Score Frequency(

[a,b[ ni) Mid-Value Histogram

(Xi) ni*Xi
[11,15[ 2 13 26 25

[15,19[ 4 17 68 20
20
[19,24[ 7 21 147 15
[24,29[ 12 25 300 10 12
10 10
[29,34[ 20 29 580
5 7
[34,39[ 10 33 330 4 4
0 2
[39,44[ 10 37 370 [11,15[ [15,19[ [19,24[ [24,29[ [29,34[ [34,39[ [39,44[ [44,49[
[44,49[ 4 41 164
Total 69 1985

Mean= 28.768115942029

Class [a,b[ frequency (fi) Mid-value (Xi) fi*Xi

[10,14[ 10 12 120 frequency (fi)
[14,18[ 18 16 288 30
[18,22[ 25 20 500
[22,26[ 12 24 288 25
[26,30[ 6 28 168 20
Total 71 1364
N 15
Mean= 19.21 10

0
[10,14[ [14,18[ [18,22[ [22,26[ [26,30[
 Precipitations(inches)Frequency Xi fi*Xi Di=Xi-Mean fi*(Di^2) fi*(Di^3) fi*(Di^4)
[0,0.5[ 54 0.25 13.5 -1.0303867 57.33163 -59.0738 60.86880911
[0.5,1.0[ 43 0.75 32.25 -0.5303867 12.09633 -6.41574 3.402820874
[1.0,1.5[ 25 1.25 31.25 -0.0303867 0.023084 -0.0007 2.131456E-05
[1.5,2.0[ 18 1.75 31.5 0.46961326 3.969659 1.864205 0.875455163
[2.0,2.5[ 15 2.25 33.75 0.96961326 14.10225 13.67373 13.25822676
[2.5,3.0[ 12 2.75 33 1.46961326 25.91716 38.0882 55.97492149
[3.0,3.5[ 0 3.25 0 1.96961326 0 0 0
[3.5,4.0[ 8 3.75 30 2.46961326 48.79192 120.4972 297.5813982
[4.0,4.5[ 4 4.25 17 2.96961326 35.27441 104.7514 311.0710293
[4.5,5.0[ 2 4.75 9.5 3.46961326 24.07643 83.53591 289.8372972
SUM 181 231.75 221.5829 296.9204 1032.869979

Mean= 1.280387
Variance= 1.231016
Moment of order 3= 1.649558
Moment of order 4= 5.738167
Beta1= 1.458626
Beta2= 3.786568

Frequency
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
[0,0.5[ [0.5,1.0[ [1.0,1.5[ [1.5,2.0[ [2.0,2.5[ [2.5,3.0[ [3.0,3.5[ [3.5,4.0[ [4.0,4.5[ [4.5,5.0[
 Cumulative
Score (X) frequency (f) X*f
frequency (F)
10 2 20 2
11 4 44 6
12 9 108 15
13 16 208 31 Me
14 14 196 45
15 5 75 50 n=53
16 2 32 52 n/2=26.5
17 1 17 53
Total 53 700

Mean= 13.20755
Median= 13
sample
Frequency
Class [a,b[ (ni)
Xi=(a+b)/2 Xi*ni

0-under 10 5 5 25
10-under 20 10 15 150
20-under 30 43 25 1075
30-under 40 30 35 1050
40-under 50 15 45 675
50-under 60 10 55 550
60-under 70 8 65 520
Total 121 4045
mean= 33.429752

Find the variance and standard deviation

Variance (s^2)= 210.0138

Standard deviatio 14.49185

coefficient of 43.4%

Example 2

class frequency xi fi*Xi

 [15,20[ 9 17.5 157.5
[20,25[ 16 22.5 360
[25,30[ 27 27.5 742.5
[30,35[ 44 32.5 1430
[35,40[ 42 37.5 1575
[40,45[ 23 42.5 977.5
[45,50[ 7 47.5 332.5
[50,55[ 2 52.5 105
SUM 170 5680

Average= 33.41
Variance= 58.4832927Moment of order 2
Standard dev= 7.647437
CV= 22.89%
Di=Xi-Mean Di^2=(Xi-Meanni*(Xi-Mean)^2

-28.42975207 808.250802541 4041.2540127041

-18.42975207 339.655761218 3396.557612185
-8.429752066 71.0607198962 3055.6109555358
1.5702479339 2.46567857387 73.970357216037
11.570247934 133.870637252 2008.0595587733
21.570247934 465.275595929 4652.7559592924
31.570247934 996.680554607 7973.4444368554
25201.652892562

Di Di^2 fi*Di^2 fi*(Di^3)

