successful,
despite a problem with the fuel cells that prevented a rendezvous. Cooper and Conrad practiced a
"phantom rendezvous", carrying out the maneuver without a target.[74]

Gemini 8
The crews for Gemini 8 were assigned on September 20, 1965.
Under the normal rotation system, the backup crew for one
mission became the prime crew for the third mission after, but
Slayton designated David Scott as the pilot of Gemini 8.[75][76]
Scott was the first member of the third group of astronauts, who
was selected on October 18, 1963, to receive a prime crew
assignment.[77] See was designated to command Gemini 9.
Armstrong, 35, suiting up for Gemini Henceforth, each Gemini mission was commanded by a member
8 in March 1966 of Armstrong's group, with a member of Scott's group as the pilot.
Conrad would be Armstrong's backup this time, and Richard F.
Gordon Jr. his pilot.[75][76] Armstrong became the first American
civilian in space. (Valentina Tereshkova of the Soviet Union had become the first civilian—and first
woman—nearly three years earlier aboard Vostok 6 when it launched on June 16, 1963.[78]) Armstrong
would also be the last of his group to fly in space, as See died in a T-38 crash on February 28, 1966, that
also took the life of crewmate Charles Bassett. They were replaced by the backup crew of Tom Stafford
and Gene Cernan, while Jim Lovell and Buzz Aldrin moved up from the backup crew of Gemini 10 to
become the backup for Gemini 9,[79] and would eventually fly Gemini 12.[80]

Gemini 8 launched on March 16, 1966. It was the most complex mission yet, with a rendezvous and
docking with an uncrewed Agena target vehicle, and the planned second American spacewalk (EVA) by
Scott. The mission was planned to last 75 hours and 55 orbits. After the Agena lifted off at 10:00:00
EST,[81] the Titan II rocket carrying Armstrong and Scott ignited at 11:41:02 EST, putting them into an
orbit from which they chased the Agena.[82] They achieved the first-ever docking between two
spacecraft.[83] Contact with the crew was intermittent due to the lack of tracking stations covering their
entire orbits. While out of contact with the ground, the docked spacecraft began to roll, and Armstrong
attempted to correct this with the Gemini's Orbit Attitude and Maneuvering System (OAMS). Following
the earlier advice of Mission Control, they undocked, but the roll increased dramatically until they were
turning about once per second, indicating a problem with Gemini's attitude control. Armstrong engaged
the Reentry Control System (RCS) and turned off the OAMS. Mission rules dictated that once this system
was turned on, the spacecraft had to reenter at the next possible opportunity. It was later thought that
damaged wiring caused one of the thrusters to stick in the on position.[84]

A few people in the Astronaut Office, including Walter

Cunningham, felt that Armstrong and Scott "had botched their first
mission".[85] There was speculation that Armstrong could have
salvaged the mission if he had turned on only one of the two RCS
rings, saving the other for mission objectives. These criticisms
were unfounded; no malfunction procedures had been written, and
it was possible to turn on only both RCS rings, not one or the
other.[86] Gene Kranz wrote, "The crew reacted as they were
trained, and they reacted wrong because we trained them wrong."
The mission planners and controllers had failed to realize that
when two spacecraft were docked, they must be considered one
spacecraft. Kranz considered this the mission's most important Recovery of Gemini 8 from the
lesson. [87] Armstrong was depressed that the mission was cut western Pacific Ocean; Armstrong
sitting to the right
short,[88] canceling most mission objectives and robbing Scott of
his EVA. The Agena was later reused as a docking target by
Gemini 10.[89] Armstrong and Scott received the NASA Exceptional Service Medal,[90][91] and the Air
Force awarded Scott the Distinguished Flying Cross as well.[92] Scott was promoted to lieutenant colonel,
and Armstrong received a $678 raise in pay to $21,653 a year (equivalent to $203,338 in 2023), making
him NASA's highest-paid astronaut.[88]

Gemini 11
In Armstrong's final assignment in the Gemini program, he was the back-up Command Pilot for Gemini
11. Having trained for two flights, Armstrong was quite knowledgeable about the systems and took on a
teaching role for the rookie backup pilot, William Anders.[93] The launch was on September 12, 1966,[94]
with Conrad and Gordon on board, who successfully completed the mission objectives, while Armstrong
served as a capsule communicator (CAPCOM).[95]

Following the flight, President Lyndon B. Johnson asked Armstrong and his wife to take part in a 24-day
goodwill tour of South America.[96] Also on the tour, which took in 11 countries and 14 major cities, were
Dick Gordon, George Low, their wives, and other government officials. In Paraguay, Armstrong greeted
dignitaries in their local language, Guarani; in Brazil he talked about the exploits of the Brazilian-born
aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont.[97]

Apollo program
On January 27, 1967—the day of the Apollo 1 fire—Armstrong was in Washington, D.C., with Cooper,
Gordon, Lovell and Scott Carpenter for the signing of the United Nations Outer Space Treaty. The
astronauts chatted with the assembled dignitaries until 18:45, when Carpenter went to the airport, and the
others returned to the Georgetown Inn, where they each found messages to phone the MSC. During these
calls, they learned of the deaths of Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee in the fire. Armstrong and
the group spent the rest of the night drinking scotch and discussing what had happened.[98]
On April 5, 1967, the same day the Apollo 1 investigation released its final report, Armstrong and 17
other astronauts gathered for a meeting with Slayton. The first thing Slayton said was, "The guys who are
going to fly the first lunar missions are the guys in this room."[99] According to Cernan, only Armstrong
showed no reaction to the statement. To Armstrong it came as no surprise—the room was full of veterans
of Project Gemini, the only people who could fly the lunar missions. Slayton talked about the planned
missions and named Armstrong to the backup crew for Apollo 9, which at that stage was planned as a
medium Earth orbit test of the combined lunar module and command and service module.[100]

