End of chemistry Party [23 marks]

1. 24M.2.SL.TZ1.102

The Figure 3 shows the change in mass when 10.0 g of copper (II)
sulfate crystals are heated from 20 °C to 400 °C. Only water vapour is
lost during this process and no further water vapour is lost on heating to
higher temperatures.

Figure 3

(a)

Demonstrate that this data is consistent with the formula CuSO 4•5H2O.

[2]

Markscheme

ALTERNATIVE 1
 6.4 g 6.4 g
n(CuSO4)«= = −1 »
( 63.55+32.07+ ( 4 ×16.00 ) ) g m o l −1
159.62 g m o l
= 0.040 «mol» AND
( 10.0 −6.4 ) g 3.6 g
n(H2O) « = −1 = −1 » = 0.20 «mol» ✔
( 2× 1.01 )+ 16.00 g m o l 18.02 g m o l
0.20 m o l
n(CuSO4): n(H2O) «= − 1 » = 5.0 ✔
0.04 g m ol

ALTERNATIVE 2 % CuSO4 in CuSO4•5H2O

−1
63.55+32.07+ ( 4 ×16.00 ) g m o l 15962 g m o l −1
«=100 × = »
63.55+32.07+ ( 9 × 16.00 ) + ( 10 ×1.01 ) g mo l −1 249.72 g m o l −1
63.92
= 63.92 ✔ mass of CuSO4 «= 10.0 g × » = 6.392 g ✔
100

ALTERNATIVE 3
mass of H2O in CuSO4•5H2O
( 5 ×16.00 )+ ( 10× 1.01 ) g m o l −1 900.1 g
«=10 g × = »
( 63.55+32.07+ ( 9× 16.00 ) + ( 10 ×1.01 ) ) g mo l −1
249.72
= 3.6 g ✔

mass of CuSO4 in CuSO4•5H2O «= 10.0 g − 3.6 g» = 6.4 g

OR
comparison with graph shows mass lost is 3.6 g ✔

Accept other valid methods.

(b)

The uncertainty in the mass readings is ± 0.05 g.

[[N/A]]

(b.i)

Calculate the percentage uncertainty in mass loss.

[2]

Markscheme
 uncertainty in mass loss «= 0.05 + 0.05» = «±»0.1 g ✔ percentage
0.1 g
uncertainty in mass loss «= × 100» = «±»2.78 / 3 % ✔
( 10.0− 6.4 )

Award [2] for correct final answer.

Accept 2.77.

(b.ii)

From your answer in (b)(i), calculate the absolute uncertainty of the

ratio of CuSO4:H2O in CuSO4•5H2O (the uncertainty in the 5), to two
significant figures.

[1]

Markscheme

2.78
absolute uncertainty in water of crystallization «= 5 × » = «±» 0.14 ✔
100

Accept «±»0.15 if percentage uncertainty taken as 3%.

Do not award marks for answers with more or less significant figures.

(c)

Deduce what the graph shows about the water in hydrated copper (II)
sulfate.

[2]

Markscheme

water molecules in different «chemical» environments

OR
water molecules have different type of bonding ✔

present in a 4:1 / 1:4 ratio ✔

 Do not accept different kinds of water molecules.

Accept answers that clearly communicate the ratio.

2. 23N.2.HL.TZ2.2

Methanoic acid can be produced by the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide

according to the equilibrium

CO2 (g) + H2 (g)⇌ HCOOH (g)

[N/A]

[[N/A]]

(a)

Explain why this process has been extensively investigated in recent

years.

[2]

Markscheme

it removes CO2 «from the atmosphere» ✓ CO2 is a «major» contributor to

climate change / global warming
OR
CO2 is a greenhouse gas ✓ Accept reduces CO2 emissions for M1. Award
[1] for reactants are cheap/readily available. Award [1] for atom economy is
100%. Award [1] for methanoic acid can be used to manufacture other
useful products. Award [1] for reference to depletion of fossil fuels as a
source of organic chemicals.

