The competing status of Urdu and English after declaration of Urdu

as official langauge in Pakistan

Abstract:
The current study is about Urdu and Pakistani English. Urdu and In Pakistan, there has
always been a gap between English and the dominant language in areas of power such as
education, law, and bureaucracy. Much has been done Steps towards the actual replacement
of English, and the final step Since 2015, the plan to replace Urdu with English has been in
place. Language. The current study was needed to re-evaluate this. The role of Urdu and
English in this transition phase. Data for the current study were collected using an interview
protocol. Participated in data collection 60 participants were selected through purposive
sampling. Interview protocol included. Questions were asked on aspects such as the
importance of the language, the academic value of the language and the future of this
language. The study concluded that people understood the role of Urdu. The context of
national communication, English as a source Connection with the world. English not only has
higher academic value than Urdu, but also has better future prospects.
Introduction:
Urdu and English have been the two most important languages in the region since then. In
Pakistan and even before that, Urdu and English were in competition. A careful study of
history reveals the following facts: Hindus and Muslims have been working tirelessly for
centuries to gain freedom. From British rule (Khan, 2017; Prasad, 2016). They started their
liberation The movements and struggles for liberation came together but were delayed They
were separated from each other. There were many reasons Hindu-Muslim contradictions and
divisions, and among these reasons, the language issue was very serious. Important. Hindus
wanted Hindi to become the national language after acquiring it. Muslims wanted Urdu to be
the successor to English, but India (Metcalf, 2014; Rahman, 2007; Ayres, 2009). The debate
between Urdu and Hindi is one of the main reasons for Muslims separating from Hindus
think of a separate independent nation (Jiang & Ya, 2016; Rahman, 2007). In 1947, the
British rulers had to surrender to the Indian people and they divided the Indian subcontinent
into two independent states, Pakistan and India (Khan, 2017). This situation led to a large
Muslim population forced migration from India to Pakistan. A year after Pakistan gained
independence in 1948, it was decided to make Urdu the sole national language of Pakistan.
(Bughio, 2014; Ali, 2011). English also remained valid in many important areas such as law,
education, and bureaucracy. Even after 70 years of independence, these two languages
continue to compete with each other. Today, they dominate the country.
Literature Review:
Pakistan is a multilingual and multi-ethnic country. There are 73 languages. The linguistic
environment has become very complex. Careful planning is needed to create a sense of
solidarity and contentment. Among all the language groups. In this linguistically complex
environment, Urdu occupies a central position among all languages, which is also reflected in
the following. The language policy of the country has evolved at different times (Mellor,
2015). Sometimes, critics have argued that Pakistan’s language policy has played a role in
over-promoting Urdu as a cohesive national symbol. Other languages (Rahman, 2008, 2011).
Historically, Urdu is the native language of over a million people who migrated from
northern India, including Uttar Pardesh, Madhya Pardesh, and Bihar, and settled in Sindh, a
province in southeastern Pakistan. They settled in urban areas of Sindh and were highly
educated, so despite being a minority, they held most of the bureaucracy in the country
(Ansari, 2016). Although Urdu is the native language of about 8% of the total population
(Rahman, 2011), it is still a common medium of communication used by people from various
linguistic backgrounds (Kothari, 2015). It is also used as a medium of instruction in
educational institutions, in addition to its role as a language in the country (Javed, 2017). It
was established in 1978 with the aim of promoting Urdu. A national language agency that
meets the country’s language requirements (Ilahi, 2013). The use of Urdu as the national
language of the country is a representative figure of the national identity of the Pakistani
people (Manan and David, 2014). It unites all provinces and sub-units into a federation, and
connects all communities across the country, so that they can communicate and understand
each other. Urdu was declared the national language of Pakistan in 1948, as mentioned
earlier, but this status was recognized as the national language by the Constitution of Pakistan
in 1973. The Constitution of Pakistan in 1973 states: The language of Pakistan shall be Urdu,
and steps shall be taken to use it. It shall be used for official and other purposes for a period
of 15 years from the date of its coming into force. English may be used for official purposes.