The crew was officially assigned on November 20, 1967.[101] For crewmates, Armstrong was assigned
Lovell and Aldrin, from Gemini 12. After design and manufacturing delays of the lunar module (LM),
Apollo 8 and 9 swapped prime and backup crews. Based on the normal crew rotation, Armstrong would
command Apollo 11,[100] with one change: Collins on the Apollo 8 crew began experiencing trouble with
his legs. Doctors diagnosed the problem as a bony growth between his fifth and sixth vertebrae, requiring
surgery.[102] Lovell took his place on the Apollo 8 crew, and, when Collins recovered, he joined
Armstrong's crew.[103]

To give the astronauts practice piloting the LM on its descent,

NASA commissioned Bell Aircraft to build two Lunar Landing
Research Vehicles (LLRV), later augmented with three Lunar
Landing Training Vehicles (LLTV). Nicknamed the "Flying
Bedsteads", they simulated the Moon's one-sixth gravity using a
turbofan engine to support five-sixths of the craft's weight. On
May 6, 1968, 100 feet (30 m) above the ground, Armstrong's
controls started to degrade and the LLRV began rolling.[104] He
Armstrong descends to the ground ejected safely before the vehicle struck the ground and burst into
on a parachute after ejecting from flames. Later analysis suggested that if he had ejected half a
Lunar Landing Research Vehicle 1. second later, his parachute would not have opened in time. His
only injury was from biting his tongue. The LLRV was completely
destroyed. [105] Even though he was nearly killed, Armstrong maintained that without the LLRV and
LLTV, the lunar landings would not have been successful, as they gave commanders essential experience
in piloting the lunar landing craft.[106]

In addition to the LLRV training, NASA began lunar landing simulator training after Apollo 10 was
completed. Aldrin and Armstrong trained for a variety of scenarios that could develop during a real lunar
landing.[107] They also received briefings from geologists at NASA.[108]

Apollo 11
After Armstrong served as backup commander for Apollo 8, Slayton offered him the post of commander
of Apollo 11 on December 23, 1968, as Apollo 8 orbited the Moon.[109] According to Armstrong's 2005
biography, Slayton told him that although the planned crew was Commander Armstrong, Lunar Module
Pilot Buzz Aldrin, and Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, he was offering Armstrong the chance to
replace Aldrin with Jim Lovell. After thinking it over for a day, Armstrong told Slayton he would stick
with Aldrin, as he had no difficulty working with him and thought Lovell deserved his own command.
Replacing Aldrin with Lovell would have made Lovell the lunar module pilot, unofficially the lowest
ranked member, and Armstrong could not justify placing Lovell,
the commander of Gemini 12, in the number 3 position of the
crew.[110] The crew of Apollo 11 was assigned on January 9, 1969,
as Armstrong, Collins, and Aldrin, with Lovell, Anders, and Fred
Haise as the backup crew.[111]

According to Chris Kraft, a March 1969 meeting among Slayton,

George Low, Bob Gilruth, and Kraft determined that Armstrong
would be the first person on the Moon, in part because NASA
management saw him as a person who did not have a large ego. A
The Apollo 11 crew: Armstrong,
press conference on April 14, 1969, gave the design of the LM Michael Collins, and Buzz Aldrin.
cabin as the reason for Armstrong's being first; the hatch opened
inwards and to the right, making it difficult for the LM pilot, on
the right-hand side, to exit first. At the time of their meeting, the four men did not know about the hatch
consideration. The first knowledge of the meeting outside the small group came when Kraft wrote his
book.[112][113] Methods of circumventing this difficulty existed, but it is not known if these were
considered at the time. Slayton added, "Secondly, just on a pure protocol basis, I figured the commander
ought to be the first guy out ... I changed it as soon as I found they had the time line that showed that. Bob
Gilruth approved my decision."[114]

Voyage to the Moon

A Saturn V rocket launched Apollo 11 from Launch Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center on July
16, 1969, at 13:32:00 UTC (09:32:00 EDT local time).[115] Armstrong's wife Janet and two sons watched
from a yacht moored on the Banana River.[116] During the launch, Armstrong's heart rate peaked at
110 beats per minute.[117] He found the first stage the loudest, much noisier than the Gemini 8 Titan II
launch. The Apollo command module was relatively roomy compared with the Gemini spacecraft. None
of the Apollo 11 crew suffered space sickness, as some members of previous crews had. Armstrong was
especially glad about this, as he had been prone to motion sickness as a child and could experience
nausea after long periods of aerobatics.[118]

Apollo 11's objective was to land safely on the Moon, rather than
to touch down at a precise location. Three minutes into the lunar
descent, Armstrong noted that craters were passing about two
seconds too early, which meant the Lunar Module Eagle would
probably touch down several miles (kilometres) beyond the
planned landing zone.[119] As the Eagle 's landing radar acquired
the surface, several computer error alarms sounded. The first was
a code 1202 alarm, and even with their extensive training, neither
Armstrong nor Aldrin knew what this code meant. They promptly
received word from CAPCOM Charles Duke in Houston that the
alarms were not a concern; the 1202 and 1201 alarms were caused
Armstrong in the lunar module after by executive overflows in the lunar module guidance computer. In
the completion of the EVA 2007, Aldrin said the overflows were caused by his own counter-
checklist choice of leaving the docking radar on during the landing
process, causing the computer to process unnecessary radar data.
When it did not have enough time to execute all tasks, the computer dropped the lower-priority ones,
triggering the alarms. Aldrin said he decided to leave the radar on in case an abort was necessary when re-
docking with the Apollo command module; he did not realize it would cause the processing
overflows.[120]

