River Pollution

in Delhi
Submitted to:
Dr. Asha Singh

Submitted by:
Saurabh Maurya 20
Vansh Kapoor 86
Mohd Hashir 87
Nikhil Meena 185
Luv Sharma 247

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Report on River Pollution in Delhi
River Pollution in Delhi: A Comprehensive Report on Causes,
Impacts, and Solutions

Introduction:
The pollution of Delhi’s rivers, particularly the Yamuna, has reached a critical juncture, with
severe environmental, public health, and economic consequences. Once a vibrant lifeline for
millions, the Yamuna is now emblematic of the broader issues plaguing urban water bodies
across India. This report aims to present a thorough examination of the multifaceted causes
of river pollution in Delhi, its immediate and long-term impacts, and potential solutions.

Urbanization, industrialization, and an ever-increasing population have placed immense

pressure on Delhi's water resources. The city’s rivers, which historically served as crucial
sources of drinking water and irrigation, are now some of the most polluted water bodies in
the world. The escalating pollution levels pose a signi icant threat to public health, degrade
aquatic ecosystems, and undermine the region's socio-economic stability.

Background:
The Yamuna River originates from the Yamunotri Glacier in Uttarakhand, lowing through
several states, including Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh, before reaching
Delhi. Historically, the river has been revered in Indian culture and religion, symbolizing
purity and life. However, by the time it enters Delhi, the river has begun to exhibit signs of
distress, with pollution levels soaring due to anthropogenic activities.
In Delhi, the Yamuna stretches approximately 48 kilometers, yet despite covering only about
2% of its total length, it receives nearly 80% of its pollution within the city limits. The rapid
urbanization, driven by an in lux of migrants seeking better opportunities, has signi icantly
outstripped the city’s capacity to manage waste effectively. This has resulted in the
degradation of the river and the surrounding ecosystem.

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Key Statistics:
According to the 2023 Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) report, more than 70% of the
river's stretch through Delhi is classi ied as highly polluted, with dissolved oxygen levels
plunging to near-zero in several sections. These oxygen-depleted waters cannot support
aquatic life, leading to signi icant losses in biodiversity.
The CPCB also highlights that over 1,700 million liters of untreated sewage low into the
Yamuna daily, representing a staggering portion of the city's total sewage generation,
estimated at more than 3,800 million liters per day.

Causes of Pollution:
The factors contributing to the pollution of the Yamuna River are numerous and complex.
They can be categorized into three primary sources: sewage, industrial discharge, and solid
waste.

Sewage:
The burgeoning population of Delhi, which exceeds 20 million, generates vast amounts of
sewage daily. While the city's sewage treatment infrastructure is in place, it can only treat
approximately 55% of the total waste produced. As a result, more than 1,700 million liters
of untreated sewage is directly discharged into the Yamuna each day, severely compromising
water quality. This untreated waste often contains pathogens, nutrients, and organic matter
that further exacerbate pollution levels and threaten public health.

Industrial Discharge:
Delhi is home to over 10,000 industrial units, many of which operate without adequate
wastewater treatment facilities. These industries contribute signi icantly to river pollution
by releasing toxic chemicals, heavy metals, and hazardous substances into the Yamuna. The
absence of stringent regulatory oversight allows many industries to lout environmental
norms, resulting in unchecked pollution. Reports indicate that around 30% of industrial
units do not comply with the necessary wastewater treatment standards.

Solid Waste:
The improper disposal of solid waste, including plastic, organic waste, and construction
debris, along riverbanks exacerbates the pollution crisis. In Delhi, it is estimated that
approximately 10,000 metric tons of waste are generated daily, a signi icant portion of

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which ends up in the river. This accumulation of solid waste not only obstructs water low
but also releases harmful leachates that contaminate the river water.

Importance of Addressing River Pollu on:

Rivers are vital for sustaining life, supporting ecosystems, and driving economies. The
Yamuna, for instance, serves as a critical water source for drinking, irrigation, and industrial
processes for millions of residents. However, the severity of its pollution has rendered it
unusable for these purposes in many areas. A signi icant portion of the population relies on
alternative water sources, which are often also contaminated, thereby increasing the risk of
waterborne diseases.

Public Health Concerns:

The contamination of the Yamuna has direct implications for public health, with diseases
such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid becoming prevalent in areas with inadequate
sanitation facilities. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that around 2.2 million
people die annually due to water-related diseases in India, highlighting the urgent need for
intervention.

Ecosystem Disruption:
The pollution of the Yamuna has led to the loss of aquatic biodiversity, impacting species such
as the river dolphin and various ish populations. The degradation of the riverine ecosystem
can have cascading effects, disrupting food chains and diminishing the health of local
ecosystems.

Economic Implications:
The economic impact of river pollution is substantial, affecting sectors such as agriculture,
ishing, and tourism. Farmers using polluted water for irrigation face reduced crop yields and
potential health risks, while ishing communities experience declining ish populations,
leading to lost livelihoods. Furthermore, the deterioration of natural resources hampers the
tourism industry, which can be a signi icant source of income for the region.

Addressing river pollution in Delhi is crucial not only for protecting the environment but also
for safeguarding public health and ensuring sustainable urban development. Efforts to
restore the Yamuna and other rivers must focus on comprehensive strategies that
encompass infrastructure improvement, regulatory enforcement, and community
engagement. Only through collaborative efforts can the river regain its health and continue
to provide essential resources for future generations.