Until steps are taken to replace it with Urdu. English is not an indigenous language, but is
mentioned in the Constitution. Colonial Association. Even after independence in 1947, the
importance of English remained. The elitist power of English is one example, as even the
Constitution of the country is written in English. English is also used as a medium of
instruction. Education sector (Soomro, 2016). In Pakistan, English is seen as a status symbol,
and those who possess Passport to a Brighter Future (Umrani & Bughio, 2017) have more
opportunities to speak English than those who do not. According to Shamima (2008), English
has been used as a means to achieve social development. In order to modernize the science
and technology sector and develop economically, at the individual and national level. In
Pakistan, English is considered the language of power and prestige. English is widely used
for administrative, legislative and judicial purposes (Ansari, Mehmood & Mangool, 2015;
Rahman, 2008). According to Manan and David (2014), English as a British heritage
language is still used in all languages. An important area of government. In Pakistan, the
status of English is that of a second language. (Pennycook, 2017). It is considered a legacy of
the British colonialists. It is a status symbol and is widely used by a very influential section of
the population. English is considered social capital and various institutions teaching English
talk a lot about its inescapable role in the country (Haidar, 2017). The ruling elite support
English because it provides social distinction. It belongs to them (Khattak, 2014). It is
perceived as a status symbol and a tool for upward mobility, gaining importance in the upper
echelons of society (Parveen & Mehmood, 2013).
English and Urdu were two important languages of the region even before the birth of
Pakistan. According to Rahman (2011), Urdu and English are both languages of education
and are promoted in various spheres of life and are languages of power. They competed to
provide the best status and medium of instruction. The first debate dates back to Lord
Macaulay's suggestion for English. (Macaulay, 1835), Sir Syed demanded that Urdu be used
as a medium of instruction (Wasim, 2014). After the birth of Pakistan, the following efforts
were made: Promotion of Urdu was successful but Urdu could never replace English. in the
sphere of power (Rahim, 2015). The trend of teaching in English is not only continuing but
also becoming more popular. As mentioned earlier, the Constitution of Pakistan in 1973
declared that Urdu would be replaced within 15 years. The official language is English
(Constitution of Pakistan in 1973), but unfortunately this vision could not be realized. The
dilemma of the situation is that English is. Despite repeated efforts by the government, it still
remains essential. Some contributions to the current situation are equally responsible for
globalization and internationalization of English. There is a lack of seriousness and
commitment on the part of the authorities. The government of Pakistan started a program to
designate Urdu as the official language in 2015 (Malik, 2016), and as part of this program,
the country's constitution and other fundamental laws are being translated. The stage is
practically set for Urdu to replace English as the official language. Therefore, The transition
phase promised in the 1973 Constitution necessitates a reevaluation of the status of these two
languages in a broader perspective. Public.
Research Methodology:
The present study is qualitative in nature and uses interviews as a method of collecting data
from the research participants. Therefore, for the study An interview protocol was developed
based on the status of English and Urdu in Pakistan (see: For details, see Appendix). Since
the study was limited to the views of educated youth, the inclusion criteria were that the
participants were university students aged between 20 and 35 years. Sample of 60
participants Four universities (two public and two private) were selected using a purposive
sampling method. Considering the criteria of equal representation, 15 participants were
selected. Each university. Data collection was managed individually. Researcher. The
research instrument was tested using expert validity criteria. A panel of four sociolinguists
participated in the review process. The interview protocol was finalized by incorporating
suggestions and improvements recommended by the experts. The final version of the semi-
structured interview protocol (Appendix I) included questions on aspects such as the
importance of language, perceptions of language users, cross-language influences, language
maintenance, parental responses to language use, academic aspects, value of language, and
the future of language.
Data Analysis:
The interview protocol asked the participants to express their views on a variety of issues
related to Urdu and English. These questions included the integrative value of the language,
the perception of language users, maintenance issues, the preservation of languages,
academic value, the ongoing language change and the future of these languages. In response
to questions about usefulness, importance and generality, the participants were very
impressed by the value of Urdu. The participants mentioned the role of Urdu as a national
language, in which Manan and David (2014) previously stated that Urdu has become the
national identity of the Pakistani people, a source of creation of unity among the various
groups living in the country. Participant Description Urdu is very important in that it provides
a common means of communication for people belonging to different language groups. These
people face language barriers and do not understand each other. For them, Urdu plays various
roles in their daily lives: Urdu is a source of unity for people Urdu is a source of harmony and
nationalism among diverse people Ethnic groups Urdu is the mother tongue of international
communication Urdu is a bridge language and helps in communication with everyone
Regarding the perception of Urdu speakers in the country, The participants believed that they
represent education and civilization. They create A pleasant impression on the audience and
listeners. Their language Their politeness and dignity. The participants showed great respect
and Respect for Urdu speakers. They also appreciated the role of Urdu as a very subtle and
sophisticated language. According to the participants, Urdu speakers communicated easily.
