Second Year Maths IIA

8. MEASURES OF DISPERSION
1. The measures of dispersion are (1) Range (2) Quartile deviation (3) Mean deviation (4) Variance
(5) Standard deviation
2. In a given series of values (data), the difference of maximum (greatest) value and minimum (least) value

3.
is called range
The arithmetic average of absolute values of the deviations of the variates measured from an average
6. BINO
mean or median (or mode) is called mean deviation about mean or median (or mode)
4. Mean deviation for ungrouped data :
1 n
Mean deviation about mean =  xi  x , where x = mean
n i1
1 n
Mean deviation about median =  xi  M , where M = median
n i1
5. Mean deviation for grouped data
n

f i xi  x
1 n n
Mean deviation about mean =
i 1
n
  fi xi  x , where N =
N i1
 fi
i1
f
i1
i

1 n n
Mean deviation about median =  fi xi  M , where N =  fi
N i1 i1

6. The mean of the squares of the deviations of the variates from their arithmetic mean is called variance. It is
denoted by  2 . The positive square root of variance is called standard deviation and it is denoted by  .
7. Variance and standard deviation for ungrouped data :
2
1 n 1 n 2
2
Variance,    x i  x
n i1
   
n i1
x i  x2

2
1 n  1 n 2 
Standard deviation     x i  x     
x i  x 2 
 n i1   n i1 
8. Variance and standard deviation of a discrete frequency distribution:
n
n
Variance,  2  1  fi  x i  x  where N =
N
2
f
i 1
i
i 1

n n
1 2  1
 f x  2
Standard deviation,   N
 i 1
i i  x  o r 
 N
  f x
i1
i
2
i   fi x i  

9. Standard deviation for continuous frequency distribution:
1 2
  N  fi x  (  fi x i ) 2
N
i
xi  A
Variance, h where yi = and h is the length of class interval.
  N  fi y 2
i  (  fi y i ) 2 h
N

10. Coefficient of variation = x100 .
x
11. If each of the observations x1, x2, ................., xn is increased by k, where k is a positive or negative
number, then the variance remains unchanged.
12. If each observation in a data is multiplied by a constant k, then the variance of the resulting observations
is k2 times that of the variance of original observations.

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Second Year Maths IIA

LEVEL - I (VSAQ)
1. Find the mean deviation from the mean of the following discrete data : 3, 6, 10, 4, 9, 10.

A: Mean of the data 3, 6, 10, 4, 9, 10 is

3  6  10  4  9  10
x
6
42

6
7
 Mean deviation from the mean
6
 xi  x
i1

n
4  1 3  3  2  3

6

16

6
 2.67.

2. Find the mean deviation about mean for the data 38, 70, 48, 40, 42, 55, 63, 46, 54, 44.
A. Given data is 38, 70, 48, 40, 42, 55, 63, 46, 54, 44.
x i 500
Arithmetic mean x   = 50.
n 10
Mean deviation about mean
 xi  x
M.D. =
n
12  20  2  10  8  5  13  4  4  6
=
10
84
=
10
= 8.4.

3. Compute the mean deviation about the median of the data 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 4, 12, 16.
A: Ascending order of the given data is 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 12, 13, 16.

x 4  x5
Median M 
2
10  12

2
 11.

 Mean deviation from the median

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8
  x i  M
i 1

8

7  5  4  1 1 1 2  5

8
26

8
 3.25 .

4. Find the mean deviation about the median for the data : 4, 6, 9, 3, 10, 13, 2.
A: The ascending order of the data is 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 13.
Median M = x4 = 6.
7
 xi  M
Mean deviation from the median = i1
7
4320347

7
23
=
7
= 3.29.

5. Find the mean deviation about median for the data 13, 17, 16, 11, 13, 10, 16, 11, 18, 12, 17.
A. Given data in descending order is 10, 11, 11, 12, 13, 13, 16, 16, 17, 17, 18
th
11 1
Median is observation
2
M = 13.
Mean deviation about median
 x i M
M.D. 
n
3  2  2  1 0  0  3  3  4  4  5
=
11
27
=
11
= 2.45.

6. Find the variance for the discrete data : 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 4, 8, 12.
6  7  10  12  13  4  8  12
A: Mean =
8
72

8
= 9.
8 2
  xi  x 
Variance 2  i 1
8
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9  4  1  9  16  25  1  9

8
74

8
= 9.25.