-15.91 253.18426 2278.658304498 -36257.474786
-10.91 119.06661 1905.065743945 -20787.629147
-5.91 34.94896 943.6219723183 -5578.4710716
-0.91 0.83131 36.57785467128 -33.350396906
4.09 16.71367 701.9740484429 2869.8350804
9.09 82.59602 1899.708477509 17264.9976338
14.09 198.47837 1389.348615917 19573.4702066
19.09 364.36073 728.7214532872 13910.0065642
9883.676470588 -9038.615917

Moment of order 3= -53.4829344

Moment of order 4= 9151.912401

Beta 1= 0.014299966
Beta2= 2.67576656
fi*(Di^4)
576920.4076288
226829.718047
32978.60839415
30.40771482621
11732.56106398
156908.3608486
275755.6537929
265517.4782405
1546673.195731
 KURTOSIS

Frequency
Classes[a,b[ ni Xi ni*Xi Xi-Mean ni*(Xi-Mean)^2 ni*(Xi-Mean)^3 ni*(Xi-Mean)^4

0-under 20 20 10 200 -62.6530612 78508.1216159933 -4918774.1502265 308176257.98358

20-under 40 45 30 1350 -42.6530612 81867.7634319033 -3491910.725973 148940681.98538
40-under 60 80 50 4000 -22.6530612 41052.8946272386 -929973.73543336 21066751.9659395
60-under 80 145 70 10150 -2.65306122 1020.61640982923 -2707.7578219959 7183.8472828463
80-under100 120 90 10800 17.34693878 36109.954185756 626397.164446787 10866073.2608116
100-under 120 65 110 7150 37.34693878 90661.599333611 3385933.19960221 126454239.903511
120-under 140 15 130 1950 57.34693878 49330.0708038318 2828928.55017892 162230392.367404
Total 490 35600 378551.020408163 -2502107.455227 777741581.313908

Mean= 72.65306

Variance 774.13297 Coefficients of Pearson

Beta 1 0.05643486745655 Sk
Moment of order 3 -5116.784
Beta 2 2.6539658820948 Kurtosis
Moment of order 4 1590474

EXAMPLE 2024
Classes FrequencyMid
( value (Xfi*Xi Di=Xi-Mean fi*(Di^2) fi*(Di^3) fi*(Di^4)
0-under 10 6 5 30 -23.7142857142857 3374.20408163265 -80016.839650146 1897542.19741774
10-under 20 12 15 180 -13.7142857142857 2256.97959183674 -30952.862973761 424496.406497293
20-under 30 18 25 450 -3.71428571428572 248.326530612245 -922.3556851312 3425.89254477302
30-under 40 22 35 770 6.28571428571429 869.224489795918 5463.69679300291 34343.2369845897
40-under 50 8 45 360 16.2857142857143 2121.79591836735 34554.9620991254 562752.239900042
50-under 60 4 55 220 26.2857142857143 2763.75510204082 72647.27696793 1909585.56601416
Sum 70 2010 11634.2857142857 773.877551020385 4832145.5393586
Mean 28.71428571
Moment of order 2 193.904761904762 variance
Moment of order 3 11.2156166814542
Moment of order 4 70031.0947733131
Beta 1 1.725365E-05
Beta 2 1.862575845 <3
A relatively platikurtic distribution
 COMPARING MEANS T-TEST
Classes Frequency ni mid-value Xi ni*Xi Di=Xi-Mean ni*Di^2 ni*Di^3 ni*Di^4
[0,10[ 8 5 40 -35.41176471 10031.9446367 -355248.863016 12579989.1492
[10,20[ 15 15 225 -25.41176471 9686.36678201 -246147.673519 6255046.76237
[20,30[ 20 25 500 -15.41176471 4750.44982699 -73212.8149807 1128338.67794
[30,40[ 45 35 1575 -5.411764706 1317.92387543 -7132.29391411 38598.2964763
[40,50[ 34 45 1530 4.5882352941 715.764705882 3284.096885813 15068.2092408
[50,60[ 22 55 1210 14.588235294 4681.96539792 68301.61286383 996399.999425
[60,70[ 16 65 1040 24.588235294 9673.30103806 237849.4019947 5848297.06081
[70,80[ 10 75 750 34.588235294 11963.4602076 413794.9765927 14312438.0139
Total 170 6870 52821.1764706 41488.44290657 41174176.1693

Mean= 40.411764706

Moment of order 2 312.551340063 Beta 1 0.00197386191

Moment of order 3 245.493745009
Moment of order 4 243634.178517 Beta 2 2.493994452977

Beta 1=0.0019 and Beta 2 =2.49 imply a distribution tending to normal

For a normal distribution, Beta 1=0 and Beta 2=3

EXAMPLE 2

A B
12 13
13 14
15 16
10 14
11 15
14 17
 14
15

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 12.5 14.75
Variance 3.5 1.64285714286
Observations 6 8
Pooled Variance 2.4166666667
Hypothesized Mean D 0
df 12
test Statistic -2.6799750017
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.0100189308 *
t Critical one-tail 1.7822875556
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.0200378617 *
t Critical two-tail 2.1788128297

