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Maths Short notes

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Maths Short notes

Uploaded by

hassansufiyan619
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mathematics

Grade 10 & 11

Short notes and theorem’s

H.D.Fasmin B.Sc (Hons)


Theorem’s
1 When two straight lines intersect vertically opposite angles so formed are equal.

2 The sum of two adjacent angles on a straight line is 180°. They are known as a pair of
supplementary adjacent angles.

3 The sum of the angles formed by meeting a few lines at a point is 360°.

If a transversal intersects two parallel straight lines,


(i) the corresponding angles formed are equal.
(ii) the alternate angles formed are equal.
(iii) the sum of two allied angles formed is equal to 180°

H.D.Fasmin B.Sc (Hons) Page 2


5 ( Theorem This is the converse of the previous theorem )
If a transversal intersects two straight lines so as to make,
(i) a pair of corresponding angles equal or
(ii) a pair of alternate angles equal or
(iii) the sum of two allied angles equal to 180°
the two straight lines are parallel.
6 If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to two sides and the
included angle of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.(SAS)

7 If two angles and a side of one triangle are equal to two angles and the corresponding
side of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent. (AAS)

8 If the three sides of a triangle are equal to the three sides of another triangle, then the two
triangles are congruent. (AAA)

9 If the lengths of the hypotenuse and a side of a right-angled triangle are equal to the
lengths of the hypotenuse and a side of another right-angled triangle, then the two triangles
are congruent. (RHS)

H.D.Fasmin B.Sc (Hons) Page 3


10 The exterior angle formed when a side of a triangle is produced
is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite angles.

11 The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°

12  Pairs of angles of which the sum is 90° are called complementary angles.
 Pairs of angles of which the sum is 180° are called supplementary angles.
13  The sum of the interior angles of a polygon with n sides is = (n - 2) x 180°
 The sum of exterior angles of any polygon is 360°
14  The magnitude of an exterior angle of any regular polygon = 360°
 The number of sides in the polygon
15 If two sides are equal in a triangle, the angles opposite the equal sides are equal.

if AB = BC

then B𝐴C = B𝐶 A

16 Theorem (Converse of the theorem on isosceles triangles):


The sides opposite equal angles of a triangle are equal.

if B𝐴C = B𝐶 A

then AB = BC

H.D.Fasmin B.Sc (Hons) Page 4


17 In a parallelogram,
(i) opposite sides are equal.
(ii) opposite angles are equal.
(iii) the area of the parallelogram is
bisected by each diagonal.
18 In a parallelogram, the diagonals bisect each other.

19 If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal, then it is a parallelogram.

20 If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are equal, then it is a parallelogram.

21 If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then it is a


parallelogram. In a quadrilateral, if a pair of opposite sides is equal and parallel,
then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

H.D.Fasmin B.Sc (Hons) Page 5


22 In a quadrilateral, if a pair of opposite sides is equal and parallel, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.

23 The straight line segment through the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the
third side and equal in length to half of it.

24 The straight line through the midpoint of one side of a triangle and parallel to another side,
bisects the third side.

25 Parallelograms on the same base and between the same pair of parallel lines are equal in
area.

H.D.Fasmin B.Sc (Hons) Page 6


26 If a triangle and a parallelogram lie on the same base and between the same pair of parallel
lines, then the area of the triangle is exactly half the area of the parallelogram.

27 Triangles on the same base and between the same pair of parallel lines are equal in area.

28 In a right angled triangle, the area of the square drawn


on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares drawn on the
remaining sides of the triangle, which include the right angle.

29 A line drawn parallel to a side of a triangle divides the other two sides
proportionally.

H.D.Fasmin B.Sc (Hons) Page 7


30 If a line divides two sides of a triangle proportionally, then that line is
parallel to the other side.

31 If two triangles are equiangular then the corresponding sides are


proportional.

32 If the three sides of a triangle are proportional to the three sides


of another triangle, then the two triangles are equiangular.

33 The straight line joining the centre of the circle to the midpoint of a chord is
perpendicular to the chord.

34 The perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects


the chord.

H.D.Fasmin B.Sc (Hons) Page 8


35 The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is twice the angle subtended
by the same arc on the remaining part of the circle.

36 An angle in a semicircle is a right angle.

37 The angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.

38 The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.

39 If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary, then


the vertices of the quadrilateral are on the circle.
40 If one side of a cyclic quadrilateral is produced, the exterior angle
so formed is equal to the interior opposite angle of the quadrilateral.

H.D.Fasmin B.Sc (Hons) Page 9


41 The straight line drawn through a point on a circle and perpendicular to
the radius through the point of contact, is a tangent to the circle.

42 The tangent through a point on a circle is perpendicular


to the radius drawn to the point of contact.

43 If two tangents are drawn to a circle from an external point, then,


i. the two tangents are equal in length.
ii. the angle between the tangents is bisected by the straight line joining the external
point to the centre.
iii. the tangents subtend equal angles at the centre.

44 The angles which a tangent to a circle makes with a chord drawn from
the point of contact are respectively equal to the angles in the alternate segments
of the circle.

