MODULE 6

4 - SLOPES AND DEFLECTIONS OF

STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAMS
Deflection-at a particular point in a beam, represented by y, is the vertical distance from the elastic curve of beam(when loaded) to the
original horizontal position (when unloaded).
C. THE DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
w

A B
y
x Elastic curve
y - Deflection

1. Differential equation of the elastic curve of the beam:

𝑑2𝑦
𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑀 𝑜𝑟

𝑬𝑰𝒚′′ = 𝑴
Type text her

2. Slope Equation:
𝑑2 𝑦
∫ 𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥2 = ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑜𝑟

𝑬𝑰𝒚′ = 𝑴𝒅𝒙 + 𝑪𝟏

3. Deflection Equation:
2
𝑑 𝑦
∬ 𝐸𝐼 2 = ∬ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑜𝑟
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝐸𝐼 = ∬ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑜𝑟
𝑑𝑥

𝑬𝑰𝐲 = ∬ 𝑴𝒅𝒙 + 𝑪𝟏x+ 𝑪𝟐

where:

xxXXX
M = bending moment at any distance x from the end of beam, expressed in terms of x; (M is
M=bending moment at the last segment of beam, positive if beam is bent concave upward.,negative if beam is bent
positive when xxxxxxxxxx
clockwise). concave downward.
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
𝑑𝑦
𝑜𝑟 𝑦′ = slope of elastic curve (at any particular point)
𝑑𝑥
y' = slope of tangent line to elastic curve; slope is negative for clockwise rotation of tangent from horizontal.
𝑦 = deflection of point in the beam w/c is located at a distance x from the edge.
y positive for upward displacement, and y is negative for downward displacement.
C1 and C2 = constant of integration whose value must be evaluated
C1 and C2 correspond to the value of slope and deflection, respectively at the origin.

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD AND METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION)
Problems:

1. Determine the slope and deflection at B. Determine also the maximum deflection for the
beam shown. Use double integration method.
135 kN
A B C
2.5m 5m

𝐸𝐼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝐸 = 100𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝐼 = 265𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

a. Solve for the reactions at the supports:

135 kN
A 2.5m B 5m C

RA RC

∑ 𝑀𝐶 = 0 ] ↻ + :
𝑅𝐴 (7.5) − 135(5) = 0
𝑹𝑨 = 𝟗𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ↑
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ] ↑ +
𝑅𝐶 + 90 − 135 = 0
𝑹𝑪 = 𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝑵 ↑
b. Draw the elastic curve, place distance “x” from A (origin) up to a point before C in such a
way that all segments of the beam will be covered:
135 kN
A 2.5m B 5m C
yB
y’B
90 kN 45 kN
x
c. Write the General Differential equation of the elastic curve of the beam:
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′′ = 𝑀
𝐸𝐼𝑦′′ = 90𝑥 − 135 < 𝑥 − 2.5 > (1)

d. Integrate EIy” to obtain the slope equation:

90𝑥 2 135<𝑥−2.5>2
𝐸𝐼𝑦′ = − + 𝐶1
2 2
𝐸𝐼𝑦′ = 45𝑥 2 − 67.5 < 𝑥 − 2.5 >2 + 𝐶1 (2)

e. Integrate EIy’ to obtain the deflection equation:

45𝑥 3 67.5<𝑥−2.5>3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = − + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
3 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 15𝑥 3 − 22.5 < 𝑥 − 2.5 >3 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 (3)

f. Apply joint conditions:

At joint A:
𝑥=0
𝑦=0 (𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD AND METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION)
 Substitute 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 in (3):
𝐸𝐼(0) = 15(0)3 − 22.5 < 0 − 2.5 >3 + 𝐶1 (0) + 𝐶2
0

0 = 𝐶2
𝐶2 = 0 (deflection at the origin, jt. A)

At joint C:
𝑥 = 7.5𝑚
𝑦=0 (𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
Substitute 𝑥 = 7.5, 𝑦 = 0 in (3):
𝐸𝐼(0) = 15(7.5)3 − 22.5 < 7.5 − 2.5 >3 + 𝐶1 (7.5) + 0
0 = 6328.125 − 2812.5 + 7.5𝐶1
𝐶1 = −468.75 (slope at the origin, jt. A)
−468.75
𝐶1 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2
𝐸𝐼

g. Substitute values of 𝐶1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶2 in (2) and (3):