Conclusion: Considering both types of test (one-tailed and two tailed) the difference
is significant since P-value is less than the level of significance 0.05

Example 3 Sample 1 Sample 2

12 14
13 15
14 13
15 18
10 19
11 12
 14
15

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 12.5 15
Variance 3.5 5.71428571429
Observations 6 8
Pooled Variance 4.7916666667
Hypothesized Mean D 0
df 12
t Stat -2.1147221306 For One tailed test the difference is significant
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.0280294461
t Critical one-tail 1.7822875556 For Two tailed test, the difference is not significant
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.0560588922
t Critical two-tail 2.1788128297
 ANOVA -1

G1 G2 G3 G4 G5
12 10 14 12 16 Excel calculations
13 11 12 14 15 Anova: Single Factor
10 9 14 16 13
11 12 15 15 16 SUMMARY
15 13 14 18 14 Groups Count Sum Average Variance
17 14 10 16 Column 1 6 78 13 6.8
13 16 17 Column 2 7 82 11.7142857142857 3.23809523809524
19 Total Column 3 7 95 13.5714285714286 3.95238095238096

size 6 7 7 5 8 33 N Column 4 5 75 15 5
sum 78 82 95 75 126 456 X.. Column 5 8 126 15.75 3.35714285714286
sumsq 1048 980 1313 1145 2008 6494 T
Ei 34 19.4285714285714 23.7142857142858 20 23.5 120.642857142857 SSwithin
ANOVA
Sstotal= 192.909090909091 Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Ssbetween= 72.2662337662338 Between Groups 72.266233766 4 18.0665584415585 4.1930674417353 0.00874154398607155 2.714075804
Within Groups 120.64285714 28 4.30867346938776
ANOVA TABLE alpha=0.05 alpha=0.01
SV DF SS MS F F0.05 (4,28) F0.01(4,28) Total 192.90909091 32
between groups 4 72.2662337662338 18.0665584415584 4.19306744173529 2.71 4.07
Within groups 28 120.642857142857 4.30867346938776
Total 32 192.909090909091
Conclusion. Since (Fobs =4.193) >( Fcrit= 2.71), H0 is rejected and conclude that the difference between the groups is significant

EXAMPLE 2

HL ML LL
7 8 5
7 9 6
8 8 5
7 10 7
9 9 4
10 8
8 Total
size 5 7 6 18 n
SUM 38 62 35 135 X..
SUMSQ 292 554 215 1061 T
Ssi (Ei) 3.19999999999999 4.85714285714289 10.8333333333333 18.8904761904762 Sswithin

SStotal= 48.5
SSwithin= 18.8904761904762
Ssbetween= 29.6095238095238

ANOVA TABLE
Source of Variation DF SS MS F F0.05
Between 2 29.6095238095238 14.8047619047619 11.7557348122006 3.6823 **

Within(Error) 15 18.8904761904762 1.25936507936508

Total 17 48.5

Conclusion: Since Fobs=11.75573 . F0.05= 3.6823, The difference is significant, So the hypotesis of equality of means is rejected

Excel computations
Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Column 1 5 38 7.6 0.799999999999997
Column 2 7 62 8.85714285714286 0.809523809523809
Column 3 6 35 5.83333333333333 2.16666666666667

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 29.6095238095238 2 14.8047619047619 11.7557348122007 0.00084870889432867 3.6823203437
Within Groups 18.8904761904762 15 1.25936507936508

Total 48.5 17

EXAMPLE 3
 A B C D
12 13 11 10
14 14 13 11
15 16 12 14
16 18 10 16
12 12 13 18
11 14 14 17
10 15 19
15 Total
size 8 7 6 7 28 n
SUM 105 102 73 105 385 X..
SUMSQ 1411 1510 899 1647 5467 T
Ssi (Ei) 32.875 23.7142857142858 10.8333333333334 72 139.422619047619 SSE (Sswithin)

Sstotal= 173.25
Ssbetween= 33.8273809523809

ANOVA TABLE
SV SS DF MS F F0.05
Between 33.8273809523809 3 11.2757936507936 1.94099816419758 3.0088

Within (Error) 139.422619047619 24 5.8092757936508

Total 173.25 27

Conclusion: Since (Fobs=1.941) < (F0.05 (3;24)=3.0088), the difference is not significant . So the hypothesis of equality of means is not rejected.
Anova: Single Factor (Excel Use)

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Column 1 8 105 13.125 4.69642857142857
Column 2 7 102 14.5714285714286 3.95238095238096
Column 3 6 73 12.1666666666667 2.16666666666667
Column 4 7 105 15 12

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 33.827380952381 3 11.2757936507937 1.94099816419758 0.1499241822 3.008787
Within Groups 139.422619047619 24 5.80927579365079