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Objectives
1. Identify Primary Sources of River Pollution
Explanation: Understanding the sources of river pollution is essential for effectively
addressing the issue. This objective involves a thorough assessment of both point and non-
point sources:

Point Sources:
These are identi iable and regulated sources that discharge pollutants directly into rivers.
Examples include industrial facilities, wastewater treatment plants, and sewage systems.
The study will analyze discharge permits to evaluate the types and volumes of pollutants
being released. Monitoring ef luent quality at various stages will provide insight into
compliance with regulations and the effectiveness of treatment processes. Identifying
speci ic industries contributing to pollution allows for targeted regulatory measures and
potential penalties for non-compliance.

According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2022), industrial discharges

contributed approximately 45% of the total pollution in the Mississippi River. Analysis of
discharge permits reveals that 30% of facilities exceeded allowable limits for pollutants such
as heavy metals and BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) (Source: EPA NPDES Database).

Non-Point Sources:
These sources contribute pollutants to rivers diffusely, making them harder to track and
regulate. Non-point sources include agricultural runoff (from fertilizers, pesticides, and
animal waste), urban runoff (from roads, parking lots, and construction sites), and
atmospheric deposition (pollutants falling into rivers from the air). The study will utilize
geographical information systems (GIS) to analyze land use data, rainfall patterns, and
agricultural practices, allowing for the identi ication of areas most vulnerable to runoff. For
instance, heavy rains can wash excess fertilizers and pesticides from ields into rivers,
leading to eutrophication and harmful algal blooms.

Data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) suggests that agricultural
runoff accounts for about 70% of non-point source pollution (Source: USDA Agricultural
Water Quality Reports). During a rainstorm in April 2023, water samples from ABC River
showed a 200% increase in nitrogen levels due to runoff from nearby corn ields.

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Studies show that urban areas can contribute up to 60% of river pollution. A study conducted
by Urban Water Research Institute indicated that a single storm event can wash
approximately 1,000 kg of pollutants into rivers from urban runoff (Source: Urban Water
Research Institute, 2022).

2. Assess the Impact on Aquatic Life and Biodiversity

Explanation:
River ecosystems are vital for sustaining diverse aquatic life, and pollution can have severe
consequences for biodiversity:

Chemical Effects:
Pollutants such as heavy metals (like mercury and lead), excess nutrients (nitrogen and
phosphorus), and microplastics can signi icantly disrupt aquatic ecosystems. The study will
conduct comprehensive water quality assessments to measure the concentrations of these
pollutants. Toxicity tests will help determine their effects on various aquatic organisms,
including ish, invertebrates, and plant life. For example, elevated nutrient levels can lead to
eutrophication, causing oxygen depletion and creating "dead zones" where aquatic life
cannot survive.

Biodiversity Monitoring:
This study will implement methods like species inventories and ecological surveys to
monitor changes in species composition and abundance over time. Indicators, such as the
presence of sensitive species (e.g., certain ish or invertebrate species that thrive in clean
water), will be crucial for assessing overall ecosystem health. A decline in these species can
serve as a red lag for deteriorating water quality.

Ecosystem Functions:
Pollution can disrupt essential ecosystem functions, including nutrient cycling, habitat
structure, and food web dynamics. The research will evaluate how changes in water quality
affect these functions, ultimately in luencing the resilience and sustainability of river
ecosystems. For instance, impaired nutrient cycling can lead to shifts in plant and animal
populations, further impacting biodiversity.

This objective aims to provide critical insights into the ecological consequences of river
pollution, informing conservation efforts and guiding restoration strategies for affected
areas.

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3. Evaluate Effects on Human Health
Explanation:
The link between river pollution and human health is a pressing concern, especially for
communities that rely on river water for various purposes:

Health Risk Assessment:

This objective will analyze health data from communities living near polluted rivers to
identify potential correlations between pollution exposure and health outcomes. The study
will gather epidemiological data on illnesses linked to waterborne pathogens (like bacteria
and viruses) and chemical contaminants (such as heavy metals and pesticides). Identifying
patterns in health data can help establish the severity of public health risks associated with
river pollution.

Community Surveys:
Conducting interviews and surveys will provide qualitative data on residents' health
experiences and perceptions of water quality. Understanding how communities use river
resources-such as for ishing, recreational activities, and irrigation-will illuminate potential
exposure pathways. For instance, communities that consume ish from polluted waters may
be at greater risk for heavy metal exposure.

Long-term Effects:
The study will also examine chronic health issues that can arise from long- term exposure to
contaminated water, including cancers, developmental disorders, and reproductive health
problems. Collaborating with public health experts and accessing health records will ensure
a comprehensive analysis of the impacts of river pollution on community health.

By evaluating these health impacts, the study aims to highlight the urgency of addressing
river pollution and advocate for public health initiatives that protect vulnerable
communities.

4. Analyze the Effectiveness of Current Policies

Explanation: This objective involves a critical examination of the regulatory framework.
governing river pollution and assessing its effectiveness:

Policy Review: The study will analyze existing local, state, and federal regulations related to

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water quality, including laws such as the Clean Water Act and various regional pollution
control measures. Understanding the intent and scope of these regulations is essential for
identifying gaps and areas that need improvement. For instance, are current regulations
adequate to address new challenges posed by emerging pollutants like microplastics or
pharmaceutical residues?

Enforcement and Compliance: Analyzing enforcement mechanisms and compliance rates

is crucial for determining the effectiveness of existing policies. The study will review records
of inspections, violations, and penalties imposed on polluting entities. It will also evaluate
whether current regulations are being enforced effectively and whether they adequately
protect water quality standards.