General slope equation: 𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 45𝑥 2 − 67.5 < 𝑥 − 2.5 >2 − 468.75 (4)
General deflection equation: 𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 15𝑥 3 − 22.5 < 𝑥 − 2.5 >3 − 468.75𝑥 (5)

h. Slope and deflection at B:

At joint B: 𝑥 = 2.5𝑚
Subst. 𝑥 = 2.5𝑚 in (4) and (5) to obtain the slope and deflection at B, respectively:

Slope at B:
2
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 45(2.5)2 − 67.5 < 2.5 − 2.5 > − 468.75
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = −187.5
−187.5
𝑦′ = 𝐸𝐼
𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝐼 = 26,500 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2
−187.5
𝑦 ′ = 26,500
−𝟑
𝒚′ = 𝟒𝟐𝟒 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟑
𝒚′𝒐𝒓 𝜽𝑩 = 𝟒𝟐𝟒 𝒓𝒂𝒅 ↻

Deflection at B:
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝐵 = 15(2.5)3 − 22.5 < 2.5 − 2.5 >3 − 468.75(2.5)
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝐵 = 234.375 − 1171.875
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝐵 = −937.5
−937.5
𝑦𝐵 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3
𝐸𝐼
−937.5
𝑦𝐵 =
26,500
−15
𝑦𝐵 = 𝑚.
424
𝟏𝟓
𝒚𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝜹𝒃 = 𝟒𝟐𝟒 𝒎, 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝟏𝟓
𝒚𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝜹𝒃 = 𝟒𝟐𝟒 𝒎 ↓

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD AND METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION)
 i. Maximum deflection:
Locate the position of the maximum deflection (wherein the tangent line on the elastic
curve there is horizontal, i.e., the slope is zero).

135 kN
A 2.5m B 5m C
ymax
RA RC
x

At 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑦 ′ = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴:

Using (4):
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 45𝑥 2 − 67.5 < 𝑥 − 2.5 >2 − 468.75
0 = 45𝑥 2 − 67.5 < 𝑥 − 2.5 >2 − 468.75
𝑥 = 3.418 𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴 (𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
Maximum deflection:
Using (5):
45(3.418)3 67.5 < 3.418 − 2.5 >3
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − − 468.75(3.418)
3 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −1020.621
−1020.621
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3
𝐸𝐼
−1020.621
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
26,500
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −0.0385 𝑚
𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎 ↓

2. Determine the slope and deflection at the free-end. EI - constant

12 kN/m
B
A
3m

a. Solve for the reactions at the supports:

MA 12 kN/m
B
A
3m

RA

∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 ] ↻ + :
1 2
−𝑀𝐴 + 2 (12)3(3 ∙ 3) = 0
𝑴𝑨 = 𝟑𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 ↺
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ] ↑ +
1
𝑅𝐴 − 2 (12)3 = 0
𝑹𝑨 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝑵 ↑
ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
(DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD AND METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION)
 b. Draw the elastic curve, place distance “x” from A (origin):
w
36 kN-m
12 kN/m

3m
B
A
B
yB
18 kN x

c. Write the General Differential equation of the elastic curve of the beam:
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′′ = 𝑀
1 1
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′′ = 18𝑥 − 36(𝑥 )0 − 𝑤𝑥( ∙ 𝑥)
2 3
By sim. ∆𝑠:
12 𝑤
= ; 𝑤 = 4𝑥
3 𝑥
1 1
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 18𝑥 − 36(𝑥 )0 − (4𝑥)𝑥( ∙ 𝑥)
′′
2 3
′′ 2
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 18𝑥 − 36(𝑥 )0 − 𝑥 3
(1)
3

d. Integrate EIy” to obtain the slope equation:

18𝑥 2 2
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = − 36(𝑥 )1 − 𝑥 4 + 𝐶1
2 12
1
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 9𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶1 4
(2)
6

e. Integrate EIy’ to obtain the deflection equation:

9𝑥 3 36𝑥 2 1
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = − − 𝑥 5 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
3 2 30
1
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 − 18𝑥 2 − 𝑥 5 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 (3)
30

f. Apply joint conditions:

At joint A:
𝑥=0
𝑦=0 (𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑦′ = 0 (𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒)
Substitute 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦′ = 0 in (2):
1
𝐸𝐼(0) = 9(0)2 − 36(0) − (0)4 + 𝐶1
6
𝐶1 = 0 (slope at the origin, jt. A)