Total 173.25 27

I II III IV
12 11 10 19
13 10 16 17
14 14 18 16
15 16 15 15
17 19 15
18

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Column 1 4 54 13.5 1.66666666666667
Column 2 5 68 13.6 9.30000000000001
Column 3 5 78 15.6 12.3
Column 4 6 100 16.6666666666667 2.66666666666667

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 37.2666666666667 3 12.4222222222222 1.89772968385317 ** 3.238872
Within Groups 104.733333333333 16 6.54583333333333

Total 142 19
 ANOVA 2 WTR

TREATMENTS (B)
T1 T2 T3 T4 size average
B1 23 26 24 24 4 24.25
BLOCKS B2 31 35 32 33 4 32.75
factor A B3 27 29 26 27 4 27.25
B4 21 28 27 22 4 24.5
B5 18 25 27 20 4 22.5
size 5 5 5 5 20
sum 120 143 136 126 525 X..
SUMSQ 2984 4151 3734 3278 14147 T
average 24 28.6 27.2 25.2

SStotal 365.75 SSA 257.5

SSB 62.9500000000007
SSr 45.2999999999993
Excel OUTPUT
ANOVA TABLE Anova: Two-Factor Without Replication
SV DF SS MS F Fcr (5%)
factor A 4 257.5 64.375 17.0529801324506 3.26 SUMMARY Count Sum Average Variance
factor B 3 62.95 20.9833333 5.55849889624739 3.49 Row 1 4 97 24.25 1.58333333333333
Interaction 12 45.3 3.775 Row 2 4 131 32.75 2.91666666666667
Total 19 365.75 Row 3 4 109 27.25 1.58333333333333
Excel software package Row 4 4 98 24.5 12.3333333333333
ANOVA 4 90 22.5 17.6666666666667
SV SS df MS F P-value F crit
Rows 257.5 4 64.375 17.0529801324503 6.841528E-05 3.2591667 5 120 24 26
Columns 62.95 3 20.9833333 5.55849889624724 0.0126029288 3.4902948 5 143 28.6 15.3
Error 45.3 12 3.775 5 136 27.2 8.7
5 126 25.2 25.7
Total 365.75 19

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Rows 257.5 4 64.375 17.0529801325 0.000068 3.2591667
Columns 62.95 3 20.98333333333 5.5584988962 0.012603 3.4902948
Error 45.3 12 3.775

Total 365.75 19

EXAMPLE 2

D R I SUM Average
UP 11 5 8 24 8 n=15 k=5 l=3
UMID 15 9 8 32 10.6666666666667
MID 19 14 15 48 16
LOWMID 16 12 10 38 12.6666666666667
LOW 9 8 7 24 8
SUM 70 48 48 166 X..
Average 14 9.6 9.6 11.0666666666667 Global average
SUMSQ 1044 510 502 2056 T
 SStotal= 218.933333
SSA (Rows)= 137.6
SSB(columns)= 64.5333333
SSE= 16.8

ANOVA TABLE
SV DF SS MS F Fcr Anova: Two-Factor Without Replication
Rows (SEC) 4 137.6 34.4 16.3809523809523 7.0061 **
SUMMARY Count Sum Average Variance
Columns (PA) 2 64.53333333 32.2666667 15.3650793650793 8.6491 ** Row 1 3 24 8 9
Row 2 3 32 10.66666666667 14.3333333333333
Error 8 16.8 2.1 Row 3 3 48 16 7
Row 4 3 38 12.66666666667 9.33333333333334
Total 14 218.9333333 Row 5 3 24 8 1

Conclusion: Both factors are significants. Column 1 5 70 14 16

Column 2 5 48 9.6 12.3
Column 3 5 48 9.6 10.3

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Rows 137.6 4 34.4 16.3809523809524 0.0006398329 7.0060766
Columns 64.5333333333 2 32.26666666667 15.3650793650794 0.0018203833 8.6491106
Error 16.8 8 2.1

Total 218.933333333 14

ANOVA II WITH REPLICATIONS

T11 T12 T13

23 21 20
T21 25 21 22
27 24 26
T21 28 27 27

Anova: Two-Factor With Replication

SUMMARY T11 T12 T13 Total

Count 2 2 2 6
Sum 48 42 42 132
Average 24 21 21 22
Variance 2 0 2 3.2

Count 2 2 2 6
Sum 55 51 53 159
Average 27.5 25.5 26.5 26.5
Variance 0.5 4.5 0.5 1.9

Total
 Count 4 4 4
Sum 103 93 95
Average 25.75 23.25 23.75
Variance 4.91666666666667 8.25 10.91666667

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
T2 60.75 1 60.75 38.3684211 0.00081553007674 5.9873776073 *
T1 14 2 7 4.42105263 0.066064359534978 5.1432528498
Interaction 2 2 1 0.63157895 0.563737979781376 5.1432528498
Error 9.5 6 1.583333333