45 Rectangle
i. All the vertex angles are right angles.
ii. The diagonals are equal in length.

H.D.Fasmin B.Sc (Hons) Page 10


46 Square
i. All the sides are equal in length.
ii. The diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
iii. The angles at the vertices are bisected by the diagonals.
47 Rhombus
i. All the sides are equal to each other.
ii. The diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
iii. The angles at the vertices are bisected by the diagonals.

Perimeter and Area

Name Shape Perimeter Area

Square 4a a²

Rectangle 2(a+b) ab

;
Triangle a +b +c
½x a x h

Circle 2πr πr²

Parallelogram 2(a+b) bxh

Rhombus a +b +c + d ½ x (a+b) x h

H.D.Fasmin B.Sc (Hons) Page 11


Area and perimeter of sector of a circle

fraction of the
Sector of circle Arc length Perimeter Area
circumference

x 2 x 2 + 2r x

x 2 x 2 + 2r x

x 2 x 2 + 2r x

x 2 x 2 + 2r x

x 2 x 2 + 2r x

Binomial Expression
Square of binomial Expression
(a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b² (a - b)² = a² - 2ab + b²
(-a + b)² = a² - 2ab + b² (-a - b)² = a² + 2ab + b²

Cube of binomial Expression


(a + b)³ = a³ + 3a²b + 3ab² + b³ (a - b)³ = a³ - 3a²b + 3ab² - b³

(-a + b)³ = -a³ + 3a²b - 3ab² + b³ (-a - b)³ = -a³ - 3a²b - 3ab² - b³

H.D.Fasmin B.Sc (Hons) Page 12


Indices and logarithms
Law’s of indices Law’s of logarithms

x = + =

= - = ⁄

( ) = =r

= ,( ) =( ) =

=1 =1
= then =0
= then a = b = x =y

√ = =n =m

Arithmetic Progression

Tn = a + (n – 1) d Sn = ( ) Sn = * ( ) +

a – 1st Term a – 1st Term a – 1st Term


n – number of term n – number of term n – number of term
d – common difference l – last term d – common difference

Geometic Progression
Tn = ( )
Sn = ( )
st
a – 1 Term
a – 1st Term
n – number of term
n – number of term
r – common ratio
r – common ratio

Data Represent

 Mid point of 10 – 20 class

 Mean = Classes Midpoint ( ) frequencey (ƒ) ƒ


 (Deviation Method) Mean =
Classes Midpoint ( ) Deviation (d) frequency (ƒ) ƒ

H.D.Fasmin B.Sc (Hons) Page 13


1. Regions in a Venn diagram
joint Set Disjoint set Subset

A B= A B B A

01 02 03

A B A B A

04 05 06

A B A B (A B)

07 08 09

(A B)
A B A

10 11 12

B A B (A B)

if A, B are joint sets if A, B are disjoint sets

n(A B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A B) n(A B) = n(A) + n(B)

n(A B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A B)

H.D.Fasmin B.Sc (Hons) Page 14


H.D.Fasmin B.Sc (Hons) Page 15
1.1 Types of Numbers
 Natural numbers / counting numbers (n) :- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8…
 Whole numbers (N) :- 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7…
 Integers (Z) :- -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4
 Positive Integers ( ) :- +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6…
 Negative Integers (Z‾) :- -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7…
 Odd Numbers :- 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, …
 Even Numbers :- 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 , …
 Perfect Square / Square Numbers :- 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, …
 Triangular Numbers :- 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, …
 Prime Numbers :- 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, …

Solid bodies
Solid bodies Surface Area Volume

2(ab+ac+bc) V = abc

V= xbxhxH

a² + 2aℓ V = a² h

πr² + πrℓ V = ππ r² h

4πr² ππr³

3πr² πr³

2πr²+2πrh V = πr²h

H.D.Fasmin B.Sc (Hons) Page 16


Constructions
Constrcut 60º Constrcut 30º

Constrcut 120º Constrcut 90º

Constrcut 45 º Drawing Perpendicular

Construction of circles related to triangles


1. Construction of the circumcircle (circumscribed circle) of a triangle

Acute angled triangle Right angled triangle Obtuse angled triangle

H.D.Fasmin B.Sc (Hons) Page 17


2. Construction of the incircle (inscribed circle) of a triangle

3. Construction of the excircle (escribed circle) of a triangle

Straight line
Gradient of the straight line through the
( ),( ) points

m= or m=

Solving quadratic equations by using the quadratic formula

H.D.Fasmin B.Sc (Hons) Page 18


Histogram and frequency polygon

Cumulative Frequency Curve

Medium = th place

1st Quartile th place

3rd Quartile th place

Inter Quartile Range

H.D.Fasmin B.Sc (Hons) Page 19


Trignometry

Sin = Cos = Tan =

30° 45° 60°


Sin


Cos

Tan 1 √

 Speed = Rate of change of volume =

 Gradient of the distance-time graph = Speed of the object in motion.

 Change of volume = Rate of change of volume × Time

H.D.Fasmin B.Sc (Hons) Page 20

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