(b)

State the equilibrium constant expression for this reaction.

[1]

Markscheme

[H C O O H ]
« K 𝑐¿» ✓
[ C O 2 ][ H 2 ]
(c)

Bond enthalpies are a useful way of finding approximate enthalpy

changes for reactions.

[[N/A]]

(c.i)

Determine the enthalpy change, ΔH⦵, of this reaction, using section 12

of the data booklet.

[3]

Markscheme

ALTERNATIVE 1 «bond breaking» C=O + H-H / 804 + 436 / 1240 «kJ»✓

«bond forming» C-H + C-O + O-H / 414 + 358 + 463 / 1235 «kJ» ✓ ΔH⦵ «
= 1240 − 1235» = «+»5 «kJ mol−1» ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2 «bond breaking»
2C=O + H-H / 2(804) + 436 / 2044 «kJ» ✓ «bond forming» C=O + C-H + C-
O + O-H / 804 + 414 + 358 + 463 / 2039 «kJ» ✓ ΔH⦵ « = 2044 − 2039» =
«+» 5 «kJ mol−1» ✓ Award [3] for correct final answer.

(c.ii)

Assuming a 0.1% uncertainty for each bond enthalpy, determine the

resultant percentage uncertainty of the calculated enthalpy change
of the reaction.

[2]

Markscheme

ALTERNATIVE 1 sum of absolute uncertainties « = 0.804 + 0.436 + 0.414

+ 0.358 + 0.463 = »
2.475
2.475 «kJ mol−1» ✓ percentage uncertainty « = 100 × = 49.5% = »
5
50 «%» ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2 sum of absolute uncertainties « = 3(0.804) +
0.436 + 0.414 + 0.358 + 0.463 = »
4.083
4.083 «kJ mol−1» ✓ percentage uncertainty « = 100 × = 81.7%» = 80
5
«%» ✓ Award [2] for correct final answer.
(c.iii)

Bond enthalpies are usually only approximate values. Identify which of

the bond enthalpies you have just used is actually an exact value,
and give a reason for your choice.

[1]

Markscheme

H-H AND it can only occur in the H2 molecule ✓ Accept H-H AND does
not require averaging.

(d)

Suggest why temperature has a very small effect on the value of the
equilibrium constant.

[1]

Markscheme

enthalpy change is very small ✓

(e)

Calculate the standard entropy change, ΔS, of the reaction. Use data
from section 13 of the data booklet and the given values:

[1]

Markscheme

ΔS⦵« = ∑S⦵( p r o d u c t s ) − ∑S⦵( r e a c t a n t s ) ¿ 251.0 J mol−1 K−1 − 130.7 J

mol−1 K−1 − 213.8 J mol−1 K−1» = −93.5 «J mol−1 K−1» ✓

(f)
The conversion of carbon dioxide to methanoic acid is usually carried
out over an iridium-based catalyst.

[[N/A]]

(f.i)

Sketch, on the axes provided, energy profiles of the reaction both with
and without a catalyst, indicating Δ H and the activation energies.

[3]

Markscheme
 two curves, each passing through a maximum AND same finishing point ✓
endothermic enthalpy change labelled ✓ both activation energies correctly
labelled ✓ Do not penalize curve showing multiple steps for the catalysis
in M1. Accept double-headed arrows or lines in M2 and M3. Accept Ecat for
catalysed Ea in M3. Award [1 max] for one curve drawn and correctly
labelled.

(f.ii)

State one change, other than carrying out the reaction over a catalyst
at high temperature, that would increase the reaction rate.

[1]

Markscheme

increase pressure ✓ Accept increase «reactant» concentration but not

increase amount of reactant.

(g)

Determine the oxidation state of carbon in methanoic acid.

[1]

Markscheme

+ 2 ✓ Do not accept 2 or 2 +.
© International Baccalaureate Organization, 2024