Total 86.25 11
Conclusion: Only T2 is significant.
Sample 3
FACTOR B
1.28 1.29 1.29
1.4 1.36 1.35
FACTOR A 1.15 1.13 1.19
1.22 1.18 1.24
1.28 1.32 1.32

Anova: Two-Factor Without Replication

SUMMARY Count Sum Average Variance

Row 1 3 3.86 1.286666667 3.33333E-05
Row 2 3 4.11 1.37 0.0007
Row 3 3 3.47 1.156666667 0.00093333
Row 4 3 3.64 1.213333333 0.00093333
Row 5 3 3.92 1.306666667 0.00053333

Column 1 5 6.33 1.266 0.00848

Column 2 5 6.28 1.256 0.00943
Column 3 5 6.39 1.278 0.00407

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Rows 0.08286666666667 4 0.020716667 32.7968338 5.20580634363E-05 3.8378533546
Columns 0.00121333333333 2 0.000606667 0.96042216 0.422829625153786 4.4589701075
Error 0.00505333333333 8 0.000631667

Total 0.08913333333333 14
 B1 B2 B3 B4 SUM Average
T1 10 15 16 11 52 13.00
T2 14 14 17 14 59 14.75
T3 15 16 18 15 64 16.00
T4 11 15 20 16 62 15.50
T5 13 17 14 15 59 14.75
SUM 63 77 85 71 296
Average 12.6 15.4 17 14.2 14.80
SUMSQ 811 1191 1465 1023 4490

Sstotal= 109.2 ANOVA TABLE

SS treatment= 20.7 SV DF SS MS F F0.05
Ssblocks= 52 Treatment 4 20.7 5.175 1.70136986301 3.2592
SSE= 36.5 Block 3 52 17.3333333333 5.69863013699 3.4903
Error 12 36.5 3.04166666667
Total 19 109.2

Treatment is not significant

There is a significant difference between blocs

Anova: Two-Factor Without Replication

SUMMARY Count Sum Average Variance

Row 1 4 52 13 8.66666666667
Row 2 4 59 14.75 2.25
Row 3 4 64 16 2
Row 4 4 62 15.5 13.6666666667
Row 5 4 59 14.75 2.91666666667

Column 1 5 63 12.6 4.3

Column 2 5 77 15.4 1.3
Column 3 5 85 17 5
Column 4 5 71 14.2 3.7

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Rows 20.7 4 5.175 1.70136986301 0.214103 3.2591667269
Columns 52 3 17.3333333333 5.69863013699 0.011596 3.4902948195
Error 36.5 12 3.04166666667

Total 109.2 19
 B1 B2 B3 B4
12 10 13 14
A1 13 9 16 19
14 13 14 18
14 11 15 18
15 12 16 15
A2 13 13 14 16
16 10 14 17
14 14 16 18
14 15 13 11
15 15 12 14
A3 16 13 11 15
17 16 17 17

Anova: Two-Factor With Replication

SUMMARY B1 B2 B3 B4 Total

Count 4 4 4 4 16
Sum 53 43 58 69 223
Average 13.25 10.75 14.5 17.25 13.9375
Variance 0.916666666666667 2.917 1.6667 4.9166667 7.92916666667

Count 4 4 4 4 16
Sum 58 49 60 66 233
Average 14.5 12.25 15 16.5 14.5625
Variance 1.66666666666667 2.917 1.3333 1.6666667 3.99583333333
Count 4 4 4 4 16
Sum 62 59 53 57 231
Average 15.5 14.75 13.25 14.25 14.4375
Variance 1.66666666666667 1.583 6.9167 6.25 3.99583333333

Total
Count 12 12 12 12
Sum 173 151 171 192
Average 14.4166666666667 12.58 14.25 16
Variance 2.08333333333333 4.992 3.2955 5.2727273

ANOVA
SV SS df MS F P-value F crit
factor A(samples) 3.5 2 1.75 0.6101695 0.54878114232 3.25944631 F<1
factor B (columns) 70.2291666666667 3 23.41 8.1622276 0.00028321993 2.86626555 **
Interaction 65.3333333333333 6 10.889 3.7966102 0.00494821879 2.36375096 **
Error 103.25 36 2.8681
Total 242.3125 47

From these calculations we conclude that Factor A is not significant while B and the interaction AB are significant

EXAMPLE 4

B1 B2 B3 B4
12 10 13 14
A1 13 9 16 19
14 13 14 18
14 11 15 18
 15 12 16 15
A2 13 13 14 16
16 10 14 17
14 14 16 18
14 15 13 11
15 15 12 14
A3 16 13 11 15
17 16 17 17
16 18 11 12
18 15 14 14
A4 18 19 12 15
19 16 16 17