Some participants emphasized the use of Urdu and the spirit of nationalism. o They are
educated, cultured and civilized people. o They are well-educated, upper-middle class people.
o They can communicate better. o They are proud citizens of the Republic of Korea. o Urdu
speakers are ambassadors of this language and country. The participants cited several reasons
for learning Urdu, which supported the view expressed by Rahman (2008, 2011) that Urdu
has gained great popularity in the country. One of the aspects was its useful properties such
as better work. Career advancement. They believed that knowing more about Urdu would
give them better prospects in life and provide them with many opportunities to advance in
their careers. Participants also mentioned a unifying motivation to learn and promote Urdu.
They believed that we as citizens of Pakistan have a duty to promote Urdu in all walks of life.
Participants also explained. Literary reasons for the importance of Urdu. They mentioned the
rich tradition of Urdu literature. They highly appreciated the aesthetic value of Urdu, which
embodies the wonderful literature. Intellectuals like Faiz and Manto are still unrivalled in the
field of literature. Urdu will help me to accelerate my development My job opportunities will
increase Urdu has a rich culture and heritage. If you don't study Urdu, you won't understand
it. To maintain our national identity, we must learn Urdu as it is An indicator of our identity
Urdu has a vast literature and if you study Urdu, you will understand it. Literature in its true
sense The most important aspect of the study is about its maintenance. Preservation of Urdu
in Pakistan. The participants are satisfied with the maintenance and preservation of Urdu. The
participants discussed that the study of Urdu can be very beneficial for its preservation. To
promote and maintain Urdu translations Important scientific and other literature in other
languages can also be very useful. Some participants explained the importance of the
education sector in terms of maintenance and upkeep. Some cited teaching Urdu as a subject
and language is already developing at various levels. Ensuring its maintenance and
preservation. Participants stated that: Literary activities are at the heart of the promotion of
any language. Producing good literature in any language ensures its promotion. Participants
emphasized the need to organize and promote cultural events. Urdu in the literary world. In
this regard, cultural events and seminars are also very important. They argued that Urdu
should be used more and more, and in all areas of life.
Urdu linguistics should strive to create new vocabulary. Easy so that people can start using it
in their daily work Urdu is already being taught in the curriculum of educational institutions.
Literature is a good thing, so it needs to be promoted in the literature A source of language
preservation. We need to write novels and literary works, and to promote it for preservation it
should be implemented in all fields Inter-linguistic influence was an important aspect in the
interviews. It was explained how certain languages were influenced. In this scenario, the
participants linked the history of Urdu with Rashkari and they called it a very absorbent
tongue. The opinion of the participants is that English has had a great influence on Urdu. Yes
There are many English words that have become part of Urdu. Participants noted that we use
Urdu but often mix up codes by mixing too many words in English. Participants also shared
that they sometimes have difficulty searching for Urdu words and that they fill in the gaps by
adding English words. Some participants expressed serious reservations about replacing Urdu
with English. How As reflected in the participants’ comments, Urdu has lost its meaning. Its
essence and values are influenced by English. Urdu is a language with great potential to
absorb and expand other languages. Urdu continues to grow and both English and Punjabi
have contributed to its growth. Expanding Urdu Vocabulary Urdu has borrowed many words
from English, and some of Urdu. Expanding his vocabulary People prefer to be bilingual and
use English and Urdu as their languages. At the same time mixing them Understanding the
state of these languages, we can say that English is: It is replacing Urdu. This is the dilemma
of our society and we have to do this. Try to get out of this situation About the academic
value of Urdu, the participants evaluated its academic value positively in that Urdu is our
national language. The participants They were satisfied as they claimed that Urdu is the
medium of many education. Schools and colleges - a clear indicator of its academic value - as
Rahman (2011). They called it the language of education. The participants also added that
Urdu is taught as a compulsory subject in Pakistan and it is beneficial to teach it. It is spoken
and understood all over the country. Some research is also conducted in Urdu and in this
regard, one of the participants mentioned the role of Centre for Research in Urdu Language
(CRULP). According to Teaching Urdu to the participants will develop national
consciousness. Unit all regions. Despite general satisfaction, some The participants
recognized the need to improve its use in literature and Write good literature to promote it. It
is our national language and it is the duty of the state to promote it. Because it is our national
language, teaching and learning it will develop national consciousness and unite all regions.