Substitute 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 in (3):
1
𝐸𝐼(0) = 3(0)3 − 18(0)2 − (0)5 + 𝐶1 (0) + 𝐶2
30
𝐶2 = 0 (deflection at the origin, jt. A)

g. Substitute values of 𝐶1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶2 in (2) and (3):

1
General slope equation: 𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 9𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 − 𝑥 4 (4)
6
1
General deflection equation: 𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 − 18𝑥 2 − 𝑥5 (5)
30

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD AND METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION)
 h. Slope and deflection at the free-end (B):
At joint B: 𝑥 = 3𝑚
Subst. 𝑥 = 3𝑚 in (4) and (5) to obtain the slope and deflection at B, respectively:

Slope at B:
1
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 9(3)2 − 36(3) − (3)4
6
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = −40.5
−40.5
𝑦′ = 𝐸𝐼
𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2
𝟒𝟎.𝟓
𝒚′ = 𝑬𝑰
𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟐 ↻

Deflection at B:
1
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝐵 = 3(3)3 − 18(3)2 − (3)5
30
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝐵 = −89.1
−89.1
𝑦𝐵 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3
𝐸𝐼
89.1
𝒚𝑩 = 𝐸𝐼
𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3 , 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝟖𝟗.𝟏
𝒚𝑩 = 𝑬𝑰
𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑 ↓

Another solution (Origin is joint B):

a. Draw the elastic curve, place distance “x” from B (origin):
36 kN-m
12 kN/m

3m
B
A
B
yB
18 kN
x
. b. Apply principle of continuity for uniformly varying loads:
36 kN-m
12 kN/m
3m
B
A
12 kN/m

18 kN x

36 kN-m 12 kN/m

3m
B
A
12 kN/m w

18 kN x
c. Write the General Differential equation of the elastic curve of the beam:
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′′ = 𝑀
𝑥 1 1
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′′ = −12𝑥 ( ) + 𝑤𝑥( ∙ 𝑥)
2 2 3
By sim. ∆𝑠:
12 𝑤
= ; 𝑤 = 4𝑥
3 𝑥

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD AND METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION)
 1
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′′ = −6𝑥 2 + (4𝑥 )𝑥 2
6
2
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = −6𝑥 + 𝑥 3
′′ 2
(1)
3

d. Integrate EIy” to obtain the slope equation:

−6𝑥 3 2
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 4 + 𝐶1
+
3 12
1
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = −2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + 𝐶1 (2)
6

e. Integrate EIy’ to obtain the deflection equation:

−2𝑥 4 1
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = + 𝑥 5 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
4 30
−𝑥 4 1 5
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = + 𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 (3)
2 30

f. Apply joint conditions:

At joint A:
𝑥 = 3𝑚
𝑦=0 (𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑦′ = 0 (𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒)
Substitute 𝑥 = 3𝑚, 𝑦′ = 0 in (2):
1
𝐸𝐼(0) = −2(3)3 + (3)4 + 𝐶1
6
𝐶1 = 40.5 (slope at the origin, jt. B)

Substitute 𝑥 = 3𝑚, 𝑦 = 0 in (3):

−(3)4 1
𝐸𝐼(0) = + (3)5 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
2 30
𝐶2 = −89.1 (deflection at the origin, jt. B)

g. Substitute values of 𝐶1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶2 in (2) and (3):

1
General slope equation: 𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = −2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + 40.5 (4)
6
−𝑥 4 1
General deflection equation: 𝐸𝐼𝑦 = + 𝑥 5 + 40.5𝑥 − 89.1 (5)
2 30

h. Slope and deflection at the free-end (B):

At joint B: 𝑥=0
Subst. 𝑥 = 0 in (4) and (5) to obtain the slope and deflection at B, respectively:

Slope at B:
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 40.5
40.5
𝑦′ = 𝐸𝐼
𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2
𝟒𝟎.𝟓
𝒚′ = 𝑬𝑰
𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟐 ↻

Deflection at B:
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝐵 = −89.1
−89.1
𝑦𝐵 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3
𝐸𝐼
89.1
𝒚𝑩 = 𝐸𝐼
𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3 , 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝟖𝟗.𝟏
𝒚𝑩 = 𝑬𝑰
𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑 ↓

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD AND METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION)
3. Determine the slope and deflection at C. EI - constant