Anova: Two-Factor With Replication

SUMMARY B1 B2 B3 B4 Total

Count 4 4 4 4 16
Sum 53 43 58 69 223
Average 13.25 10.75 14.5 17.25 13.9375
Variance 0.917 2.9167 1.6666667 4.91666666667 7.92916667

Count 4 4 4 4 16
Sum 58 49 60 66 233
Average 14.5 12.25 15 16.5 14.5625
Variance 1.667 2.9167 1.3333333 1.66666666667 3.99583333
Count 4 4 4 4 16
Sum 62 59 53 57 231
Average 15.5 14.75 13.25 14.25 14.4375
Variance 1.667 1.5833 6.9166667 6.25 3.99583333

Count 4 4 4 4 16
Sum 71 68 53 58 250
Average 17.75 17 13.25 14.5 15.625
Variance 1.583 3.3333 4.9166667 4.33333333333 6.38333333

Total
Count 16 16 16 16
Sum 244 219 224 250
Average 15.25 13.688 14 15.625
Variance 4.067 8.2292 3.6 5.18333333333

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Sample 24.17 3 8.0572917 2.65351629503 0.05910743 2.798060635 Not significant
Columns 42.55 3 14.182292 4.67066895369 0.00607927 2.798060635 *
Interaction 146.3 9 16.251736 5.35220125786 4.6588E-05 2.081730394 *
Within 145.8 48 3.0364583

Total 358.7 63
 SIMPLE REGRESSION

Y X x^2 XY y= a +bx
1 10 12 144 120
2 12 14 196 168 SUMMARY OUTPUT
3 14 15 225 210
4 12 12 144 144 Regression Statistics
5 13 14 196 182 Multiple R 0.866876393252281
6 15 17 289 255 R Square 0.751474681178083
7 14 18 324 252 Adjusted R Squar 0.715971064203524
8 10 12 144 120 Standard Error 1.02436767027994
9 15 16 256 240 Observations 9
SUM
average
115 130
12.777778 14.4444444
1918 1691
ANOVA p-value
X Variable 1 Residual Plot
b= 0.743093923 df SS MS F Significance 2.5
F
a= 2.044198895 Regression 1 22.2102516881522 22.210251688 21.1661443316201 0.002482218622
1.5
Residual 7 7.34530386740332 1.0493291239
1
y=2.04 +0.74 x Total 8 29.5555555555556

Residuals
0.5
0
Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95%-0.5 4 Upper 95%
6 8 10 12 14 16
Intercept 2.04419889502763 2.35790269884188 0.8669564253 0.414693026317032 -3.5313550095 -1 7.619752799605
-1.5
X Variable 1 0.743093922651934 0.161518708315793 4.6006678137 0.002 0.36116286788 1.125024977421
-2
-2.5
Remark: The regression is signicant when P-value is less than or equal to the level of significance alpha (0.05)
X Variable 1
EXAMPLE 2
Y X
12 6
15 7
17 8
18 14
20 15

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.881844526878323
R Square 0.777649769585253
Adjusted R Square 0.703533026113671
Standard Error 1.6604646509766
Observations 5

ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 1 28.92857142857 28.9285714286 10.4922279792746 0.047881067259024
Residual 3 8.271428571429 2.75714285714
Total 4 37.2

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%

Intercept 9.97142857142857 2.119010165533 4.70570114935 0.0181610814488651 3.22779249926911 16.715064644
X Variable 1 0.642857142857143 0.198463485564 3.23917087837 0.0478810672590243 0.011257756491637 1.2744565292

Y= 9.97+0.643 X

RESIDUAL OUTPUT

Observation Predicted Y Residuals

1 13.8285714285714 -1.82857142857
2 14.4714285714286 0.528571428571
3 15.1142857142857 1.885714285714
4 18.9714285714286 -0.97142857143
5 19.6142857142857 0.385714285714
 X Y X^2 XY Yest (Y-Mean)^2 (Y-Yest)^2 (Yest-Mean)^2
41 250 1681 10250 259.815904346176 158.760000000001 96.351978133 7.75118860964301
43 250 1849 10750 260.622888593661 158.760000000001 112.84576207 3.90896951307563
44 267 1936 11748 261.026380717404 19.3599999999998 35.684127333 2.47627764655898
47 276 2209 12972 262.236857088632 179.559999999999 189.4241028 0.131872774077086
47 268 2209 12596 262.236857088632 29.1599999999998 33.213816217 0.131872774077086
50 270 2500 13500 263.44733345986 54.7599999999997 42.937438786 0.717973992197565
42 269 1764 11298 260.219396469918 40.9599999999997 77.098998352 5.66727316743698
57 202 3249 11514 266.271778326058 3672.36 4130.8614892 13.4819560757098
43 270 1849 11610 260.622888593661 54.7599999999997 87.930218327 3.90896951307563
65 304 4225 19760 269.499715315999 1713.96 1190.2696433 47.6060714418344
SUM 479 2626 23471 125998 6082.4 5996.6175745 85.7824255076862
Average 47.9 262.6

a1= 0.403492123743
a0= 243.2727272727

y=243.27+0.4035 x

SST 6082.4 ANOVA TABLE

SSE 5996.61757449231 SV DF SS MS F
SSR 85.7824255076862 Regression 1 85.7824255076862 85.782425508 0.114441082082776 <1
Error 8 5996.61757449231 749.57719681
R-Square= 0.014103384438328 Total 9 6082.4