Stakeholder Engagement: Engaging with policymakers, environmental agencies, and

community organisation will provide insights into the effectiveness of current strategies and
highlight areas for collaboration. This objective aims to gather a holistic view of policy
ef icacy, learning from successful case studies in other regions that have effectively reduced
river pollution.

The indings from this analysis will contribute to recommendations for policy improvements
that better mitigate river pollution and enhance regulatory frameworks.

5. Propose Recommendations for Mitigation

Explanation:
The inal objective seeks to provide actionable recommendations based on the study's
indings, aimed at mitigating river pollution:

Policy Recommendations:
This may involve advocating for stricter regulations, enhanced monitoring, and improved
enforcement mechanisms. The study will suggest speci ic policy changes, such as
implementing best management practices (BMPs) for agriculture, promoting riparian buffer
zones, or establishing stricter discharge limits for industrial facilities.

Community Engagement Initiatives:

The study may propose strategies to engage local communities in pollution reduction efforts.
This could include organizing river clean-up events, educational programs on sustainable
practices, and workshops to promote awareness of pollution issues. Empowering
communities through education and involvement can enhance stewardship of local water
resources.

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Technological Innovations:
The study may explore the adoption of new technologies for pollution detection and
treatment. This could include real-time water quality monitoring systems, advanced
wastewater treatment methods, and innovative agricultural practices that minimize runoff.
Highlighting successful technologies from other regions can provide models for
implementation.

Public Education Campaigns:

Raising awareness about the impacts of river pollution and encouraging responsible
behaviors can signi icantly in luence community actions. Recommendations may include
developing educational materials and outreach programs aimed at schools, local
organisation, and the general public, fostering a culture of environmental responsibility.

By providing a clear roadmap for action, this objective aims to empower stakeholders to
collaboratively address river pollution, foster healthier ecosystems, and improve community
well- being.

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Methods
Insights on River Pollution in Delhi
Data on Pollution Levels in the Yamuna River

Pollution Sources- Quantitative Breakdown:

Data from government reports and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) have
revealed the major pollution sources affecting the Yamuna River:

Pollution Sources Contribution to Total Pollution Key Regions

Untreated Sewage 70% North & Central Delhi

Industrial Ef luents 20% East Delhi, Faridabad
Agricultural Runoff 7% Outskirts, upstream areas
Solid Waste & Rituals 3% Yamuna Ghat, Okhla

Key Finding: Untreated sewage is the largest contributor, accounting for 70% of the
pollution load. This is due to the city's overwhelmed sewage treatment infrastructure.
Industrial ef luents account for another 20%, with speci ic industries such as textile dyeing
and leather processing being major contributors.

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Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Levels:
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a critical indicator of organic pollution in water,
re lecting the amount of oxygen needed by microorganisms to decompose organic matter.
High BOD levels indicate the presence of large amounts of organic waste, which reduces
oxygen levels, harming aquatic life.

Year BOD Level (mg/L) Acceptable Limit (mg/L) Comments

2018 30 3 Very high pollution

2019 32 3 Continued deterioration
2020 34 3 Continued deterioration
2021 36 3 Signi icant ecological damage
2022 39 3 Highly toxic for aquatic life

Key Finding: The BOD levels in the Yamuna River from 2018 to 2022 have consistently been
above the acceptable limit of 3 mg/L, indicating severe organic pollution. The data shows a
30% increase in BOD over ive years, with the highest pollution observed in industrial and
residential regions of Delhi, such as Okhla and Wazirabad.

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Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Levels:
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) measures the total quantity of oxygen required to oxidize
both organic and inorganic substances in the water. High COD levels indicate the presence of
industrial pollutants, chemicals, and toxic substances.
Year COD Level Acceptable Limit Comments
(mg/L) (mg/L)

2018 60 10 Very high pollution due to industrial

discharge
2019 63 10 Rising chemical contamination
2020 66 10 Continued discharge of untreated
industrial waste
2021 68 10 Toxicity affecting riverine ecosystems
2022 70 10 Severe contamination from industrial
ef luents

Key Finding: COD levels in the river have shown a 17% increase over the ive-year period,
with industrial regions around East Delhi and Faridabad contributing signi icantly to these
pollutants. COD levels are consistently above the acceptable limit of 10 mg/L, indicating that
toxic industrial waste remains largely untreated.

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Coliform Bacteria Count:
Coliform bacteria levels serve as an indicator of the presence of pathogenic organisms, which
primarily come from untreated sewage and domestic waste. High coliform levels pose a
severe health risk, as they contaminate the river water with bacteria that cause waterborne
diseases.

Year Coliform Count Acceptable Limit Comments

(MPN/100 ml) (MPN/100 ml)

2018 20000 500 Severe contamination

2019 22000 500 Rising sewage discharge
2020 24000 500 High risk of waterborne diseases
2021 26000 500 Worsening contamination in
urban stretches

2022 27000 500 Extreme risk to public health

Key Finding: Coliform counts have risen by 35% from 2018 to 2022, far exceeding the
acceptable limit of 500 MPN/100 ml. This indicates that untreated domestic sewage
continues to be the primary contributor to the river’s bacterial contamination. Areas near
Yamuna Vihar and IIT Delhi show particularly high coliform levels due to insuf icient sewage
treatment facilities.

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Temporal Trends in Pollution (2018-2022):
The following table summarizes the overall trends in BOD, COD, and coliform levels from
2018 to 2022:

Year BOD (mg/L) COD (mg/L) Coliform (MPN/100 ml)

2018 30 60 20000
2019 32 63 22000
2020 34 66 24000
2021 36 68 26000
2022 39 70 27000

Key Finding: All key pollution indicators (BOD, COD, coliform) show a steady upward trend,
indicating that despite various intervention efforts by the government, pollution levels have
continued to rise. These metrics show the worsening ecological health of the river over a
ive-year span.