In order to understand our culture and understand Urdu literature, We must learn Urdu. The
last question related to Urdu required the participants to predict. The future of Urdu. The
participants used positive adjectives such as good, bright, etc. It is safe to indicate the future
of Urdu. They linked the future of Urdu to its role as a national language and its wide use as a
lingua franca. Similar to what Javed (2017) said. Some participants mentioned A rich
literature produced to ensure survival. Participants Evaluated some of the research work
being done in the country. They believed that the research ensured that the language had a
bright future. However, some participants expressed serious doubts about the future of Urdu.
It was influenced by English. They believed that English existed. The dominant language of
the world has a detrimental effect on everything Languages, Urdu is no exception. The
inherent superiority of English has done great harm to Urdu. Many participants linked its
future to the pride its bearers feel in using it. They expressed a direct link between what Urdu
speakers think and the future of the language. Urdu has a bright future because it is widely
spoken in the country. Urdu is the national language of one of the most populous countries in
the world and has Urdu speakers in many countries. Its future looks bleak amid the influence
and shadow of English. The future of Urdu is in our hands and in our minds. Participants
answered questions related to English as follows: with the same enthusiasm. In response to
questions about the importance of English, participants generally discussed what is generally
accepted: the importance of English. They called English an international language, a global
language. They believed that it was a source of connection between the world and
understanding the world. Some participants explained its importance in context: Business and
trade, others called it the language of science. So, as mentioned earlier, technology is used in
all important areas of government. (Manan & David, 2014). They attributed its importance to
the fact that it is impossible to work with known national or international organizations
without knowledge of this language. Therefore, to manage a business or perform a job, you
need someone with good English skills to do the job. The participants stated that English is
most important because:
Participants identified that the most important reason for English is the digitalization process
the world is going through. The world has become a global village and people are very
connected to each other. Therefore, to communicate with the world, we need a language that
is widely used worldwide, and English provides us with this resource. English is the language
used for international business and trade. As the world becomes a global village,
digitalization is progressing rapidly. English is mandatory. English is the language of science
and technology, and most scientific research that is communicated to the audience is
conducted in English. In terms of perception of English speakers, participants expressed a
general liking and respect for English speakers. Participants mentioned several important
characteristics that they found good: Educated, modern, and well-groomed people. Connected
participants Psychological strength of English speakers and knowledge of English.
Psychological labels used by participants to identify speakers English speakers were as
confident, intelligent, and competent as Umrani and Bugio (2017). They also said it was a
status symbol. It showed empathy and positive emotions. Attitudes toward English speakers.
Participants showed that they were cool. Respect for English speakers is similar to the
following study: Khattak (2014), who claims that English is a source of social difference.
They Associate English with qualities of respect and honor. This is clearly reflected. Some of
their statements. They are modern and elite. They are generally considered to be educated and
literate. People who speak English are confident. When a person speaks English, it means
that he or she is smart and capable. Knowledge Confident because he or she can easily
interact with any society, Community People who speak English are considered more
respected than others. The participants talked about the importance of English. Instrumental
benefit context. They believed that if they speak English better, They can find a better job and
advance their career. The participants held the following views: English guarantees it
According to Umrani and Bugio (2017), a prosperous future is a passport to a brighter future.
The participants also believed that English is essential to achieve this goal. Progress. The
participants also expressed the following integrative motivation: English. They highly valued
English literature and art. According to them, English is an important tool for understanding
the world. English is important for work, status, and self-development. English will bring me
fame, honor, and a bright future. I should learn English for the knowledge and benefits of
monitoring. English is considered a passport to progress and prosperity. English is necessary
to understand English literature, movies, and music. It allows me to understand and interact
with various cultures of the world. Like English for my own aesthetic and literary enjoyment
It is natural that languages coexist and influence each other. Participants listed words such as
'Izzat', 'Dopatta', 'Chutney', etc., mentioning the influence of Urdu and Punjabi on English.