Regression not significant

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.118757671072
R Square 0.014103384438
Adjusted R Square -0.10913369251
Standard Error 27.37840749225
Observations 10

ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 1 85.7824255077 85.7824255076857 0.114441082082775 0.7438505065
Residual 8 5996.61757449 749.577196811539
Total 9 6082.4

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0%
Intercept 243.2727272727 57.7843031877 4.21001403240111 0.002955814582659 110.02188517 376.523569373449 110.021885172 376.5235693734
X Variable 1 0.403492123743 1.19273533042 0.338291415916479 0.743850506490988 -2.3469604804 3.15394472790383 -2.3469604804 3.153944727904
SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.81980986
R Square 0.6720882066
Adjusted R Squa 0.5081323099
Standard Error 2.4101292905
Observations 7
H0: BETA=0
ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 2 47.62225 23.81113 4.099201 0.1075261442 >0.05 0.672088
Residual 4 23.23489 5.808723
Total 6 70.85714

CoefficientsStandard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%

Intercept 1.343079922 5.310905 0.252891 0.812817 -13.402355897 16.08852
X Variable 1 1.5458089669 0.539971 2.862764 0.045802 0.046609683 3.045008
X Variable 2 0.7261208577 0.515841 1.407646 0.231994 -0.7060824768 2.158324
 273 286 303 313 Y X1 X2
240 323 320 310 27 179 69
260 303 330 348 24 175 71
278 333 323 343 21 172 57
268 338 345 325 19 169 45
32 183 76
45 190 81
37 185 77
Anova: Two-Factor Without Replication 29 181 70
22 174 64
SUMMARY Count Sum Average Variance 28 182 72
Row 1 4 1175 293.75 315.5833 26 177 68
Row 2 4 1193 298.25 1538.917 18 168 52
Row 3 4 1241 310.25 1464.25 23 176 63
Row 4 4 1277 319.25 822.9167 36 185 74
Row 5 4 1276 319 1224.667

Column 1 5 1319 263.8 221.2 SUMMARY OUTPUT

Column 2 5 1583 316.6 472.3
Column 3 5 1621 324.2 233.7 Regression Statistics
Column 4 5 1639 327.8 295.7 Multiple R 0.967606
R Square 0.936262
Adjusted R Square 0.924673
ANOVA Standard Error 2.100179
Source of VariationSS df MS F P-value F crit Observations 14
Rows 2202.8 4 550.7 2.457751 0.102111 3.259167
Columns 13410.2 3 4470.067 19.94972 5.892E-05 3.490295 ANOVA
Error 2688.8 12 224.0667 df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 2 712.696 356.348 80.79077 2.656E-07
Total 18301.8 19 Residual 11 48.51826 4.410751
Total 13 761.2143

Coefficients
Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95%Upper 95%Lower 95.0%Upper 95.0%
Intercept -208.0264 33.01289 -6.301368 5.826E-05 -280.6873 -135.3655 -280.6873 -135.365499
X Variable 1 1.383931 0.236471 5.852434 0.00011 0.863462 1.9044 0.863462 1.904400244
X Variable 2 -0.164987 0.151378 -1.089897 0.299059 -0.498168 0.168195 -0.498168 0.168194649
 MULTIPLE REGRESSION
Y X1 X2 X3 X4 y a0  a1 x1  a2 x2  a3 x3  a4 x4
100 12 24 51 5
120 10 23 55 6
115 11 25 56 7 SUMMARY OUTPUT
111 13 22 54 6
123 15 20 49 8 Regression Statistics
125 10 19 50 9 Multiple R 0.4067226163
130 12 21 52 5 R Square 0.1654232866
129 13 22 54 7 Adjusted R Square -0.311477692
121 14 24 53 6 Standard Error 9.6490922229
126 14 26 50 8 Observations 12
120 10 27 51 4
125 15 20 52 7 ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 4 129.182 32.3 0.34687135 0.838511382
Residual 7 651.735 93.1
Total 11 780.917

CoefficientsStandard Error
t Stat P-value Lower 95%Upper 95%
Intercept 129.20297421 90.248 1.432 0.195342255 -84.19964086 342.6
X Variable 1 0.2234110843 1.66286 0.134 0.89690464 -3.708636881 4.155
X Variable 2 -0.55413377 1.32982 -0.417 0.689379543 -3.698655015 2.59
X Variable 3 -0.1711274 1.41343 -0.121 0.907035933 -3.513363912 3.171
X Variable 4 1.5365571459 2.36828 0.649 0.537159839 -4.063542862 7.137