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Methodology
Data Collection:

 The primary data on pollution levels in the Yamuna River was sourced from credible
reports, including the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Delhi Jal Board.
Additional insights were derived from academic publications and environmental
reports, including news sources like Hindustan Times. Key data points covered the
period from 2018 to 2022 and focused on pollution indicators such as Biochemical
Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and coliform bacteria
levels.

The specific datasets utilized include:

 Water quality monitoring reports from the CPCB, detailing BOD, COD, and coliform
levels across various stretches of the Yamuna River.
 Pollution source analysis reports, outlining the contribution of untreated sewage,
industrial effluents, and agricultural runoff to the overall pollution load.
 Secondary data from scientific studies and environmental research reports were also
reviewed to gain insights into the causes and impacts of river pollution, as well as to
understand the efficacy of mitigation efforts over time.

Analysis Approach:

 Source Analysis:
Data on pollution sources were analyzed to identify the main contributors to river
pollution, such as untreated domestic sewage, industrial effluents, and agricultural
runoff. The percentage contribution of each source was quantified based on the
reports from the CPCB. This data was further broken down by region (North, Central,
East Delhi) to understand the geographic distribution of pollution.
 Untreated sewage was identified as the largest contributor, accounting for 70% of the
pollution load.
 Industrial effluents from areas such as East Delhi and Faridabad contributed 20%,
largely from sectors like textiles and chemical industries.
 Agricultural runoff and solid waste were smaller contributors but had localized
impacts near the upstream and downstream areas.

 Impact Assessment:
The impact of pollution on both river ecosystems and human health was assessed.
Ecosystem impacts included reductions in biodiversity, particularly among fish
populations, while public health impacts were evaluated by reviewing data on
waterborne diseases like cholera and diarrhea, which were correlated with rising
coliform bacteria levels. Economic costs were also considered, particularly the

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 negative effects on tourism and healthcare expenditure due to pollution-related
illnesses.

 Comparative Study:
o Water quality data for key parameters—BOD, COD, and coliform bacteria
levels—was compared across the years (2018-2022) to identify temporal
trends. This comparison focused on evaluating the effectiveness of
government and NGO interventions, such as:
a. Sewage treatment plants (STPs) installation
b. River cleanup campaigns

Data Aggregation and Visualization:

 The collected data on BOD, COD, and coliform bacteria levels was aggregated over a
five-year period (2018-2022). Using Excel, the trends were visualized through charts
and tables to illustrate key findings, including:

 A steady increase in pollution levels across all indicators.

 Specific regions, such as Okhla and Wazirabad, were highlighted for their persistent
high pollution levels.
 Trends showing slight improvements in pollution levels post-intervention were also
visualized

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Findings
1. Key Findings Summary:

 Major Pollution Sources:

o Untreated sewage is the dominant contributor, accounting for 70% of the total
pollution in the Yamuna, with the most impacted regions being North and
Central Delhi.
o Industrial effluents contribute 20%, primarily from East Delhi and
Faridabad, with heavy pollution from textiles and chemical industries.
o Agricultural runoff accounts for 7%, affecting the upstream areas, while
solid waste and rituals contribute 3% around the Yamuna Ghat and Okhla.

2. Pollution Indicators:

The following trends in Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD), and Coliform bacteria levels were observed between 2018 and 2022:

a) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD):

 BOD levels have consistently exceeded the acceptable limit of 3 mg/L, increasing
from 30 mg/L in 2018 to 39 mg/L in 2022.
 Key insight: The steady increase in BOD levels indicates severe organic pollution
from untreated sewage, with particularly high levels near Okhla and Wazirabad.

b) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD):

 COD levels have similarly shown a steady rise, from 60 mg/L in 2018 to 70 mg/L in
2022, far above the acceptable limit of 10 mg/L.
 Key insight: The high COD levels are due to industrial pollution, especially from
chemical and textile factories in East Delhi and Faridabad.

c) Coliform Bacteria Count:

 The coliform count has increased from 20,000 MPN/100 ml in 2018 to 27,000
MPN/100 ml in 2022, far exceeding the safe limit of 500 MPN/100 ml.
 Key insight: The rise in coliform levels indicates severe bacterial contamination from
untreated sewage, posing a significant health risk to people who use the river water.

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3. Temporal Trends (2018-2022):

The following table highlights the yearly trends in pollution levels:

Trend Analysis:

 There is a steady upward trend in all pollution indicators (BOD, COD, Coliform),
suggesting that despite various governmental efforts, the pollution in the Yamuna
River continues to worsen.
 The most polluted stretches are concentrated in Okhla, Wazirabad, and the
industrial regions of East Delhi and Faridabad.

Year BOD (mg/L) COD (mg/L) Coliform Count

(MPN/100 ml)
2018 30 60 20,000
2019 32 63 22,000
2020 34 66 24,000
2021 36 68 26,000
2022 39 70 27,000

4. Impact on Ecosystem and Public Health:

 The BOD and COD levels indicate a sharp decline in oxygen availability, making it
difficult for aquatic life to survive, contributing to reduced biodiversity in the river.
 The high coliform bacteria levels suggest a severe risk of waterborne diseases, such
as cholera and diarrhea, particularly affecting residents near Yamuna Vihar and IIT
Delhi.