7. Find the variance and standard deviation of the data 5, 12, 3, 18, 6, 8, 2, 10.
5  12  3  18  6  8  2  10
Mean x 
8
64
x =8
8
8 2
  xi  x 
i 1
Variance 2 
n
9  16  25  100  4  36  4

8
194

8
= 24.25.
Standard deviation = 24.25
= 4.95.

8. The coefficient of variation of two distributions are 60 and 70 and their standard deviations
are 21 and 16 respectively. Find their arithmetic means.
A: Let x and y be the means of given two distributions
σ
Coefficient of variation C.V.  x 100
x
21
60 100 
x
 x  35 .
σ
For the second distribution C.V.  x 100
y
16
70  x 100
y
 y  22.85 .

9. The variance of 20 observations is 5. If each of the observations is multiplied by 2, find the

variance of the resulting observations.
A: We know that if each observation in a data multiplied by a constant k, then the variance of the resulting
observations is k2 times that of the variance of original observations.
Here each of the observation is multiplied by 2 .
 Variance of resulting observations
= 22 (5)
= 4(5) = 20.
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10. If each of the observations x1, x2, .......xn is increased by k, where k is a positive or negative
number, then show that the variance remains unchanged.
A: For the observations x1, x2, ...........xn,
n
 xi
i 1
Mean x 
n
2
  xi  x 
Variance σ12 
n
n
  xi  k 
i 1
Mean of new observations y 
n
n
 xi
i 1 kn
 
n n
 xk
n 2
  yi  y 
 Variance of new observations σ22  i1
n
n 2 n 2
  xi  k   xi  k     xi  x 
 i 1
 i 1  σ 12 .
n n
Thus the variance of new observations is the same as that of the original observations.

LEVEL - I (LAQ)
1. Find the mean deviation about the mean for the data :

xi 2 5 7 8 10 35
fi 6 8 10 6 8 2

xi fi f i xi xix fi x i  x
2 6 12 6 36
5 8 40 3 24
7 10 70 1 10
8 6 48 0 0
10 8 80 2 16
35 2 70 27 54
40 320 140

∑ f x 320
i i
Arithemetic mean x = = =8
∑ f 40
i
∑ f x -x 140
i i
Mean deviation about the mean = ∑ = = 3.5
fi 40

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2. Find the mean deviation from the median for the following data :

xi 6 9 3 12 15 13 21 22
fi 4 5 3 2 5 4 4 3

Arranging xi’s in ascending order, given table can be rewritten as

xi fi | xi - M | fi x i  M
3 3 10 30
6 4 7 28
9 5 4 20 N = 30 ∑ f x - x =149
i i

12 2 1 2
13 4 0 0
15 5 2 10
21 4 8 32
22 3 9 27

N N 13  13
Here median is the average of , + 1 th observations M   13
2 2 2
∑ f x -x 149
Mean Deviation about Median = i i = = 4.97 .
N 30

3. Find the mean deviation from the mean of the following data, using the step deviation method.

Marks 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70
No. of students 6 5 8 15 7 6 3

xi  A
Class No. of Midvalue di  fi di xix fi x i  x
h
interval students fi xi
0 - 10 6 5 -3 - 18 28.4 170.4
10 - 20 5 15 -2 - 10 18.4 92.0
20 - 30 8 25 -1 -8 8.4 67.2
30 - 40 15 35 0 0 1.6 24.0
40 - 50 7 45 1 7 11.6 81.2
50 - 60 6 55 2 12 21.6 129.6
60 - 70 3 65 3 9 31.6 94.8
N = 50  fi di   8 659.2

  fidi   8 
Mean x  A    h  35    10  33.4
  fi   50 

 fi xi  x 659.2
Mean Deviation about mean =   13.18 .
 fi 50
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Second Year Maths IIA
4. Find the mean deviation about the mean for the given data using step deviation method.

Marks obtained
0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50
A. No. of students 5 8 15 16 6

Class Frequency Mid Value xi  A fi d i xi  x fi x i  x

di 
Interval h
0 – 10 5 5 -2 -10 22 110
10-20 8 15 -1 -8 12 96
10-30 15 25 A 0 0 2 30
30-40 16 35 1 16 8 128
40-50 6 45 2 12 18 108
50 10 472

Let the assumed mean be A = 25, h = 10

  fd 
Mean x  A   i i  h
 N 

 10 
 25   (10)
 50 
x = 27
 Mean deviation about mean is
fi xi  x
M.D. 
N
472
=
50
= 9.44.