Solution:
a. Solve for the reactions at the supports:
50 kN
15 kN/m 150 kN-m

A D
B C
6m 3m 3m
RA RD
∑ 𝑀𝐷 = 0 ] ↻ + :
𝑅𝐴 (12) − 15(6)9 + 150 − 50(3) = 0
𝑹𝑨 = 𝟔𝟕. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 ↑
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ] ↑ +
𝑅𝐷 + 67.5 − 15(6) − 50 = 0
𝑹𝑫 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 ↑

b. Place a distance “x” from A (origin) up to a point before D in such a way that all segments
of the beam will be covered: (Distance X is from chosen origin up to any point on the last segment of beam.)
50 kN
15 kN/m 150 kN-m

A D
B C
6m 3m 3m
R A = 67.5 kN R D= 72.5 kN
x

c. Apply principle of continuity for uniformly distributed loads (should be continuous up to

D): PRINCIPLE OF CONTINUITY FOR UNIFORMLY- DISTRIBUTED/VARYING LOADS-In using the D.I.M.,"all
uniformly-distributed/or varying loads must be continuous up to the last segment of beam."
50 kN

15 kN/m 150 kN-m

A D
B C
67.5 kN 15 kN/m
6m 72.5 kN
3m 3m
x
50 kN

15 kN/m 150 kN-m

A D
B C
67.5 kN 15 kN/m
6m 72.5 kN
3m 3m
x

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD AND METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION)
 d. Write the General Differential equation of the elastic curve of the beam:
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′′ = 𝑀
𝑥 <𝑥−6>
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′′ = 67.5𝑥 − 15(𝑥) ( ) + 150 < 𝑥 − 6 >0 − 50 < 𝑥 − 9 > +15 < 𝑥 − 6 >
2 2
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′′ = 67.5𝑥 − 7.5𝑥 2 + 150 < 𝑥 − 6 >0 − 50 < 𝑥 − 9 > +7.5 < 𝑥 − 6 >2 (1)

d. Integrate EIy” to obtain the slope equation:

𝑥2 (𝑥3 ) <𝑥−9>2 <𝑥−6>3
𝐸𝐼𝑦′ = 67.5 ( ) − 7.5 + 150 < 𝑥 − 6 >1 − 50 + 7.5 + 𝐶1
2 3 2 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 33.75𝑥 2 − 2.5𝑥 3 + 150 < 𝑥 − 6 > −25 < 𝑥 − 9 >2 + 2.5 < 𝑥 − 6 >3 + 𝐶1 (2)

e. Integrate EIy’ to obtain the deflection equation:

𝑥3 (𝑥4 ) <𝑥−6>2 <𝑥−9>3 <𝑥−6>4
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 33.75 ( ) − 2.5 + 150 − 25 + 2.5 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
3 4 2 3 4
25<𝑥−9>3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 11.25𝑥3 − 0.625𝑥4 + 75 < 𝑥 − 6 >2− + 0.625 < 𝑥 − 6 >4 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 (3)
3

f. Apply joint conditions:

At joint A:
𝑥=0
𝑦=0 (𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
Substitute 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 in (3):(Note: When the value inside the pointed bracket is negative, consider it as zero.)
25<0−9>3
𝐸𝐼(0) = 11.25(0)3 − 0.625(0)4 + 75 < 0 − 6 >2 − + 0.625 < 0 − 6 >4 + 𝐶1 (0) + 𝐶2
3

0 0 0

𝐶2 = 0 (deflection at the origin, jt. A)

At joint D:
𝑥 = 12𝑚
𝑦=0 (𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
Substitute 𝑥 = 12𝑚, 𝑦 = 0 in (3):
25<12−9>3
𝐸𝐼(0) = 11.25(12)3 − 0.625(12)4 + 75 < 12 − 6 >2 − 3
+ 0.625 < 12 − 6 >4 + 𝐶1 (12) + 0
𝐶1 = −813.75 (slope at the origin, jt. A)
−813.75
𝐶1 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2
𝐸𝐼

g. Substitute values of 𝐶1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶2 in (2) and (3):

General slope equation:
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 33.75𝑥 2 − 2.5𝑥 3 + 150 < 𝑥 − 6 > −25 < 𝑥 − 9 >2 + 2.5 < 𝑥 − 6 >3 − 813.75 (4)
General deflection equation:
25<𝑥−9>3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 11.25𝑥 3 − 0.625𝑥 4 + 75 < 𝑥 − 6 >2 − + 0.625 < 𝑥 − 6 >4 − 813.75𝑥 (5)
3

h. Slope and deflection at C:

At joint C: 𝑥 = 9𝑚
Subst. 𝑥 = 9𝑚 in (4) and (5) to obtain the slope and deflection at C, respectively:

Slope at C:
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 33.75(9)2 − 2.5(9)3 + 150 < 9 − 6 > −25 < 9 − 9 >2 + 2.5 < 9 − 6 >3 − 813.75
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 615 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2 ↺
𝟔𝟏𝟓 𝟔𝟏𝟓
𝒚′ = 𝑬𝑰
𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟐 ↺ 𝑜𝑟 𝜽𝒄 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟐 ↺
𝑬𝑰
ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
(DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD AND METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION)
 Deflection at C:
25<9−9>3
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝐶 = 11.25(9)3 − 0.625(9)4 + 75 < 9 − 6 >2 − + 0.625 < 9 − 6 >4 − 813.75(9)
3

𝐸𝐼𝑦𝐶 = −2497.5
−2497.5
𝑦𝐶 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3
𝐸𝐼
𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟕.𝟓
𝒚𝑪 =
𝑬𝑰
𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑 , ↓ 𝑜𝑟
𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟕.𝟓
𝜹𝑪 = 𝑬𝑰
𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑 ↓

Exercises:
1. Determine the maximum deflection.

2. Determine the slope and deflection at B.

3. Determine the slope and deflection at A.

4. Determine the slope and deflection at C.

5. Determine the deflection at A. Assume C is pinned. EI - constant

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD AND METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION)
D. METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION

The method of superposition determines the slope or deflection at any point in a beam as the
resultant of the slopes and deflections at that point caused by each of the loads acting separately;
or the slopes and deflections for a series of separate loadings acting on a beam may be
superimposed. For example, if 𝛿1 is the deflection for one load and𝛿2 is the deflection for another
load, the total deflection for both loads acting together is the algebraic sum 𝛿1 + 𝛿2 . Using
tabulated results for various beam loadings, Tables 1 and 2 , it is therefore possible to find the
slope and displacement at a point on a beam subjected to several different loadings by
algebraically adding the effects of its various component parts.
Table 1 – Slopes and Deflections of Simply Supported Beams

w 𝒘𝒂𝟐 𝒘𝒂𝟑 𝒘𝒙
𝜽𝟏 = − (𝟐𝑳 − 𝒂)𝟐 𝝂=− (𝟒𝑳𝟐 − 𝟕𝒂𝑳 + 𝟑𝒂𝟐 ) 𝝂=− (𝑳𝟑 − 𝟒𝒂𝑳𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝟐𝟒𝑳𝑬𝑰 𝟐𝟒𝑳𝑬𝑰 𝟐𝟒𝑳𝑬𝑰
1 2 +𝟒𝒂𝟐𝑳𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝟑 𝑳 + 𝒂𝟒 ) for 0 ≤ x ≤ a
𝒘𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝒘𝒂𝟐
a 𝜽𝟐 = (𝟐𝑳𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 ) 𝝂=− (𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝑳𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒙
L 𝟐𝟒𝑳𝑬𝑰 𝟐𝟒𝑳𝑬𝑰
+ 𝟒𝑳𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒂𝟐 𝑳) for a ≤ x ≤ L
M 0.577L 𝑴𝑳 𝑴𝒙 𝑴𝑳𝟐 𝑳
𝜽𝟏 = − 𝝂=− (𝑳 − 𝒙)(𝟐𝑳 − 𝒙 ) 𝝂=− 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = (𝑳 − )
𝟑𝑬𝑰 𝟔𝑳𝑬𝑰 𝟗√𝟑𝑬𝑰 √𝟑
1 2 𝑴𝑳 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕𝑳
𝜽𝟐 = At center (not max.)
𝟔𝑬𝑰 𝑴𝑳𝟐
L 𝝂=−
𝟏𝟔𝑬𝑰
𝟓𝒘𝑳𝟑 𝒘𝒙
w 𝜽𝟏 = − 𝝂=− (𝟐𝟓𝑳𝟒 − 𝟒𝟎𝑳𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟒 )
𝟏𝟗𝟐𝑬𝑰 𝟗𝟔𝟎𝑳𝑬𝑰