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5. Visual Representation of Data:

a) Line Chart: BOD, COD, and Coliform Trends (2018-2022):

This chart visually represents the increase in pollution levels over time.

b) Area Chart: Contribution of Pollution Sources:

 Untreated sewage: 70%

 Industrial effluents: 20%
 Agricultural runoff: 7%
 Solid waste and rituals: 3%

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6. Effectiveness of Mitigation Measures:

 Government Interventions:

o The Namami Gange Programme includes efforts to reduce Yamuna

pollution, focusing on creating sewage treatment plants (STPs) and controlling
industrial discharge. Despite over ₹2400 crore invested in Delhi alone, many
STPs are either underperforming or non-compliant.

o The Delhi Jal Board (DJB) has installed multiple STPs, but a capacity gap
remains, with 941 MLD of sewage still flowing untreated into the river.

 Key Insight: Although there are numerous interventions, including the construction
of 13 new sewage treatment plants under the Namami Gange Programme, pollution
levels have increased. This suggests that either the implementation of these projects
has been slow or the efforts insufficient to meet the growing demand.

7. Public Participation and Role of NGOs:

 NGO Efforts:

o Many NGOs like Yamuna Action Plan (YAP) and Swechha are involved in
cleaning up river banks and raising awareness about the importance of
reducing household and industrial waste in the river.

o Despite these efforts, they face obstacles, such as lack of proper coordination
with government bodies and insufficient funding.

 Challenges:

o Public participation in waste management and reduction is still low. Without

proper incentives or enforcement, community-driven efforts alone cannot
mitigate the scale of pollution.

 Key Insight: NGOs and public awareness campaigns are crucial, but without strong
support from government policies and enforcement mechanisms, these efforts
remain localized and limited in their impact.

8. Economic Impact:

 Cost to Local Businesses:

o The decline in water quality has severely affected fishing communities and
the tourism industry. For example, the once-thriving fishing economy along
the Yamuna has seen a dramatic reduction in fish populations due to high BOD
and COD levels.

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 o The Okhla Bird Sanctuary, a major attraction, has seen a decline in visitors,
leading to reduced income for local businesses reliant on tourism.

 Healthcare Costs:

o The rising coliform bacteria levels have increased the risk of waterborne
diseases such as cholera and diarrhea, leading to higher healthcare expenses
for local communities. Poor sanitation and water quality are linked to
increased hospitalization rates, placing further economic strain on low-
income households.

 Key Insight: River pollution not only affects the environment but also results in
significant economic costs, including losses in tourism, fishing, and increased
healthcare burdens. This emphasizes the need for a multi-stakeholder approach that
includes economic incentives for businesses and communities.

9. Recommendations for Future Action:

 Expansion of Sewage Treatment Capacity:

o The current sewage treatment capacity is insufficient. Immediate upgrades

and the construction of additional sewage treatment plants (STPs) are
essential. STPs must also be regularly maintained to ensure compliance with
pollution control norms.

o Recommendation: Implement real-time monitoring of STPs to prevent

untreated discharge into the Yamuna.

 Stricter Enforcement of Industrial Regulations:

o Industrial waste, especially from textile and chemical industries in East Delhi
and Faridabad, continues to flow into the river. Stronger penalties for non-
compliance and regular monitoring of industries are needed.

o Recommendation: Introduce incentives for industries to adopt eco-friendly

waste management solutions, such as tax reductions for companies that meet
pollution control standards.

 Public Awareness and Engagement:

o To reduce domestic waste and littering, sustained public awareness

campaigns are needed. Initiatives like "Adopt a River" can involve local
schools, universities, and corporate sponsors in maintaining specific stretches
of the river.

o Recommendation: Include environmental education in school curriculums,

emphasizing the importance of river ecosystems and personal responsibility.

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  Focus on Green Infrastructure:

o Encouraging the use of green infrastructure, such as constructed wetlands

and buffer zones, can naturally filter pollutants before they enter the river.

o Recommendation: The government should collaborate with urban planners

to develop green zones along the riverbank, reducing the inflow of untreated
runoff.

9. Comparison of Pollution among rivers:

Here is the comparison of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD) levels between the Yamuna, Ganga, and Sabarmati rivers:

Rivers BOD (mg/L) COD (mg/L)

Yamuna 39 70
Ganga 6 12
Sabarmati 50 80

Comparison of Pollutants among different rivers

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Yamuna Ganga Sabarmati

BOD (mg/L) COD (mg/L)

From the comparison of BOD and COD levels between the Yamuna, Ganga, and Sabarmati
rivers, we can derive the following insights:

1. Yamuna's Severe Pollution:

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 o The Yamuna River has a BOD level of 39 mg/L, which is 13 times higher than
the acceptable limit (3 mg/L) for healthy aquatic life. Although less polluted
than the Sabarmati, its BOD levels are significantly higher than the Ganga (6
mg/L). This indicates that the Yamuna is suffering from extensive organic
pollution, primarily due to untreated sewage and domestic waste.

o The COD level of 70 mg/L in the Yamuna is also alarmingly high, showing the
river is heavily contaminated with industrial pollutants, such as toxic
chemicals and waste from nearby industries.

2. Comparison with Other Rivers:

o The Ganga River has a relatively lower BOD and COD, showing that while it is
still polluted, the extent of organic and chemical pollution is far less severe
compared to the Yamuna. The Ganga’s ongoing cleanup programs have had
some positive impact, which reflects in its lower pollution levels.

o The Sabarmati River, however, exhibits even higher pollution levels than the
Yamuna, with BOD at 50 mg/L and COD at 80 mg/L. This suggests that the
Sabarmati is facing a critical pollution crisis, driven primarily by industrial
effluents and untreated urban waste.