Entered English vocabulary from local languages. Participants expressed it this way: English
pronunciation has been localized or adjusted. Make it understandable to people. So
vocabulary and phonology were two things. An important dimension of English influence.
English is thus Pakistan is trying to use a unique variety of English. Pakistani English is
recognized as an important non-native English. English has undergone a lot of changes in
terms of vocabulary. eat Many words that are now an integral part of English English spoken
by Pakistanis is heavily influenced by Urdu and English. Punjabi. Depending on the style and
structure, The accent of English changed and other transmissions occurred as the speech style
changed under the influence of local languages. Urdu and Punjabi English began to adopt
Punjabi and Urdu vocabulary. It also underwent Punjabiization and Urduization, so it would
become Pakistani English. Established OptionsThe ultimate importance and survival of any
language can be ensured by language. Introducing it into the field of education to enhance its
academic value. According to the participants, the academic value of English is generally
recognized. Participants said that learning English creates global connections and unites
them. Coming together with people from all over the world. There were many participants,
and expressed that the academic value of English has received much international support.
Conferences conducted in English. Participants identified a direct link between: English
language proficiency and academic achievement and development. Participants stated that
English is of high academic value because it is the language of instruction in education, as
discussed in a previous study by Sumro (2016). Participants emphasized the need to teach
English as a basic requirement for academic and professional success. Learning English is
necessary for professional and academic success. English has become a prerequisite for
admission to good educational institutions. Many conferences are held around the world
every year, and English is the language used in most of these meetings. Learning a language
can be a source of connection with people all over the world. The final question in the
interview protocol about English was: Participants’ views on the future. Participants
expressed their views. They used words such as , bright, promising, safe, and excellent to
describe the future. English. They said it is a language that will survive. Developed countries.
They talked about our strong future in the context of globalization and digitalization.
Moreover, some participants even said that its use and importance will increase even more in
the future. Over time, interest in this language has increased overall, and it is still expanding
there are millions of L1 and L2 speakers and people who say that Because it is a foreign
language, nothing can threaten it The future of English is very bright because millions of
people live there. The globe speaks this language. Millions of people are here. The process of
studying it I think it will dominate the world language and the next generation will only speak
English. It is developing day by day and has a bright future in this era Globalization.
Results:
The participants mentioned the role of Urdu as a national language that creates unity among
the various ethnolinguistic groups living in Urdu. They referred to English as an international
language in business situations, not only the language of science and technology, but also of
trade. The participants believed that Urdu speakers represented politeness and dignity,
education and civilization, while it was associated with ownership. English as a psychological
force as well as education. The participants felt that English and Urdu were similar. Their
words were borrowed from each other, so they influenced each other. And vocabulary
assimilation. The participants expressed it this way: Localization or adaptation of English
pronunciation patterns so that everyone could understand them. Local population. The
participants asserted the academic value of Urdu. It is a means of instruction and a
compulsory subject in schools and universities. Many participants expressed the academic
value of English. Sponsoring many international conferences in English, in addition to their
work. Urdu and English have both integrative and instrumental values, but they attributed
more value to them. While English has instrumental value, Urdu is more closely related to
English. Integrative value. Participants linked the future of Urdu to its role. It is used as the
national language of the country and is used more widely. Lingua franca of the country;
however, some participants expressed doubts about the future of Urdu, which is influenced
by English, the dominant language in the world. They explained the need to promote Urdu
through good literary tradition, organizing seminars and conferences, and translation courses.
Conclusion:
The findings clearly show that both Urdu and English are in fierce competition for a
dominant role in the country. People Understanding the role of Urdu in the context of
national communication English is a source of communication with the world. English is the
language of seminars and conferences, so it has a higher academic value than Urdu.
Domestically and internationally. The future of English is also vigorous, but participants
expressed their doubts that Urdu is slowly being replaced by English. Therefore, English still
occupies the best position in the world. This transition phase. More serious and committed
efforts are needed to raise public awareness about the importance of Urdu and, if possible, to
lay a practical foundation for replacing English with Urdu.

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