5. Find the mean deviation about median for the following data :
A.

Age in years x i 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60

No. of workers f i 120 125 175 160 150 140 100 30

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Second Year Maths IIA
Age in years No. of Cumulative Midpoints xi - M fi x i - M
workers frequency
20 – 25 120 120 22.5 15 1800
25 – 30 125 245 27.5 10 1250
30 – 35 175 420 m 32.5 5 875
35 - 40 160 f 580 37.5 0 0
40 – 45 150 730 42.5 5 750
45 – 50 140 870 47.5 10 1400
50 – 55 100 970 52.5 15 1500
55 - 60 30 1000 57.5 20 600
1000 8175

th
N
Median class is the class containing item
2
1000
= = 500th item i.e. 35 - 40 class.
2
Here = 35, h = 5, f = 160, m = 420, N = 1000

N 
 2 m
Median m =     (h)
 f 
 

 500  420 
= 35    (5)
 160 
= 35 + 2.5
= 37.5.
 Mean deviation about median is
 fi xi  m
M.D =
N
8175
=
1000
= 8.175.

6. Calculate the variance and standard deviation for the discrete frequency distribution :
xI 4 8 11 17 20 24 32
fi 3 5 9 5 4 3 1

We shall construct the following table :

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Second Year Maths IIA

xi fi f i xi xi  x  xi  x 2 fi  xi  x 
2

4 3 12 - 10 100 300

8 5 40 -6 36 180
11 9 99 -3 9 81
17 5 85 3 9 45
20 4 80 6 36 144
24 3 72 10 100 300
32 1 32 18 324 324
30 420 1374

∑
Here fi x i = 420, N = 30
∑ f x 420
i i
Mean x = = = 14
N 30
∑ f  x - x 2 1374
i i
Variance  =2 = = 45.8 .
N 30
Standard deviationσ = 45.8 = 6.77 .

7. Calculate the variance and standard deviation of the following continuous frequency distribution :

C.I. 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70 70 - 80 80 - 90 90 - 100

Frequency 3 7 12 15 8 3 2

Now we shall construct the following table with the given data :

xi  A
Class Frequency Midpoint yi  yi2 fi yi fi yi2
h
Interval fi xi
30 - 40 3 35 -3 9 -9 27
40 - 50 7 45 -2 4 - 14 28
50 - 60 12 55 -1 1 - 12 12
60 - 70 15 65 0 0 0 0
70 - 80 8 75 1 1 8 8
80 - 90 3 85 2 4 6 12
90 - 100 2 95 3 9 6 18
50 - 15 105

Take assumed origin A as 65

h = length of the class = 10
∑
 fi y i   -15  10 
Mean x = A +   h = 65 + = 62
 N  50
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Second Year Maths IIA

h 2 ∑
N fi y i2 ∑
2
Variance 2 = 2 
-  fi y i  
N 
100 2
=  50(105)
-(-15) 
2500  

1
=  5250 - 225  = 201
25
σ = 201 = 14.18.
Standard deviation

8. Find the mean deviation about the mean for the following continuous distribution.

Sales
(in Rs. thousand) 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100

No.of companies 5 15 25 30 20 5

A. We can form the following table from the given data

sales No. of Midpoint f i xi |xi - X | fi |xi - X |
(in Rs. compnies (fi) (xi)
thousand)
40 - 50 5 45 225 26 130
50 - 60 15 55 825 16 240
60 - 70 25 65 1625 6 150
70 - 80 30 75 2250 4 120
80 - 90 20 85 1700 14 280
90 - 100 5 95 475 24 120
100 7100 1040

Here, N =  fi = 100
 fi = 7100
n

 fi xi 7100
Mean, X  i1
  71
N 100

Mean deviation about mean is M.D. =

 f i | xi  x |  1040  10.4 .
N 100

9. Find the mean deviation about the median for the following continuous distribution.

Marks
Obtained 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

No.of boys 6 8 14 16 4 2

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Second Year Maths IIA
A. We can form the following table from the given data
Marks No. of boys Cumulative Midpoints |xi - Median| fi |xi - Median|
obtained (fi) frequency (c.f.) (xi)
0 - 10 6 6 5 22.86 137.16
10 - 20 8 14 m 15 12.86 102.88
20 - 30 141 28 25 2.86 40.04
30 - 40 16 44 35 7.14 114.24
40 - 50 4 48 45 17.14 68.56
50 - 60 2 50 55 27.14 54.28
50 517.16

th
N 50
Median class = lass containing item = = 25th item = 20 - 30 class
2 2
Here, l = 20, C = 10, f = 14, m = 14, N = 50
N
2 m
Median, M = l + xC
f
25  14
= 20 + x 10
14
= 20 + 7.86 = 27.86