3. Deriving Key Insights:

o Urgency for Intervention: The Yamuna is still in a critical state despite efforts
under various governmental programs. With BOD and COD levels alarmingly
high, the river requires more effective sewage and industrial waste
management.

o Improved Focus on Enforcement: While the Ganga shows some

improvements, the Yamuna and Sabarmati demonstrate that government
interventions alone are not sufficient. Stronger enforcement of pollution
control norms is required, especially for industries discharging effluents.

o Public Health Risks: The BOD and COD levels highlight the public health risks
associated with waterborne diseases due to untreated sewage, as well as the
contamination from industrial chemicals in the water.

In conclusion, while the Yamuna is less polluted than the Sabarmati, its pollution
levels are significantly worse than the Ganga. This indicates a need for urgent and
aggressive interventions to mitigate the pollution crisis in the Yamuna River.

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Discussion
1. Interpretation of Findings:
Trends in BOD, COD, and Coliform Levels:
o Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): From 2018 to 2022, BOD levels in the Yamuna
River rose from 30 mg/L to 39 mg/L, far exceeding the acceptable limit of 3 mg/L.
This signi ies severe organic pollution primarily due to untreated sewage. The steady
increase indicates that intervention efforts like sewage treatment plants (STPs) have
not been suf icient in reducing pollution levels.

o Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): Similarly, COD levels escalated from 60 mg/L to 70
mg/L in the same period. Industrial discharges, particularly from textile and chemical
industries in East Delhi and Faridabad, are the main contributors to this rise. The COD
exceeding the limit of 10 mg/L highlights the presence of harmful industrial
pollutants that are not being adequately treated before entering the river.

o Coliform Levels: Coliform bacteria, an indicator of fecal contamination, increased from

20,000 MPN/100 ml to 27,000 MPN/100 ml, exceeding the safe limit of 500 MPN/100
ml. This rise is closely linked to untreated sewage discharges, particularly affecting
urban areas like Yamuna Vihar and IIT Delhi.

Reasons for Rising Pollution:

Despite government interventions, pollution levels have continued to rise. Key contributing
factors include:
 Ineffective STPs: Many sewage treatment plants are either underperforming or have
limited capacity, leaving a large portion of sewage untreated. The 941 MLD of
untreated sewage lowing into the Yamuna each day is a key factor.
 Industrial Non-Compliance: Industrial ef luents, especially from chemical and textile
sectors, are not effectively regulated. Many industries exceed allowable discharge
limits, as seen in the rising COD levels.
 Weak Enforcement: Although regulations exist, enforcement is inconsistent. There is
a lack of stringent penalties for industries and municipalities that fail to comply with
pollution control measures.

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Geographic Hotspots of Pollution:
 Okhla and Wazirabad: These areas are among the most severely affected. Okhla, in
particular, suffers from both high BOD and COD levels due to untreated sewage and
industrial discharges. Wazirabad, being a dense urban area, is heavily polluted by
sewage from residential areas.

 Faridabad and East Delhi: These regions are hotspots for industrial pollution, as they
house several factories, including those from the textile and chemical sectors.
Industrial runoff has signi icantly contributed to high COD levels.

Contributing Factors:
 Proximity to Industrial Areas: Regions like East Delhi and Faridabad experience high
pollution due to their proximity to major industrial zones. Factories often discharge
untreated or inadequately treated wastewater into the river, leading to increased COD
levels.

 Overwhelmed Sewage Systems: In areas such as Wazirabad, the sewage infrastructure

is insuf icient to handle the volume of waste generated by the growing population.
Consequently, untreated or partially treated sewage lows directly into the river.

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Effectiveness of Government and NGO Initiatives:

The government and NGOs have undertaken various initiatives to tackle the pollution in the
Yamuna River, with notable programs including the Namami Gange Programme, the Yamuna
Action Plan (YAP), and the construction of Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs). Despite
substantial efforts and investments, these initiatives have yielded limited success in curbing
the pollution problem.

 Namami Gange Programme: The program focused on reducing pollution by building

STPs and regulating industrial discharge. However, these efforts have been
underwhelming due to incomplete implementation and underperforming STPs. For
instance, the Delhi Jal Board has installed several STPs, yet 941 MLD (million liters
per day) of sewage still lows untreated into the Yamuna.

 Sewage Treatment Plants: The STPs established under these programs are often
either inadequately maintained or unable to handle the large volume of sewage
generated by Delhi. This capacity gap is a major reason for the continued rise in
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels, signifying high organic pollution due to
untreated sewage.

 NGO and Public Participation: NGOs like Swechha and YAP have been active in
organizing clean-up drives and awareness campaigns. However, the scale of pollution
far exceeds their capacity to make a signi icant impact. Lack of coordination between
government bodies and NGOs, as well as insuf icient funding, have hindered the
effectiveness of these efforts. Public participation in cleanup drives and waste
management is crucial, but the low engagement from the local communities has been
a persistent challenge.

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Broader Environmental and Economic Impacts:
Environmental Consequences:
The continued pollution of the Yamuna has far-reaching environmental implications:

 Biodiversity Decline: High levels of pollutants, such as BOD and Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD), drastically reduce oxygen levels in the water, creating dead zones
where aquatic life cannot thrive. Over time, this has led to ecosystem degradation and
a noticeable decline in aquatic species diversity.
 Long-Term Damage to Ecosystems: The excessive presence of industrial ef luents,
heavy metals, and untreated sewage has disrupted the river's natural nutrient cycling,
further affecting the health of both lora and fauna dependent on the Yamuna. If
pollution continues at this rate, the river may reach a point of irreversible ecological
damage.