Conclusion: Y cannot be estimated from the given independent vaiables

EXAMPLE 2 No variabel is significant

EmploymenNV R or C
Y X1 X2
133.4 108 431
177.3 99 1335
143 105 1419
142 111 1631
130.3 100 852
120.6 85 847
120.4 79 806
SUM 967 687 7321
SUMS
Q&
SUMP
RODU
CT
135862.46 95529.5 1038916.1
68277 729618
8734657
The system to solve
967= 7 b0 + 687 b1+ 7321 b2
135862.46= 687 b0+68277 b1+729618b2
1038916.1= 7321b0+729618b1+8734657 b2

y=b0+b1X1+b2X2

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.6153989226347
R Square 0.37871583398
Adjusted R 0.06807375097
Standard E 18.811448415985
Observatio 7

ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 2 862.83478 431.41739 1.21914 0.38599401
Residual 4 1415.4824 353.87059
Total 6 2278.3171

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%

Intercept 71.031846604807 63.778629 1.1137249 0.32781 -106.046015 248.10970816
X Variable 0.4619913972508 0.6923352 0.6672944 0.54111 -1.46023918 2.38422197403
X Variable 0.0208153235699 0.0194741 1.068871 0.34534 -0.03325351 0.07488415283

Y= 71.031+0,46199 X1+0.020 X2

RESIDUAL OUTPUT

Observation Predicted Y Residuals

1 129.89832196651 3.501678
2 144.55745189842 32.742548
3 149.07788746179 -6.077887
4 156.26268444211 -14.26268
5 134.96564201142 -4.665642
6 127.93169443481 -7.331694
 7 124.30631778494 -3.906318

EXAMPLE 3
Y X1 X2 X3
114 21 6 5
94 43 25 8
87 56 42 25
98 19 27 9
101 29 20 12
85 34 45 21
94 40 33 14
107 32 14 11
119 16 4 7
93 18 31 16
108 27 12 10
117 31 3 8

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.98739899
R Square 0.97495676
Adjusted R Square 0.96556555
Standard Error 2.13412222
Observations 12

ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression (X1,X2,X3) 3 1418.48085 472.82695 103.81584575 9.5822342829E-07
Residual (Error) 8 36.4358211 4.5544776
Total 11 1454.91667

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%

Intercept 118.55951 1.85798241 63.81089 4.0456736E-12 114.274995119661 122.84402536
X Variable 1 -0.07940245 0.06848391 -1.159432 0.2797130153 -0.2373266377883 0.0785217411
X Variable 2 -0.88428115 0.086312 -10.24517 7.0819707E-06 -1.0833169707275 -0.685245328
X Variable 3 0.37690982 0.21972869 1.7153419 0.1246227618 -0.1297854315909 0.8836050812

y=118.55951-0.0794024 x1-0.8842811 x2+0.37690982 x3

R-square= 0.9749 implies a good regression

 From Anova table we see that P-value for F is less than the level of signicance 5%
Therefore the regression is significant
Y(33,29,13)= 118.55951-0.0794024(33)-0.8842811(29)+0.37690982(13)=95.1949

Y X1 X2 X3 X4
94 21 12 204 43
97 25 14 198 56
93 22 18 184 48
95 27 13 200 50
90 29 10 182 59
95 26 27 127 59
96 28 12 186 60
SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.789647685055012 Alpha=0.05
R Square 0.62354346651274
Adjusted R Squ -0.129369600461781
Standard Error 2.43223056600898
Observations 7

ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 4 19.5970803761 4.89927009403 0.828174585 0.6111935453693
Residual 2 11.8314910525 5.91574552623
Total 6 31.4285714286

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0%
Intercept 27.5585944637553 41.5049509293 0.66398330432 0.575004341 -151.02279595051 206.139984878025 -151.022795950514 206.139984878025
X Variable 1 -0.0282419527731644 0.75361674524 -0.0374752193 0.973510317 -3.2707930988449 3.21430919329853 -3.27079309884486 3.21430919329853
X Variable 2 0.815989321360574 0.52094959859 1.56634984183 0.25776678 -1.4254758910952 3.05745453381631 -1.42547589109516 3.05745453381631
X Variable 3 0.203237176588413 0.12194755702 1.66659489999 0.237520893 -0.321460812491 0.727935165667794 -0.321460812490968 0.727935165667794

X Variable 4 0.334067240195623 0.34395269002 0.97125927456 0.433872013 -1.1458417404355 1.81397622082674 -1.14584174043549 1.81397622082674

Y=2755859-0.02824X1+0.8159X2+0.2032X3+0.3340X4

Y X1 X2
10 3 4
11 5 6
10 2 10
15 8 4
16 7 5
17 5 7
18 6 8