 Mean deviation about median is M.D. =

 fi | xi  M |
N
517.16
= = 10.34.
50

LEVEL - II (LAQ)
1. The mean of 5 observations is 4.4. Their variance is 8.24. If three of the observations are 1, 2
and 6. Find the other two observations.
A: Let the missing two observations be x, y.
Now, mean = 4.4

⇒ 1+ 2 + 6 + x + y
= 4.4
5
x + y + 9 = 22
x + y = 13
y = 13 - x
∑  xi - x 
2

Also variance = 8.24

n

⇒ 1 - 4.4 2 +  2 - 4.4  2 +  6 - 4.4 2 +  x - 4.4  2 + 13 - x - 4.4  2

= 8.24
5
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( - 3.4)2 + (- 2. 4)2 + 1.62 + (x - 4.4)2 + (8.6 - x)2 = 41.20

11.56 + 5.76 + 2.56 + x2 - 8.8x + 19.36 + 73.96 - 17.2x + x2 = 41.20
2x2 - 26x + 72 = 0.
x2 - 13x + 36 = 0
x2 - 4x - 9x + 36 = 0
x (x - 4) - 9(x - 4) = 0
(x - 4) (x - 9) = 0.
x = 4 or 9.
So the missing two observations are 4,9.

2. The following table gives the daily wages of workers in a factory. Compute the standard deviation
and the coefficient of variation of the wages of the workers.
Wages 125-175 175 - 225 225-275 275 - 325 325 - 375 375 - 425 425 - 475 475 - 525 525 - 575

No. of 2 22 19 14 3 4 6 1 1
workers

We shall construct the following table with the given data :

xi  A
Class Midpoint Frequency yi  yi2 fi yi fi yi2
h
interval fi

125 - 175 150 2 -4 16 -8 32

175 - 225 200 22 -3 9 - 66 198

225 - 275 250 19 -2 4 - 38 76

275 - 325 300 14 -1 1 - 14 14

325 - 375 350 3 0 0 0 0

375 - 425 400 4 1 1 4 4

425 - 475 450 6 2 4 12 24

475 - 525 500 1 3 9 3 9

525 - 575 550 1 4 16 4 16

72 - 103 373

Taking assumed origin A as 350, h = 50

∑
 fi y i  = 350 +  - 103   50  = 278.47
Mean x = A +  h   .
 N   72 

σ h 2 ∑
N fi y i2 ∑
2
Variance
2
= 2 
-  fi y i  
N 

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Second Year Maths IIA

2500 2
= 72(373)
-(-103) 
72 x 72  
 = 88.52.
σ 88.52
Coefficient of variation = x100 = x 100 = 31.79 .
x 278.47
3. The scores of two cricketers A and B in 10 innings are given below. Find who is better run
getter and who is a more consistent player :
Scores of A : xi 40 25 19 80 38 8 67 121 66 76
Scores of B : yi 28 70 31 0 14 111 66 31 25 4

540
A: For cricketer A : Mean x = = 54 .
10
380
For cricketer B : Mean y = = 38 .
10
2 2
xi xi  x  xi  x  yi yi  y  yi  y
40 -4 196 28 - 10 100

25 29 841 70 32 1024

19 - 35 1225 31 -7 49
80 26 676 0 - 38 1444

38 - 16 256 14 - 24 575

8 - 46 2116 111 73 5329

67 13 169 66 28 784

121 67 4489 31 -7 49

66 12 144 25 - 13 163

76 22 484 4 - 34 1156

 xi = 540 10596  yi  380 10680

∑  x i - x 2 10596
σ
Standard deviation of scores of A, x = = = 1059.6 = 32.55
n 10
∑  y i - y 2
10680
σ
Standard deviation of scores of B, y = = = 1068 = 32.68
n 10
σ 32.55
x
Coefficient of Variation of A = x100 = x100 = 60.28 .
x 54
σ 32.68
y
Coefficient of Variation of B = x100 = x 100 = 86 .
y 38
Since x  y , cricketers A is a better run getter..
Also C.V. of A < C.V. of B, Cricketer A is also a more consistent player.

Measures Of Dispersion
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