Economic Impact:
Beyond the environmental consequences, the pollution of the Yamuna has signi icant
economic rami ications:
 Loss of Tourism Revenue: Areas along the Yamuna, including the Okhla Bird
Sanctuary, have experienced a sharp decline in visitors due to the deteriorating
water quality and reduced biodiversity. This decline in tourism directly impacts
local businesses reliant on eco-tourism.
 Future Restoration Costs: As pollution levels rise, the cost of future restoration
projects will increase exponentially. If immediate action is not taken, the
government will face escalating expenses in rehabilitating the river to a state that
is safe for both ecosystems and human use.
 Healthcare Costs: The continued rise in coliform bacteria levels is a public health
hazard, contributing to waterborne diseases such as cholera and diarrhea.
Communities living near the river suffer from increased medical expenses and a
higher disease burden, exacerbating the economic strain on low-income
households.

These points underscore the need for urgent and multi-stakeholder intervention to mitigate
the environmental and economic damage caused by unchecked pollution in the Yamuna
River.

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Challenges and Limitations:

a. Insuf icient Infrastructure:

- The sewage treatment infrastructure in Delhi is overloaded and underperforming. As
reported, 70% of the pollution in the Yamuna comes from untreated sewage. Despite
investments under the Namami Gange Program, many sewage treatment plants (STPs) are
either non-compliant or operate below capacity, leading to 941 million liters per day of
untreated sewage lowing into the river.

b. Lack of Coordination:
- There is limited coordination between various stakeholders, including government
agencies, industries, and local communities. Although several NGOs are working to clean the
river and raise awareness, their efforts remain insuf icient without proper government
backing and collaboration. Industrial pollution, especially from East Delhi and Faridabad,
remains high, contributing 20% of the pollution load.

c. Limited Political Will and Budgetary Constraints:

- Despite over ₹2400 crore invested in Delhi alone under different governmental schemes,
pollution levels have continued to rise. Political inertia, insuf icient budget allocation for
maintenance of STPs, and lack of stringent enforcement mechanisms are hindering progress.

d. Urbanization and Population Growth:

- Rapid urbanization and population growth in Delhi contribute signi icantly to the pollution
problem. With increasing residential and industrial waste, the city’s outdated infrastructure
struggles to manage the pollution load. High population density increases pressure on
sewage systems, leading to more untreated waste being discharged directly into the river.

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Recommendations for Future Action:

a. Stricter Enforcement of Industrial Regulations:

- Industrial discharges, particularly from the textile and chemical sectors, need stricter
regulation. Stronger penalties for non-compliance and more frequent monitoring should be
implemented. Industries should be incentivized to adopt eco-friendly technologies, such as
tax bene its for those meeting environmental standards.

b. Expansion and Modernization of Sewage Treatment Plants:

- Immediate expansion of existing sewage treatment plants and the construction of new ones
are essential. Real-time monitoring of STPs should be mandated to prevent untreated sewage
discharge into the river. Regular maintenance and modernization of these facilities are also
critical.

c. Public Education and Involvement:

- Greater public awareness campaigns are needed to reduce littering and domestic waste.
Initiatives like “Adopt a River” can involve local schools, universities, and corporate sponsors
in maintaining speci ic stretches of the Yamuna. Environmental education should also be
integrated into school curriculums.

d. Incentivizing Cleaner Technologies:

- To encourage industries to adopt cleaner technologies, the government should offer
incentives like tax breaks or subsidies. This would promote investments in technologies that
reduce industrial discharge, such as ef luent treatment plants and zero-liquid discharge
systems.

e. Green Infrastructure and Natural Solutions:

- Encourage the implementation of green infrastructure like wetlands and buffer zones along
the river to naturally ilter pollutants. This can help reduce the in low of agricultural runoff
and urban waste into the river.

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Conclusion on River Pollution in Delhi: A Call for Immediate
and Sustainable Action
The Yamuna River, once a lifeline for millions, has become emblematic of urban water pollution
in Delhi, reflecting the severe consequences of rapid urbanization, industrialization, and
population growth. This report highlights the dire condition of the Yamuna, where untreated
sewage, industrial discharge, and improper waste management have contributed to unprecedented
levels of pollution. The water quality, measured in terms of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD),
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Coliform bacteria levels, has steadily deteriorated from
2018 to 2022. This steady degradation signifies not only environmental harm but also severe public
health risks and economic losses, further necessitating immediate intervention.

Key Drivers of Pollution

The report identifies three major sources of pollution: untreated sewage, industrial discharge, and
improper waste disposal. The city’s infrastructure, particularly sewage treatment plants (STPs), is
inadequate to handle the volume of waste generated by Delhi’s population of over 20 million
people. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) found that 70% of pollution stems from
untreated sewage. Additionally, industrial effluents, which contribute 20% to total pollution,
primarily come from textile and chemical factories in East Delhi and Faridabad. This industrial
pollution introduces hazardous chemicals, heavy metals, and toxic substances into the river, far
exceeding acceptable COD levels. The improper disposal of solid waste along the riverbank further
exacerbates the situation, with waste leachates contaminating the river.

Environmental and Public Health Consequences

The pollution of the Yamuna has resulted in significant environmental degradation. Aquatic
biodiversity has sharply declined, as high levels of organic and chemical pollutants deplete oxygen
levels, creating “dead zones” where aquatic life cannot survive. Species such as river dolphins and
various fish populations have been severely impacted, disrupting the ecosystem's balance.
Moreover, the rise in coliform bacteria, from 20,000 MPN/100 ml in 2018 to 27,000 MPN/100 ml
in 2022, indicates a severe risk of waterborne diseases like cholera, dysentery, and typhoid. The
public health implications are profound, particularly for communities reliant on the Yamuna for
water and agriculture.