When Armstrong noticed they were heading toward a landing area

that seemed unsafe, he took manual control of the LM and
attempted to find a safer area. This took longer than expected, and
longer than most simulations had taken.[121] For this reason,
Mission Control was concerned that the LM was running low on
fuel.[122] On landing, Aldrin and Armstrong believed they had
40 seconds of fuel left, including the 20 seconds' worth which had
to be saved in the event of an abort.[123] During training,
Armstrong had, on several occasions, landed with fewer than Armstrong lands the Lunar Module
15 seconds of fuel; he was also confident the LM could survive a Eagle on the Moon, July 20, 1969.
fall of up to 50 feet (15 m). Post-mission analysis showed that at
touchdown there were 45 to 50 seconds of propellant burn time
left.[124]

The landing on the surface of the Moon occurred several seconds after 20:17:40 UTC on July 20,
1969.[125] One of three 67-inch (170 cm) probes attached to three of the LM's four legs made contact with
the surface, a panel light in the LM illuminated, and Aldrin called out, "Contact light." Armstrong shut
the engine off and said, "Shutdown." As the LM settled onto the surface, Aldrin said, "Okay, engine stop";
then they both called out some post-landing checklist items. After a 10-second pause, Duke
acknowledged the landing with, "We copy you down, Eagle." Armstrong confirmed the landing to
Mission Control and the world with the words, "Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed."
Aldrin and Armstrong celebrated with a brisk handshake and pat on the back. They then returned to the
checklist of contingency tasks, should an emergency liftoff become necessary.[126][127][128] After
Armstrong confirmed touch down, Duke re-acknowledged, adding a comment about the flight crew's
relief: "Roger, Tranquility. We copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're
breathing again. Thanks a lot."[123] During the landing, Armstrong's heart rate ranged from 100 to
150 beats per minute.[129]

First Moon walk

Armstrong describes the lunar

surface.

"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind"
 0:00 / 0:00

Problems playing this file? See media help.

The flight plan called for a crew rest period before leaving the module, but Armstrong asked for this to be
moved to earlier in the evening, Houston time. When he and Aldrin were ready to go outside, Eagle was
depressurized, the hatch was opened, and Armstrong made his way down the ladder.[130] At the bottom of
the ladder, while standing on a Lunar Module landing pad, Armstrong said, "I'm going to step off the LM
now". He turned and set his left boot on the lunar surface at 02:56 UTC July 21, 1969,[131] then said,
"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind."[132] The exact time of Armstrong's first
step on the Moon is unclear.[133]

Armstrong prepared his famous epigram on his own.[134] In a post-flight press conference, he said that he
chose the words "just prior to leaving the LM."[135] In a 1983 interview in Esquire magazine, he
explained to George Plimpton: "I always knew there was a good chance of being able to return to Earth,
but I thought the chances of a successful touch down on the moon surface were about even money—
fifty–fifty ... Most people don't realize how difficult the mission was. So it didn't seem to me there was
much point in thinking of something to say if we'd have to abort landing."[134] In 2012, his brother Dean
Armstrong said that Neil showed him a draft of the line months before the launch.[136] Historian Andrew
Chaikin, who interviewed Armstrong in 1988 for his book A Man on the Moon, disputed that Armstrong
claimed to have conceived the line during the mission.[137]

Recordings of Armstrong's transmission do not provide evidence for the indefinite article "a" before
"man", though NASA and Armstrong insisted for years that static obscured it. Armstrong stated he would
never make such a mistake, but after repeated listenings to recordings, he eventually conceded he must
have dropped the "a".[132] He later said he "would hope that history would grant me leeway for dropping
the syllable and understand that it was certainly intended, even if it was not said—although it might
actually have been".[138] There have since been claims and counter-claims about whether acoustic
analysis of the recording reveals the presence of the missing "a";[132][139] Peter Shann Ford, an Australian
computer programmer, conducted a digital audio analysis and claims that Armstrong did say "a man", but
the "a" was inaudible due to the limitations of communications technology of the time.[132][140][141] Ford
and James R. Hansen, Armstrong's authorized biographer, presented these findings to Armstrong and
NASA representatives, who conducted their own analysis.[142] Armstrong found Ford's analysis
"persuasive."[143][144] Linguists David Beaver and Mark Liberman wrote of their skepticism of Ford's
claims on the blog Language Log.[145] A 2016 peer-reviewed study again concluded Armstrong had
included the article.[146] NASA's transcript continues to show the "a" in parentheses.[147]

When Armstrong made his proclamation, Voice of America was rebroadcast live by the BBC and many
other stations worldwide. An estimated 530 million people viewed the event,[148] 20 percent out of a
world population of approximately 3.6 billion.[149][150]

Q: Did you misspeak?

A: There isn't any way of knowing.

Q: Several sources say you did.

 A: I mean, there isn't any way of my knowing. When I listen to the tape, I can't hear the 'a', but that
doesn't mean it wasn't there, because that was the fastest VOX ever built. There was no mike-
switch — it was a voice-operated key or VOX. In a helmet you find you lose a lot of syllables.
Sometimes a short syllable like 'a' might not be transmitted. However, when I listen to it, I can't
hear it. But the 'a' is implied, so I'm happy if they just put it in parentheses.

Omni, June 1982, p. 126

About 19 minutes after Armstrong's first step, Aldrin joined him

on the surface, becoming the second human to walk on the Moon.
They began their tasks of investigating how easily a person could
operate on the lunar surface. Armstrong unveiled a plaque
commemorating the flight, and with Aldrin, planted the flag of the
United States. Although Armstrong had wanted the flag to be
draped on the flagpole,[151] it was decided to use a metal rod to
hold it horizontally.[152] However, the rod did not fully extend,
leaving the flag with a slightly wavy appearance, as if there were a
Armstrong on the Moon breeze.[153] Shortly after the flag planting, President Richard
Nixon spoke to them by telephone from his office. He spoke for
about a minute, after which Armstrong responded for about thirty
seconds. [154] In the Apollo 11 photographic record, there are only five images of Armstrong partly shown
or reflected. The mission was planned to the minute, with the majority of photographic tasks performed
by Armstrong with the single Hasselblad camera.[155]

After helping to set up the Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package, Armstrong went for a walk to
what is now known as East Crater, 65 yards (59 m) east of the LM, the greatest distance traveled from the
LM on the mission. His final task was to remind Aldrin to leave a small package of memorial items to
Soviet cosmonauts Yuri Gagarin and Vladimir Komarov, and Apollo 1 astronauts Grissom, White and
Chaffee.[156] The Apollo 11 EVA lasted two and a half hours.[157] Each of the subsequent five landings
was allotted a progressively longer EVA period; the crew of Apollo 17 spent over 22 hours exploring the
lunar surface.[157] In a 2010 interview, Armstrong explained that NASA limited their Moon walk because
they were unsure how the space suits would cope with the Moon's extremely high temperature.[158]

Return to Earth
After they re-entered the LM, the hatch was closed and sealed. While preparing for liftoff, Armstrong and
Aldrin discovered that, in their bulky space suits, they had broken the ignition switch for the ascent
engine; using part of a pen, they pushed in the circuit breaker to start the launch sequence.[159] The Eagle
then continued to its rendezvous in lunar orbit, where it docked with Columbia, the command and service
module. The three astronauts returned to Earth and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, to be picked up
by the USS Hornet.[160]

After being released from an 18-day quarantine to ensure that they had not picked up any infections or
diseases from the Moon, the crew was feted across the United States and around the world as part of a 38-
day "Giant Leap" tour.[161]
The tour began on August 13, when the three astronauts spoke and
rode in ticker-tape parades in their honor in New York and
Chicago, with an estimated six million attendees.[162][163] On the
same evening an official state dinner was held in Los Angeles to
celebrate the flight, attended by members of Congress,
44 governors, the Chief Justice of the United States, and
ambassadors from 83 nations. President Nixon and Vice President
Agnew presented each astronaut with a Presidential Medal of
Freedom.[162][164]

After the tour Armstrong took part in Bob Hope's 1969 USO show,
primarily to Vietnam.[165] In May 1970, Armstrong traveled to the The Apollo 11 crew and President
Soviet Union to present a talk at the 13th annual conference of the Richard Nixon during the post-
International Committee on Space Research; after arriving in mission quarantine period
Leningrad from Poland, he traveled to Moscow where he met
Premier Alexei Kosygin. Armstrong was the first westerner to see
the supersonic Tupolev Tu-144 and was given a tour of the Yuri
Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, which he described as "a bit
Victorian in nature".[166] At the end of the day, he was surprised to
view a delayed video of the launch of Soyuz 9 as it had not
occurred to Armstrong that the mission was taking place, even
though Valentina Tereshkova had been his host and her husband,
Andriyan Nikolayev, was on board.[167]
New York City ticker tape parade,
August 13, 1969
Life after Apollo

Teaching
Shortly after Apollo 11, Armstrong stated that he did not plan to fly in
space again.[168] He was appointed Deputy Associate Administrator for
Aeronautics for the Office of Advanced Research and Technology at
ARPA, served in the position for a year, then resigned from it and NASA
in 1971.[169] He accepted a teaching position in the Department of
Aerospace Engineering at the University of Cincinnati,[170] having chosen
Cincinnati over other universities, including his alma mater Purdue,
because Cincinnati had a small aerospace department,[171] and said he
hoped the faculty there would not be annoyed that he came straight into a
professorship with only a USC master's degree.[172] He began his master's
degree while stationed at Edwards years before, and completed it after Valentina Tereshkova, the
first woman in space,
Apollo 11 by presenting a report on various aspects of Apollo, instead of a
presenting a badge to Neil
thesis on the simulation of hypersonic flight.[173] Armstrong, Star City, Soviet
Union, June 1970
At Cincinnati, Armstrong was University Professor of Aerospace
Engineering. He took a heavy teaching load, taught core classes, and
created two graduate-level classes: aircraft design and experimental flight mechanics. He was considered
a good teacher, and a tough grader. His research activities during this time did not involve his work at
NASA, as he did not want to give the appearance of favoritism; he later regretted the decision. After
teaching for eight years, Armstrong resigned in 1980. When the university changed from an independent
municipal university to a state school, bureaucracy increased. He did not want to be a part of the faculty
collective bargaining group, so he decided to teach half-time. According to Armstrong, he had the same
amount of work but received half his salary. In 1979, less than 10% of his income came from his
university salary. Employees at the university did not know why he left.[173]

NASA commissions
In 1970, after an explosion aboard Apollo 13 aborted its lunar landing, Armstrong was part of Edgar
Cortright's investigation of the mission. He produced a detailed chronology of the flight. He determined
that a 28-volt thermostat switch in an oxygen tank, which was supposed to have been replaced with a 65-
volt version, led to the explosion. Cortright's report recommended the entire tank be redesigned at a cost
of $40 million. Many NASA managers, including Armstrong, opposed the recommendation, since only
the thermostat switch had caused the problem. They lost the argument, and the tanks were
redesigned.[174]

In 1986, President Ronald Reagan asked Armstrong to join the Rogers Commission investigating the
Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. Armstrong was made vice chairman of the commission and held
private interviews with contacts he had developed over the years to help determine the cause of the
disaster. He helped limit the committee's recommendations to nine, believing that if there were too many,
NASA would not act on them.[175]

Armstrong was appointed to a fourteen-member commission by

President Reagan to develop a plan for American civilian
spaceflight in the 21st century. The commission was chaired by
former NASA administrator Dr. Thomas O. Paine, with whom
Armstrong had worked during the Apollo program. The group
published a book titled Pioneering the Space Frontier: The Report
on the National Commission on Space, recommending a
permanent lunar base by 2006, and sending people to Mars by
Michael Collins, President George
2015. The recommendations were largely ignored, overshadowed W. Bush, Neil Armstrong, and Buzz
by the Challenger disaster.[176] Aldrin during celebrations of the
35th anniversary of the Apollo 11
Armstrong and his wife attended the memorial service for the flight, July 21, 2004
victims of the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003, at the
invitation of President George W. Bush.[177]

Business activities
After Armstrong retired from NASA in 1971, he acted as a spokesman for several businesses. The first
company to successfully approach him was Chrysler, for whom he appeared in advertising starting in
January 1979. Armstrong thought they had a strong engineering division, and they were in financial
difficulty. He later acted as a spokesman for other American companies, including General Time
Corporation and the Bankers Association of America.[178] He acted as a spokesman for only American
companies.[179]
In addition to his duties as a spokesman, he also served on the board of directors of several companies.
The first company board Armstrong joined was Gates Learjet, chairing their technical committee. He flew
their new and experimental jets and even set a climb and altitude record for business jets. Armstrong
became a member of Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company's board in 1973. They were interested in
nuclear power and wanted to increase the company's technical competence. He served on the board of
Taft Broadcasting, also based in Cincinnati. Armstrong joined the board of solid rocket booster Thiokol in
1989, after previously serving on the Rogers Commission which found that the Space Shuttle Challenger
was destroyed due to a defect in the Thiokol-manufactured solid rocket boosters. When Armstrong left
the University of Cincinnati, he became the chairman of Cardwell International Ltd., a company that
manufactured drilling rigs. He served on additional aerospace boards, first United Airlines in 1978, and
later Eaton Corporation in 1980. He was asked to chair the board of directors for a subsidiary of Eaton,
AIL Systems. He chaired the board through the company's 2000 merger with EDO Corporation, until his
retirement in 2002.[180][181]

North Pole expedition

In 1985, professional expedition leader Mike Dunn organized a trip to take men he deemed the "greatest
explorers" to the North Pole. The group included Armstrong, Edmund Hillary, Hillary's son Peter, Steve
Fossett, and Patrick Morrow. They arrived at the Pole on April 6, 1985. He did not inform the media of
the trip, preferring to keep it private.[182]

Public profile
Armstrong's family described him as a "reluctant American
hero".[183][184][185] He kept a low profile later in his life, leading to the
belief that he was a recluse.[186][187] Recalling Armstrong's humility, John
Glenn, the first American to orbit Earth, told CNN: "[Armstrong] didn't
feel that he should be out huckstering himself. He was a humble person,
and that's the way he remained after his lunar flight, as well as
before."[188] Armstrong turned down most requests for interviews and
public appearances. Michael Collins said in his book Carrying the Fire
that when Armstrong moved to a dairy farm to become a college
professor, it was like he "retreated to his castle and pulled up the
drawbridge". Armstrong found this amusing, and said, "... those of us that
live out in the hinterlands think that people that live inside the Beltway are
Armstrong in 1999
the ones that have the problems."[189]

Andrew Chaikin says in A Man on the Moon that Armstrong kept a low
profile but was not a recluse, citing his participation in interviews, advertisements for Chrysler, and
hosting a cable television series.[190] Between 1991 and 1993, he hosted First Flights with Neil
Armstrong, an aviation history documentary series on A&E.[189] In 2010, Armstrong voiced the character
of Dr. Jack Morrow in Quantum Quest: A Cassini Space Odyssey,[191] an animated educational sci-fi
adventure film initiated by JPL/NASA through a grant from Jet Propulsion Lab.[192]

Armstrong guarded the use of his name, image, and famous quote. When it was launched in 1981, MTV
wanted to use his quote in its station identification, with the American flag replaced with the MTV logo,
but he refused the use of his voice and likeness.[193] He sued Hallmark Cards in 1994, when they used his
name, and a recording of the "one small step" quote, in a Christmas ornament without his permission. The
lawsuit was settled out of court for an undisclosed sum, which Armstrong donated to Purdue.[194][195]

For many years, he wrote letters congratulating new Eagle Scouts on their accomplishment, but decided
to quit the practice in the 1990s because he felt the letters should be written by people who knew the
scout. (In 2003, he received 950 congratulation requests.) This contributed to the myth of his
reclusiveness.[196] Armstrong used to autograph everything except first day covers. Around 1993, he
found out his signatures were being sold online, and that most of them were forgeries, and stopped giving
autographs.[187]

Personal life
Some former astronauts, including Glenn and Apollo 17's Harrison
Schmitt, sought political careers after leaving NASA. Armstrong
was approached by groups from both the Democratic and
Republican parties but declined the offers. He supported states'
rights and opposed the U.S. acting as the "world's policeman".[197]

When Armstrong applied at a local Methodist church to lead a

Boy Scout troop in the late 1950s, he gave his religious affiliation
Armstrong speaking in February
as "deist".[198] His mother later said that his religious views
2012, six months before his death, caused her grief and distress in later life, as she was a
on the 50th anniversary of John Christian.[199] Upon his return from the Moon, Armstrong gave a
Glenn's first spaceflight speech in front of the U.S. Congress in which he thanked them for
giving him the opportunity to see some of the "grandest views of
the Creator".[200][201] In the early 1980s, he was the subject of a
hoax claiming that he converted to Islam after hearing the call to prayer while walking on the Moon.
Indonesian singer Suhaemi wrote a song called "Gema Suara Adzan di Bulan" ("The Resonant Sound of
the Call to Prayer on the Moon") which described Armstrong's supposed conversion, and the song was
widely discussed by Jakarta news outlets in 1983.[202] Similar hoax stories were seen in Egypt and
Malaysia. In March 1983, the U.S. State Department responded by issuing a message to embassies and
consulates in Muslim countries saying that Armstrong had not converted to Islam.[203] The hoax surfaced
occasionally for the next three decades. Part of the confusion arose from the similarity between the names
of the country of Lebanon, which has a majority Muslim population, and Armstrong's longtime residence
in Lebanon, Ohio.[203]

In 1972, Armstrong visited the Scottish town of Langholm, the traditional seat of Clan Armstrong. He
was made the first freeman of the burgh, and happily declared the town his home.[204] To entertain the
crowd, the Justice of the Peace read from an unrepealed archaic 400-year-old law that required him to
hang any Armstrong found in the town.[205]

Armstrong flew light aircraft for pleasure. He enjoyed gliders and before the Moon flight had earned a
gold badge with two diamonds from the International Gliding Commission. He continued to fly
engineless aircraft well into his 70s.[206]
While working on his farm in November 1978, Armstrong jumped off the back of his grain truck and
caught his wedding ring in its wheel, tearing the tip off his left ring finger. He collected the severed tip,
packed it in ice, and had surgeons reattach it at a nearby hospital in Louisville, Kentucky.[207] In February
1991, he suffered a mild heart attack while skiing with friends at Aspen, Colorado.[208]

Armstrong and his first wife, Janet, separated in 1990 and divorced in 1994 after 38 years of
marriage.[209][210] He met his second wife, Carol Held Knight, at a golf tournament in 1992, when they
were seated together at breakfast. She said little to Armstrong, but he called her two weeks later to ask
what she was doing. She replied that she was cutting down a cherry tree, and he arrived at her house 35
minutes later to help. They were married in Ohio on June 12, 1994, and had a second ceremony at San
Ysidro Ranch in California. They lived in Indian Hill, Ohio.[211][212] Through his marriage to Carol, he
was the father-in-law of future New York Mets general manager Brodie Van Wagenen.

In May 2005, Armstrong became involved in a legal dispute with Mark Sizemore, his barber of 20 years.
After cutting Armstrong's hair, Sizemore sold some of it to a collector for $3,000 without Armstrong's
knowledge or permission.[213] Armstrong threatened legal action against Sizemore unless he returned the
hair or donated the proceeds to a charity of Armstrong's choosing. Sizemore, unable to retrieve the hair,
donated the proceeds to charity.[214][215]

Illness and death

On August 7, 2012, Armstrong underwent bypass surgery at
Mercy Faith–Fairfield Hospital in Fairfield, Ohio, to relieve
coronary artery disease.[216][217] Although he was reportedly
recovering well,[218] he developed complications and died on
August 25.[219][220] President Barack Obama issued a statement
memorializing Armstrong as "among the greatest of American
heroes—not just of his time, but of all time",[221][222] and added
that Armstrong had carried the aspirations of the United States'
citizens and had delivered "a moment of human achievement that Photograph of Armstrong as a boy
will never be forgotten."[223] at his family memorial service in
Indian Hill, Ohio, near Cincinnati, on
Armstrong's family released a statement describing him as a August 31, 2012
"reluctant American hero [who had] served his nation proudly, as a
navy fighter pilot, test pilot, and astronaut ... While we mourn the
loss of a very good man, we also celebrate his remarkable life and
hope that it serves as an example to young people around the
world to work hard to make their dreams come true, to be willing
to explore and push the limits, and to selflessly serve a cause
greater than themselves. For those who may ask what they can do
to honor Neil, we have a simple request. Honor his example of
service, accomplishment and modesty, and the next time you walk
outside on a clear night and see the moon smiling down at you,
think of Neil Armstrong and give him a wink."[224] Armstrong's burial at sea on
September 14, 2012
Buzz Aldrin called Armstrong "a true American hero and the best pilot I ever knew", and said he was
disappointed that they would not be able to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing together
in 2019.[225][226] Michael Collins said, "He was the best, and I will miss him terribly."[227][228] NASA
Administrator Charles Bolden said, "As long as there are history books, Neil Armstrong will be included
in them, remembered for taking humankind's first small step on a world beyond our own".[229][230]

A tribute was held for Armstrong on September 13, at External videos

Washington National Cathedral, whose Space
Memorial service for Armstrong,
Window depicts the Apollo 11 mission and holds a
Washington National Cathedral, September
sliver of Moon rock amid its stained-glass panels.[231]
13, 2012 (https://www.c-span.org/video/?3081
In attendance were Armstrong's Apollo 11 crewmates,
41-1/memorial-service-neil-armstrong), C-
Collins and Aldrin; Gene Cernan, the Apollo 17
SPAN
mission commander and last man to walk on the
Moon; and former senator and astronaut John Glenn,
the first American to orbit the Earth. In his eulogy, Charles Bolden praised Armstrong's "courage, grace,
and humility". Cernan recalled Armstrong's low-fuel approach to the Moon: "When the gauge says empty,
we all know there's a gallon or two left in the tank!" Diana Krall sang the song "Fly Me to the Moon".
Collins led prayers. David Scott spoke, possibly for the first time, about an incident during their Gemini 8
mission: minutes before the hatch was to be sealed, a small chip of dried glue fell into the latch of his
harness and prevented it from being buckled, threatening to abort the mission. Armstrong then called on
Conrad to solve the problem, which he did, and the mission proceeded. "That happened because Neil
Armstrong was a team player—he always worked on behalf of the team."[231] Congressman Bill Johnson
from Armstrong's home state of Ohio led calls for President Barack Obama to authorize a state funeral in
Washington D.C. Throughout his lifetime, Armstrong shunned publicity and rarely gave interviews.
Mindful that Armstrong would have objected to a state funeral, his family opted to have a private funeral
in Cincinnati.[232] On September 14, Armstrong's cremated remains were scattered in the Atlantic Ocean
from the USS Philippine Sea.[233] Flags were flown at half-staff on the day of Armstrong's funeral.[234]

In July 2019, after observations of the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing, The New York Times
reported on details of a medical malpractice suit Armstrong's family had filed against Mercy Health–
Fairfield Hospital, where he died. When Armstrong appeared to be recovering from his bypass surgery,
nurses removed the wires connected to his temporary pacemaker. He began to bleed internally and his
blood pressure dropped. Doctors took him to the hospital's catheterization laboratory, and only later began
operating. Two of the three physicians who reviewed the medical files during the lawsuit called this a
serious error, saying surgery should have begun immediately; experts the Times talked to, while
qualifying their judgement by noting that they were unable to review the specific records in the case, said
that taking a patient directly to the operating room under those circumstances generally gave them the
highest chance of survival.[216]

The family ultimately settled for $6 million in 2014. Letters included with the 93 pages of documents sent
to the Times by an unknown person[235] show that his sons intimated to the hospital, through their
lawyers, that they might discuss what happened to their father publicly at the 45th anniversary
observances in 2014. The hospital, fearing the bad publicity that would result from being accused of
negligently causing the death of a revered figure such as Armstrong, agreed to pay as long as the family
never spoke about the suit or the settlement.[216] Armstrong's wife, Carol, was not a party to the lawsuit.
She reportedly felt that her husband would have been opposed to taking legal action.[236]

Legacy
When Pete Conrad of Apollo 12 became the third man to walk on
the Moon, on November 19, 1969, his first words referenced
Armstrong. The shorter of the two, when Conrad stepped from the
LM onto the surface he proclaimed "Whoopie! Man, that may
have been a small one for Neil, but that's a long one for me."[237]

Armstrong received many honors and awards, including the

Presidential Medal of Freedom (with distinction) from President
Nixon,[162][238] the Cullum Geographical Medal from the Armstrong gives an acceptance
American Geographical Society,[239] and the Collier Trophy from speech after being inducted into the
the National Aeronautic Association (1969);[240] the NASA Naval Aviation Hall of Honor at the
Distinguished Service Medal [241] and the Dr. Robert H. Goddard National Naval Aviation Museum in
Pensacola, Florida.
Memorial Trophy (1970);[242] the Sylvanus Thayer Award by the
United States Military Academy (1971);[243] the Congressional
Space Medal of Honor from President Jimmy Carter (1978);[90] the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy
from the National Aeronautic Association (2001);[244] and a Congressional Gold Medal (2011).[245]

Armstrong was elected as member into the National Academy of Engineering in 1978 for contributions to
aerospace engineering, scientific knowledge, and exploration of the universe as an experimental test pilot
and astronaut.[246] He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2001.[247]

Armstrong and his Apollo 11 crewmates were the 1999 recipients of the Langley Gold Medal from the
Smithsonian Institution.[248] On April 18, 2006, he received NASA's Ambassador of Exploration
Award.[249] The Space Foundation named Armstrong as a recipient of its 2013 General James E. Hill
Lifetime Space Achievement Award.[250] Armstrong was also inducted into the Aerospace Walk of
Honor,[251][252] the International Space Hall of Fame,[253] National Aviation Hall of Fame, and the United
States Astronaut Hall of Fame.[254][255] He was awarded his Naval Astronaut badge in a ceremony on
board the aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower on March 10, 2010, in a ceremony attended by
Lovell and Cernan.[256]

The lunar crater Armstrong, 31 miles (50 km) from the Apollo 11 landing site, and asteroid 6469
Armstrong are named in his honor.[257] There are more than a dozen elementary, middle and high schools
named for Armstrong in the United States,[258] and many places around the world have streets, buildings,
schools, and other places named for him or Apollo.[259] The Armstrong Air and Space Museum, in
Armstrong's hometown of Wapakoneta,[260] and the Neil Armstrong Airport in New Knoxville, Ohio, are
named after him.[261] The mineral armstrongite is named after him,[262] and the mineral armalcolite is
named, in part, after him.[263]
 In October 2004 Purdue University named its new engineering
building Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering;[264] the building
was dedicated on October 27, 2007, during a ceremony at which
Armstrong was joined by fourteen other Purdue astronauts.[265]
The NASA Dryden Flight Research Center was renamed the
NASA Neil A. Armstrong Flight Research Center in 2014.[266] In
September 2012, the U.S. Navy named the first Armstrong-class
vessel RV Neil Armstrong. Delivered to the Navy on September
23, 2015, it is a modern oceanographic research platform
supporting a wide range of activities by academic groups.[267] In
2019, the College of Engineering at Purdue University celebrated
President Barack Obama poses with
the 50th anniversary of Neil Armstrong's walk on the Moon by
the Apollo 11 crew on the 40th
anniversary of the Apollo 11 lunar
launching the Neil Armstrong Distinguished Visiting Fellows
landing, July 20, 2009: Buzz Aldrin, Program, which brings highly accomplished scholars and
Michael Collins, and Neil Armstrong. practitioners to the college to catalyze collaborations with faculty
and students.[268]

Armstrong's authorized biography, First Man: The External videos

Life of Neil A. Armstrong, was published in 2005. For
Presentation by James Hansen on First
many years, he turned down biography offers from
Man, November 9, 2005 (https://www.c-span.o
authors such as Stephen Ambrose and James A.
rg/video/?189961-1/first-man-life-neil-a-armstr
Michener but agreed to work with James R. Hansen
ong), C-SPAN
after reading one of Hansen's other biographies.[269]
He recalled his initial concerns about the Apollo 11
mission, when he had believed there was only a 50% chance of landing on the Moon. "I was elated,
ecstatic and extremely surprised that we were successful".[270] A film adaptation of the book, starring
Ryan Gosling and directed by Damien Chazelle, was released in October 2018.[271]

In July 2018, Armstrong's sons put his collection of memorabilia up for sale, including his Boy Scout cap,
and various flags and medals flown on his space missions. A series of auctions held November 1–3, 2018,
realized $5,276,320 (~$6.31 million in 2023). As of July 2019, the auction sales totaled
$16.7 million.[236] Two fragments of wood from the propeller and four pieces of fabric from the wing of
the 1903 Wright Flyer that Armstrong took to the Moon fetched between $112,500 and $275,000
each.[272][273] Armstrong's wife, Carol, has not put any of his memorabilia up for sale.[236]

Armstrong donated his papers to Purdue. Along with posthumous donations by his widow Carol, the
collection consists of over 450 boxes of material. In May 2019, she donated two 25-by-24-inch (640 by
610 mm) pieces of fabric from the Wright Flyer, along with his correspondence related to them.[274]

In a 2010 Space Foundation survey, Armstrong was ranked as the number-one most popular space
hero;[275] and in 2013, Flying magazine ranked him number one on its list of 51 Heroes of Aviation.[276]
The press often asked Armstrong for his views on the future of spaceflight. In 2005, he said that a human
mission to Mars would be easier than the lunar challenge of the 1960s. In 2010, he made a rare public
criticism of the decision to cancel the Ares I launch vehicle and the Constellation Moon landing
program.[277] In an open letter also signed by fellow Apollo veterans Lovell and Cernan, he said, "For
The United States, the leading space faring nation for nearly half a century, to be without carriage to low
Earth orbit and with no human exploration capability to go beyond Earth orbit for an indeterminate time
into the future, destines our nation to become one of second or
even third rate stature".[278] On November 18, 2010, aged 80, he
said in a speech during the Science & Technology Summit in the
Hague, Netherlands, that he would offer his services as
commander on a mission to Mars if he were asked.[279]

The planetarium at Altoona Area High School in Altoona,

Pennsylvania is named after Armstrong and is home to a Space
Race museum.[280] A campsite in Camp Sandy Beach at Yawgoog
Scout Reservation in Rockville, Rhode Island, is named in his
honor, a nod to his Scouting career.
Ohio's state quarter depicts
Armstrong was named the class exemplar for the Class of 2019 at Armstrong and the Wright brothers'
the U.S. Air Force Academy.[281] Wright Flyer III.

Notes
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5. Hansen 2005, pp. 49–50.
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Further reading
Barbree, Jay (2014). Neil Armstrong: A Life of External videos
Flight. New York: Thomas Dunne Books.
ISBN 978-1-250-04071-8. OCLC 900815422 After Words interview with Jay Barbree on
(https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/900815422). Neil Armstrong: A Life of Flight, July 19, 2014
French, Francis; Burgess, Colin (2010). In (https://www.c-span.org/video/?320051-1/after-
the Shadow of the Moon. Lincoln, Nebraska, words-jay-barbree), C-SPAN
and London: University of Nebraska Press.
ISBN 978-0-8032-2979-2.
OCLC 1019883802 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1019883802).
Thompson, Milton O. (1992). At the Edge of Space: The X-15 Flight Program (https://archiv
e.org/details/atedgeofspacex1500thom). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 978-
1-56098-107-7. OCLC 925195868 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/925195868).

External links
Neil Armstrong Commemorative Website (http://uc.edu/armstrong) – University of Cincinnati
Neil Armstrong collected news and commentary (https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/neil-
armstrong). The New York Times.
Neil Armstrong (https://www.theguardian.com/science/neil-armstrong) collected news and
commentary at The Guardian
Appearances (https://www.c-span.org/person/?8521) on C-SPAN
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil_Armstrong&oldid=1268759087"