𝑳 𝒘𝑳𝟒
1 2 𝟓𝒘𝑳𝟑 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝝂=−
𝜽𝟐 = 𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝑬𝑰
𝟏𝟗𝟐𝑬𝑰
L

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD AND METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION)
Table 2 – Slopes and Deflections of Cantilevered Beams

Table 3 – Slopes and Deflections at the Free-end

𝑀𝐿 1 𝑀𝐿
𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 𝑛+1 𝑜𝑟 𝜃 = 𝐸𝐼 (𝑛+1)

𝑀𝐿2 1 𝑀𝐿2
𝐸𝐼𝛿 = 𝑛+2 𝑜𝑟 𝛿 = 𝐸𝐼 (𝑛+2)

where: M – moment at the wall

N – degree of the moment curve

Loading n 𝑬𝑰𝜽 𝑬𝑰𝜹

M 𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝐿2
0 = 𝑀𝐿
L 1 2
P
𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝐿2
1
L 2 3
w
𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝐿2
2
L 3 4
w
𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝐿2
3
L
4 5

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD AND METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION)
Problem:
Determine the displacement at B and the slope at support A of the beam shown. EI – constant
8 kN
5 kN/m
A C
B
4m 4m

Solution:
a. Solve for the reactions at the supports:
8 kN
5 kN/m
A C
B
4m 4m
RA RC
∑ 𝑀𝐶 = 0 ] ↻ + :
𝑅𝐴 (8) − 5(4)6 − 8(4) = 0
𝑹𝑨 = 𝟏𝟗 𝒌𝑵 ↑
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ] ↑ +
𝑅𝑐 + 19 − 5(4) − 8 = 0
𝑹𝑪 = 𝟗 𝒌𝑵 ↑
b. Draw the superposition diagrams:
8 kN
5 kN/m
A B C
=

4m 4m

(a)
5 kN/m 8 kN
A B C A B C
+
1 1 2 2

4m 4m
4m 4m

(b) (c)
c. Solving for the slope at A and deflection at B:
𝜃𝐴 = 𝜃1 + 𝜃2
𝛿𝐵 = 𝛿1 + 𝛿2
Using Table 1:
Due to uniformly loading of 5 kN/m:
3𝑤𝐿3 3(5)83 5𝑤𝐿4 5(5)84
𝜃1 = 128𝐸𝐼 = 𝛿1 = 768𝐸𝐼 =
128𝐸𝐼 768𝐸𝐼
ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
(DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD AND METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION)
 60 400
𝜃1 = 𝐸𝐼 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2 ↻ 𝛿1 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3 ↓
3𝐸𝐼

Due to concentrated load of 8 kN:

𝑃𝐿2 (8)82 𝑃𝐿3 (8)83
𝜃2 = 16𝐸𝐼 = 𝛿2 = 48𝐸𝐼 =
16𝐸𝐼 48𝐸𝐼
32 256
𝜃2 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2 ↻ 𝛿2 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3 ↓
𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼

Substitute:
(+ ↻) 𝜃𝐴 = 𝜃1 + 𝜃2
60 32 𝟕𝟐
𝜃𝐴 = + = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟐 ↻
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝑬𝑰
(+ ↓) 𝛿𝐵 = 𝛿1 + 𝛿2
400 256 𝟔𝟓𝟔
𝛿𝐵 = + = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑 ↓
3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 𝟑𝑬𝑰

Problem:
Determine the displacement at the end C of the overhanging beam shown.

5 kN/m 10 kN

A B
C

4m 2m

Solution:
a. Draw the superposition diagrams:
Since beam with overhang is not included in the tables, separate the beam into simply
supported beam and a cantilevered portion.

5 kN/m 10 kN

A B
C
C =
4m 2m

(a)
5 kN/m xxxx
10 kN 10 kN
xxx 20 kN-m
1
A B C B C
1
1
C + A +
B 2
2 3
4m 2m
4m 2m 2m

(b) (c) (d)

𝛿𝐶 = 𝛿1 + 𝛿2 + 𝛿3
b. Considering figure (b):
𝑤𝐿3 (5)43 40
𝜃1 = 24𝐸𝐼 = = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2 ↺
24𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼
𝛿1 40 𝛿1
𝜃1 = ; =
2 3𝐸𝐼 2
80 3
𝛿1 = 3𝐸𝐼 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 ↑