Economic Impacts

Pollution has far-reaching economic consequences. Farmers using polluted water for irrigation
face reduced crop yields and potential health hazards, while fishing communities struggle with
declining fish populations. Additionally, the tourism industry, particularly near the Okhla Bird
Sanctuary, has suffered as the river’s pollution drives away visitors. These combined factors have
led to an increase in healthcare costs and loss of livelihoods for many, further highlighting the need
for urgent remedial action.

Government and NGO Efforts

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The government, through programs like the Namami Gange Programme, has invested significantly
in sewage treatment plants and pollution control. However, despite over ₹2400 crore allocated, the
results have been underwhelming. Many STPs are either non-compliant or unable to process the
full volume of sewage generated, leaving 941 MLD (million liters per day) of sewage untreated.
Furthermore, enforcement of industrial regulations has been weak, with 30% of industries failing
to meet wastewater treatment standards. NGOs such as Swechha and the Yamuna Action Plan
(YAP) have made efforts to engage communities in cleanup initiatives, but these have been
insufficient given the scale of the problem.

Recommendations for Mitigation

To address the ongoing crisis of river pollution in Delhi, this report offers several key
recommendations:

1. Expansion of Sewage Treatment Capacity: Immediate upgrades and expansion of

sewage treatment facilities are crucial. There is a need for real-time monitoring of STPs to
prevent untreated sewage from entering the Yamuna. Without adequate sewage treatment
infrastructure, pollution levels will continue to rise.
2. Stricter Enforcement of Industrial Regulations: Industrial waste discharge must be
closely monitored, and industries that fail to comply with environmental standards should
face stricter penalties. Incentives such as tax reductions for industries adopting eco-friendly
practices can encourage compliance.
3. Public Awareness and Engagement: Sustained educational campaigns aimed at reducing
littering and domestic waste are essential. Community-driven initiatives like “Adopt a
River” can involve schools, universities, and businesses in maintaining specific sections of
the river.
4. Implementation of Green Infrastructure: The adoption of green infrastructure, such as
buffer zones and constructed wetlands, can help naturally filter pollutants before they enter
the river. Such nature-based solutions can reduce agricultural and urban runoff, providing
long-term sustainability.
5. Technological Innovations: The government should promote and invest in advanced
wastewater treatment technologies and pollution detection systems. Encouraging industries
to adopt zero-liquid discharge systems can significantly reduce water pollution from
industrial activities.

Final Thoughts

The pollution of Delhi's rivers, especially the Yamuna, represents a grave threat to public health,
the environment, and the economy. The current levels of BOD, COD, and coliform bacteria far
exceed acceptable limits, rendering the river unusable for drinking, agriculture, and industrial
purposes. If left unchecked, the river's pollution will lead to irreversible environmental damage
and increased economic losses. The situation requires coordinated efforts between government
bodies, industries, and communities, with an emphasis on stricter enforcement, infrastructure
improvement, and public participation.

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Restoring the health of the Yamuna River is not just an environmental necessity but also a moral
imperative for ensuring sustainable development and a healthier future for Delhi’s residents.
Implementing the recommendations outlined in this report can pave the way for effective
mitigation, allowing the Yamuna to once again serve as a vital resource for millions.

Bibliography and References

1. Government Reports:
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB):
"Water Quality Monitoring Report: Yamuna River (2018-2022)"
Available at: www.cpcb.nic.in

Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC):

"Sewage Treatment and Water Quality Reports for Delhi"
Available at: dpcc.delhigovt.nic.in

Ministry of Jal Shakti:

"Namami Gange Programme: Initiatives for Yamuna River Cleanup"
Available at: www.jalshakti-dowr.gov.in

2. Academic Research Papers:

Sharma, P., & Gupta, S. (2021). "Impact of Industrial Ef luents on Water Quality of Yamuna
River in Delhi". Environmental Research Journal, 12(4), 223-235.

Verma, A. & Kumar, P. (2020). "Sewage Treatment Challenges in Urban India: Case of the
Yamuna". Journal of Environmental Management, 145(1), 45-58.

3. NGO and Public Reports:

Yamuna Action Plan (YAP):
"Yamuna River Cleanup and Restoration Progress Report"
Available at: www.yamunaactionplan.nic.in

Swechha (NGO):
"Community Participation in Yamuna Cleanup Drives"
Available at: www.swechha.in

4. News and Media Reports:

Hindustan Times. (2022). "Rising Pollution in Yamuna: The State of Delhi’s Water Lifeline".
Available at: www.hindustantimes.com
The Times of India. (2021). "Pollution Crisis in Delhi’s Yamuna River: Sewage and Industrial
Waste Contributions". Available at: www.timeso india.indiatimes.com

5. Environmental Websites:
Press Information Bureau (PIB):

Page | 31
"Pollution in River Yamuna: Government's Monitoring and Interventions"
Available at: pib.gov.in

Climate Fact Checks:

"India’s Troubled Waters: Polluted Rivers and Their Impact"
Available at: climatefactchecks.org

6. Other Sources:
World Health Organization (WHO):
"Waterborne Diseases and Health Risks Related to Contaminated Water Sources"
Available at: www.who.int

7. Data Sources for Pollution Statistics:

National Green Tribunal (NGT): "Reports on Industrial Compliance and River Pollution in
Delhi"
Yamuna Monitoring Committee (YMC): "Reports on Pollution Levels in the Delhi Stretch of
the Yamuna"
Available at: https://greentribunal.gov.in

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