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD AND METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION)
c. Considering figure (c):
𝑀0 𝐿 20(4) 80
𝜃2 = = = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2 ↻
3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼
𝛿2 80 𝛿12
𝜃2 = ; = 2
2 3𝐸𝐼
160 3
𝛿12 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 ↓
3𝐸𝐼
d
d. Considering figure (c):
𝑃𝐿3 (10)23
𝛿3 = 3𝐸𝐼 = 3𝐸𝐼
80
𝛿3 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3 ↓
3𝐸𝐼
Substitute:
(+ ↓) 𝛿𝐶 = 𝛿1 + 𝛿2 + 𝛿3
80 160 80
𝛿𝐶 = − 3𝐸𝐼 + 3𝐸𝐼 + 3𝐸𝐼
𝟏𝟔𝟎
𝜹𝑪 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑 ↓
𝟑𝑬𝑰

Problem:
Determine the slope and deflection at the free-end of the cantilever beam shown.
4 kN/m

B
C
A
6m 2m

Solution:
a. Draw the elastic curve:
4 kN/m

B
C
A B
B
C
B

6m 2m

Considering portion AB, Table 2 can be used to compute for 𝛿𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃𝐵 :

𝑤𝐿3 4(6)3 36
𝜃𝐵 = = = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2 ↻
24𝐸𝐼 24𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝑤𝐿4 4(6)4 172.8
𝛿𝐵 = = = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3 ↓
30𝐸𝐼 30𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

For the unloaded portion BC, the elastic curve becomes straight:
172.8 36
𝛿𝐶 = 𝛿𝐵 + 2𝜃𝐵 = + (2)
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝟐𝟒𝟒. 𝟖
𝜹𝑪 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑 ↓
𝑬𝑰
𝟑𝟔
𝜽𝑪 = 𝜽𝑩 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟐 ↻
𝑬𝑰
ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
(DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD AND METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION)
Problem:
Determine the slope and deflection at the free-end of the cantilever beam shown.
6 kN/m

B C
A
2m 3m

Solution:

a. Draw the elastic curve:

6 kN/m
B
C
A
C
C

2m 3m

b. Apply the principle of continuity for uniformly distributed loads:

6 kN/m 6 kN/m
B B
A
C A C =
C C
C C
6 kN/m
2m 3m 2m 3m

(a)

6 kN/m
3
B 2 2
A C + A
B
C
1
1
6 kN/m
2m 3m 2m 3m

(b) (c)

c. Equations: 𝜃𝐶 = 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 (1)

𝛿𝐶 = 𝛿1 + 𝛿3 (2)

In figure (b):
𝑤𝐿3 6(5)3 125
𝜃1 = = = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2 ↻
6𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝑤𝐿4 6(5)4 468.75
𝛿1 = = = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3 ↓
8𝐸𝐼 8𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
In figure (c):
𝑤𝐿3 6(2)3 8
𝜃2 = = = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2 ↺
6𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
(DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD AND METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION)
 𝑤𝐿4 6(2)4 12
𝛿2 = = = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3 ↑
8𝐸𝐼 8𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝛿3 = 𝛿2 + 3𝜃2
12 8 36
𝛿3 = + 3( ) = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3 ↑
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
Substitute the values in (1) and (2):

↻ +: 𝜃𝐶 = 𝜃1 + 𝜃2
125 8 𝟏𝟏𝟕
𝜃𝐶 = − = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟐 ↻
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝑬𝑰

↓ +: 𝛿𝐶 = 𝛿1 + 𝛿3
468.75 36 𝟒𝟑𝟐.𝟕𝟓
𝛿𝐶 = − = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑 ↓
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝑬𝑰

Exercises:

1. Compute the slope and deflection at points B and C. EI - constant

2. The W12x45 simply supported beam is made of A-36 steel and is subjected to the loading
shown. Determine the deflection at its center C .

3. Determine the slope at A and the deflection at point D of the overhang beam.
Given: w = 16 kN/m, a = 4 m. EI is constant.

4. Determine the maximum deflection of the cantilevered beam. The beam is made of material
having an E = 200 GPa and I = 65.0(106) mm4.

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD AND METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION)
5. Determine the value of 𝐸𝐼𝛿 at B and C.

6. Determine the mispan deflection of the beam shown if E = 10x109 N/m2 and I = 20x106 mm4.
2 kN
1 kN/m
A C
B
1m
4m

7. Determine the value of P for which the deflection under P will be zero. EI - constant
P
800 N/m
B C
A
1.5 m 3m

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD AND METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION)