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GB M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q evsjv‡`‡k e¨emvwqK msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i Ae¯’v †Kgb Zvi Dci
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wk‡íB bq we‡k¦i cÖvq me †`‡ki me msMV‡bi wPÎUvI cÖvq GKB iKg| GB M‡elbvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q †Kvb
welq ev cÖfveK mg~n GB wb¤œ Ae¯’v‡bi R‡b¨ `vqx †m¸‡jv‡K Lyu‡R †ei Kiv|
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Director, CEO, General Manager, Manager, Deputy manager, Senior accountant, Senior
Merchandiser, wewfbœ mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv, ZË¡ Ges †mB mv‡_ M‡el‡Ki e¨w³MZ Ávb Ges gvV ch©v‡q cÖvß

Z_¨ Øviv GB M‡elbvi cÖ‡kœi †LvuRvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ¸bevPK M‡elbvi mvnv‡h¨ GB M‡elbv cwiPvwjZ
n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b wbw`©ó msL¨K Kg©xi mvÿvZKvi MÖnb Kiv n‡q‡Q| hviv Ready Made Garments (RMG)
Gi D”P ch©v‡q KvR K‡ib Ges hviv D”P ch©v‡q hv‡eb e‡j Avkv Ki‡Qb| wbw`©ó wKQz cÖkœc‡Îi Ges Kg©xi
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1.1 f~wgKv 1
1.2 M‡elYvi cUf~wg 2
1.3 M‡elYvi †hŠw³KZv 4
1.4 M‡elYvi ¸iæZ¡ 5
1.5 M‡elYvi g~j cªkœ 6
1.6 M‡elYv GjvKv 6
1.7 M‡elYv c×wZ Ges Z_¨ msMªn 7
1.8 M‡elYvi mxgve×Zv 8
1.9 Aa¨v‡qi iƒc‡iLv 9

2.0 wØZxq Aa¨vqt M‡elYv c×wZ 10-22

2.1 f~wgKv 11
2.2 ¸bevPK c×wZ 11
2.3 NUbv we‡kølY c×wZ 12
2.4 AbymÜvbg~jK M‡elYv 13
2.5 bgybvqb 14
 2.6 NUbv we‡køl‡bi bgybvPqb 14
2.7 M‡elYvi Z‡_¨i Drm 15
2.8 M‡elYv GjvKv 15
2.9 M‡elYvi Rb¨ DcvË I Z_¨ msMÖn 16
2.10 Uªvqvs¸‡jkb 18
2.11 Z‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qvM 20
2.12 Dcv‡Ëi we‡kølY 21
2.13 Dcmsnvi 22

3.0 Z…Zxq Aa¨vqt mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv 23-32

3.1 f~wgKv 24
3.2 mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv 24
3.3 mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv ‡_‡K cªvß M‡elbvi NvUwZ 32
3.4 Dcmsnvi 32

4.0 PZz_© Aa¨vqt ZvwË¡K Ges we‡kølYvZ¥K KvVv‡gv 33-56

4.1 f~wgKv 34
4.2 g~j kã m¤ú‡K© ZvwË¡K Av‡jvPbv 34
4.3 mvsMVwbK PvU© 39
4.4 ZvwË¡K Ges we‡kølYvZ¥K KvVv‡gv 40
4.4.1 Møvm wmwjs ZË¡ (The Glass Ceiling Theory) 40-41
4.4.2 The GOS Theory 42
4.5 we‡kølYvZ¥K KvVv‡gv 43
4.6 PjK (Variables) 44
4.7 aviYvMZ KvVv‡gv 45
4.8 m~PK (Indicators) 46
 4.8.1 e¨w³MZ KviY 46
4.8.2 mvsMVwbK KviY 49
4.8.3 mvgvwRK KviY 53
4.9 Dcmsnvi 56

5.0 cÂg Aa¨vqt e¨emvwqK msMVb wn‡m‡e RMG LvZ Ges 57-68
evsjv‡`k
5.1 evsjv‡`k RMG 58
5.2 RMG Kg©ms¯’v‡bi BwZnvm Ges RMG Lv‡Z 59
bvix‡`i Ae`vb
5.3 RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z bvix‡`i Ae`vb 61
5.4 AvšÍR©vwZK AsM‡b msMV‡bi D”Pch©v‡q bvix‡`i 63
Ae¯’vb
5.5 AvšÍRv©vwZK cwim‡i e¨e¯’vcbv ch©v‡q bvix‡`i 65
Ae¯’vb
5.6 K‡c©v‡iU wmuwoi hZ Dc‡i DVv nq, 66
bvix‡`i msL¨v ZZB Kg
5.7 evsjv‡`k RMG Lv‡Z bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb 66
5.8 Dcmsnvi 68

6.0 lô Aa¨vqt M‡elYvi AbymÜvb Ges we‡kølY 69-88

6.1 f~wgKv 70
6.2 Aa¨qb GjvKv 70

6.3 cªvß djvdj 70

6.3.1 cvwievwiK e¨vemv 73
6.3.2 m¤úwËi fvM ev‡Uvqviv 74
6.3.3 hvZvqv‡Z Amyweav 75
6.3.4 mvsMVwbK wbqgbxwZ 75
6.3.5 ‡ivj g‡Wj 76
6.3.6 mnKg©x‡`i Amn‡hvwMZv 77
6.3.7 ¯^Rbc«xwZ 77
6.3.8 ms¯‹…wZ Ges Zvi cÖfve 78
6.3.9 c«wk¶b 80
6.3.10 mvsMVwbK ms¯‹…wZ 81
6.4 Av‡jvPbv I Zvrch© 83
6.5 msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i cª‡qvRbxqZv| 84

6.6 ‡KvwfW 19 cwiw¯’wZi cªfve 84

6.7 bvix Kg©x‡`i nvi µgvš^‡q Kg‡Q 85
6.8 M‡elYvi mxgve×Zv Ges fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ 85
w`Kwb‡`©kbv
6.9 Dcmsnvi 86
Z_¨m~Î 89-100
mshyw³-1 cÖkœgvjv 102
 List of Tables

Aa¨vq ‡Uwej b¤^i wk‡ivbvg c„ôv

5.5 5.1 The proportion of women in senior leadership differs by 65

region

5.7 5.2 Proportion of women in managerial and supervisory 69

positions in surveyed enterprises, 2010-1018 (%)

6.1 6.1 Demographic profile 71-72

Research Questions & Answers 101

 List of Figures

wPÎ wk‡ivbvg c„ôv

b¤^i
1.1 Inductive approach 7
2.1 M‡elbvi Drm 15
2.2 Uªvqvs¸‡jkb 19
2.3 Qualitative Data Analysis Model (Miles & Huberman, 1994) 22
4.1 mvsMVwbK PvU© 39
4.2 Møvm wmwjs d¨v±i 41
4.3 Factors that Effect Women’s Positions in Top Level Management 44
4.4 Conceptual Framework 45
5.1 Employment in the ready-made garment industry in Bangladesh 59
5.2 RMG Lv‡Z bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb 60
5.3 RMG Lv‡Z bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb (2) 61
5.4 RvZxq Av‡q bvix‡`i Ae`vb 62
5.5 RMG Lv‡Z bvix Kg©x‡`i Ae`vb 63
5.6 AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e e¨e¯’vcbv ch©v‡q bvix‡`i kZKiv Ae¯’vb 2021 63
 List of Acronyms

RMG- Ready-Made Garment

ILO- International Labour Organization

CPD- Centre for Policy Dialogue

CEO- Chief Executive Officer

GOS- Gender Organization System

BBS- Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

HRW- Human Rights Watch

GDP- Gross Domestic Product

UN- United Nation;

WB- World Bank

MD- Managing Director

GM- General Manager.

AGM- Assistant General Manager

ACD- Asian Center for Development

SMI- Survey of manufacturing industry

MSCI- Morgan Stanley Capital International

HRPB- Human Rights and Peace for Bangladesh

OECD- Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.

BGMEA- Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association.

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MbcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi 28(2) Aby‡”Q`|

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avc GwM‡q G‡b‡Q|

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1
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Lv‡Zi D”P ch©v‡q bvix Kg©xi msL¨v A‡bK Kg (Masud, 2022)|

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BGMEA Gi Z_¨ g‡Z 2020-2021 A_©eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡ki ißvbx Av‡qi cÖvq 81.16% Avq K‡i‡Q †`‡ki

RMG ‡m±i| Innovision Gi Z_¨vbyhvqx †`‡ki cÖvq 400 RMG ‡m±‡ii cvkvcvwk †U·UvBj Mv‡g©›Um I

†U·UvBj ‡gwkbvwiR Ges G·‡mmwiR BÛvw÷ª wgwj‡q Kg©x msL¨v A‡bK ‡ewk|

World Bank Gi Z_¨g‡Z 2019 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k †UvUvj 67 wgwjqb Kg©xevwnbxi g‡a¨ 6 kZvs‡ki †ewk

(6.30) KvR Ki‡Q GB RMG ‡m±‡i| GQvov evsjv‡`‡ki me©‡gvU Kg©xevwnbxi 30% ev 20 wgwjq‡bi
†ewk bvix Kgx© i‡q‡Q hv‡`i 12.5% A_©vr 2.53 wgwjqb B RMG ‡m±‡i Kg©iZ i‡q‡Q| Z‡e MZ K‡qK
`kK a‡i RMG ‡m±‡i bvix Kg©x‡`i cwigvb cÖwZwbqZB n«vm cv‡”Q (Haque & Bari, 2020)| Ges †bZ…Z¡
¯’vbxq ch©v‡q bvix Kg©x‡`i AskMÖnY †bB ej‡jB P‡j|

ILO Z_¨vbyhvqx †`‡ki A‡a©‡Ki †ewk myBs Acv‡iUi bvix Kg©x n‡jI Zv‡`i mycvifvBR‡`i 95% Gi †ewk

cyiæl| GQvov †Rbv‡ij g¨v‡bRvi, jvBb g¨v‡bRvi, †KvqvwjwU g¨v‡bRvi, †cÖvWvKkvbvj g¨v‡bRvi, †nW Ae

2
gv‡P©ÛvBRvi, Gi c`¸‡jv‡ZI bvix Kg©xi msL¨v Zzjbvg~jK fv‡e A‡bK Kg| BGMEA Gi Z_¨g‡Z RMG
LvZ GL‡bv bvix cÖavb n‡jI gvÎ 1 kZvsk bvix †bZ…Z¡ ¯’vbxq c‡` Kg©iZ i‡q‡Q (Masud, 2022)|

Mori and Towo (2017) Gi g‡Z, †ev‡W© bvix‡`i Dcw¯’wZ msMV‡bi Kvh©KvixZv A‡bKvs‡k e„w× K‡i,

Kg©x‡`i D‡`¨vg evov‡Z mnvqZv K‡i, m‡e©vcwi K‡g©i gvb e„w× NUvq| †ev‡W©i bvixiv Ab¨ bvix Kg©x‡`i
fv‡jv eyS‡Z cv‡ib| Zv‡`i R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v wb‡Z cv‡ib| ZvB †ev‡W©i bvix‡`i cÖwZwbwaZ¡ ch©vß
nIqv DwPZ| GBme cÖwZôv‡b ‡h‡nZy cyiæl Kg©xi Zzjbvq bvix Kg©x ‡ewk Ges GKRb bvix, cyiæl Kg©KZ©vi
Zzjbvq bvix‡`i Kv‡Q ‡ewk †cŠQv‡Z cv‡ib e‡j g‡b Kiv nq, Zv‡`i wPšÍv fvebv, myweav Amyweav †ewk eyS‡Z
cv‡ib myZivs D”P c‡` bvixi h_vh_ Dcw¯’wZi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q|

Avgiv hw` Mckinsey (2010) Gi wi‡cv‡U©i w`‡K bRi †`B, †`L‡Z cv‡ev †hme †Kv¤úvbxi Gw·wKDwUf
KwgwU‡Z bvix i‡q‡Qb, †mBme †Kv¤úvbx Avw_©K fv‡e fv‡jv K‡i‡Qb| GB Z_¨ GUvB cÖgvb K‡i ‡h, msMV‡bi
D”P ch©v‡q bvix Kg©KZ©vi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| msMVb †f‡` bvix‡`i cÖwZeÜKZv¸‡jv wfbœ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i|
e¨emvwqK msMVb wn‡m‡e RMG †m±‡ii D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i ¯^í cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i Kvib †LvuRv n‡q‡Q GB
M‡elbvq| mggbv avibvi †hme M‡elYv Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB, cÖvq Zvi me B wQj cwðgv wek¦ †Kw›`ªK| evsjv‡`k
†cÖwÿ‡Z GLvbKvi ms¯‹„wZ, Kg© cwi‡ek Abyhvqx bvix‡`i D”P ch©v‡qi Ae¯’vb wb‡q †Zgb †Kvb D‡jøL †hvM¨
KvR †Pv‡L c‡i bv| hw`I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿ‡Z miKvix PvKz‡i, wKsev wmwfj mvwf©‡mi bvix Kg©KZ©v‡`i wb‡q
wKQz D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KvR n‡q‡Q| A_P ißvbx I RvZxq Av‡qi Ab¨Zg gva¨g wn‡m‡e †emiKvix Lv‡Zi RMG
†m±‡i D”P ch©v‡q bvix Kg©KZ©v‡`i Ae¯’v‡bi ¯^íZv wb‡q †Zgb †Kvb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ M‡elYv Kg© †bB ej‡jB
P‡j|

3
 1.3 M‡elYvi †hŠw³KZv

D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q †`Lv †M‡Q, G wel‡q wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ iK‡gi M‡elYv
n‡q‡Q| Z‡e †ewki fvM mg‡qB bvixi ÿgZvqb, bvix cyiæ‡li ‰elg¨, bvix wbh©vZb, ÿz`ª FY, ÿz`ª D‡`¨v³v
GB ai‡bi welq¸‡jv cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q| A_©bxwZi ¸iæZ¡c~b© LvZ wn‡m‡e e¨emvqxLvZ we‡kl K‡i RMG †m±i
AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~b©| RvZxq ißvbx Av‡qi 80 fvM Av‡m GB wkí †_‡K| 2020-2021 A_©eQ‡i evsjv‡`k GB
wkí †_‡K 31.46 wewjqb Wjvi Avq K‡i‡Q| ißvwb Avq QvovI wgwjqb msL¨K †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vb K‡i‡Q
GB †m±i| 2015 mv‡j GB Lv‡Z Kg©iZ Kg©xi msL¨v 4 wgwjqb n‡jI eZ©gv‡b GB msL¨v 4.2 wgwjq‡bi I
†ewk|Ges cªwZwbqZ GB msL¨v †e‡oB Pj‡Q| hvi g‡a¨ wmsn fvM Kg©xB bvix| GB wkí wb‡q Aí wKQy M‡elbv
_vK‡jI D”P ch©v‡q Kg©iZ Kg©xevwnbx wb‡q †Zgb †Kvb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ M‡elbv †Pv‡L c‡i bv| GB wk‡íi D”P
ch©v‡q bvixi ch©vß AskMÖnb bv _vKv evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi R‡b¨ nZvkv RbK| Avgiv Rvwb evsjv‡`‡ki
ißvwb Avq mn RvZxq Av‡qi GKUv weivU Ask Av‡m GB Avi RMG †_‡K| GB Av‡qi gvÎ wb¤œ ch©v‡q bq,
bq ÿz`ª I KzwUi wk‡íi mxgve×Zvq, bvix‡`i A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vb nIqv DwPZ cyiæ‡li mgvb ch©v‡q| GKB
iKg †gav, ‡hvM¨Zv _vKvi ci I GKRb bvix GKRb cyiæ‡li mgvb cÖwZôv cvq bv, Zviv Zv‡`i Ae¯’vb ˆZix
Ki‡Z cÖwZwbqZ euvavi m¤§yLxb nb| wKsev wb‡RivB Drmvn nvwi‡q †d‡jb| wb‡R‡`i hvPvB Awã K‡i †`L‡Z
Pvb bv| Avgiv Rvwb Ab¨vb¨ †ckvi PvB‡Z GB wk‡íi Kv‡Ri ai‡b e¨vcK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q, Ab¨ †ckvi PvB‡Z
bvix‡`i cªwZeÜKZv¸‡jv GB †ckvq wfbœ. msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb m¤úwK©Z cÖwZeÜKZv ¸‡jvi
¯úó avibvi Afv‡e GLb Awã bvix m¤úwK©Z bxwZgvjv ¸‡jv‡Z bvix evÜe bxwZi Afve cwijwÿZ nq| G
Kvi‡bB evsjv‡`‡ki e¨emvwqK msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i m¤úwK©Z †h †Kvb AbymÜvb g~jK M‡elYv †`‡ki
bvixevÜe e¨emv m¤úwK©Z Dbœqb cwiKíbv mn evsjv‡`‡ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© LvZ RMG ‡m±‡ii Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~b©
fzwgKv ivL‡Z mÿg n‡e|

4
 1.4 M‡elYvi ¸iæZ¡

eZ©gvb mg‡q RvZxq Dbœq‡b bvix‡`i AskMÖn‡bi †Kvb weKí †bB| ZvB bvix‡`i e¨emvqxK msMV‡bi D”P
ch©v‡q Ae¯’vb wbb©‡qi cªfveK mg~n m¤ú‡K© mg¨K avibv _vKv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Kvib GBme cªfveK mg~n
m¤ú‡K© ¯úó avibv _vK‡jB †KejgvÎ bvix‡`i‡K e¨emvwqK cÖwZôv‡bi D”P ch©vq †_‡K ïiæ K‡i cÖwZwU
ch©v‡q †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx c` gh©v`v cÖ`vb Kiv m¤¢e n‡e| †mB mv‡_ †h mg¯Í cÖwZeÜKZv ev Bmy¨¸‡jv D‡V
Avm‡e Zv‡Z msMV‡bi D‡`¨v³v, bxwZ cÖ‡bZv‡`i gb‡hvM AvKl©bc~e©K cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v †bqvI m¤¢eci n‡e|
BGMEA cÖ`Ë Z_¨vbyhvqx Mv‡g©›Um Ges †U·UvB‡j cÖPzi msL¨K bvix Kg©x i‡q‡Qb| ejv n‡q _v‡K Zv‡`i

Kg©x msL¨vi 60% bvix, hv c~‡e© 90% wQj| A_P c`vbymv‡i hZB Dc‡ii w`‡K DVv hvq, Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB
†h bvix Kg©xi msL¨v ax‡i ax‡i Kg‡Z _v‡K| D”P ch©vq Z_v bxwZ wba©vibx ch©v‡q †mB msL¨v AZ¨šÍ Kg|
eZ©gv‡b mgq G‡m‡Q, †Kvb Kvi‡b ev wK me wel‡qi cÖfv‡e GB msL¨v Kg Zv Lyu‡R ‡ei Kivi|
‡hLv‡b Ab¨vb¨ †m±‡i bvix‡`i AskMÖnY µgvš^‡q evo‡Q, †mLv‡b bvix wbf©i RMG Lv‡Zi D”P ch©v‡q
bvix‡`i msL¨v GL‡bv AcÖZzj| Avkv Kiv hvq GB M‡elYv ‡mB mg¯Í KviY I cÖwZeÜKZv¸‡jvi Dci
Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡e| G‡Z K‡i RvZxq bxwZ wba©viK, miKvi mn e¨emvwqK cÖwZôv‡bi gvwj‡Kiv †mB me welq
mg~n gv_vq †i‡L bvix Kg©KZ©v evÜe wbqg bxwZ cÖbqb Ki‡eb| cÖvß cÖwZeÜKZv `~i K‡i †h †Kvb K‡g©
bvix‡`i †hvM¨Zvbyhvqx mgvbfv‡e cÖwZ‡hvwMZv K‡i Zv‡`i Ae¯’vb wbb©‡qi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡eb|
miKvi wKsev cÖwZôv‡bi AvšÍwiK B”Qv _vKvi ci I GB me cÖwZeÜKZv `~i Kiv m¤¢e n‡e bv, hw` bv h_vh_
fv‡e mgm¨v wKsev cÖwZeÜKZv ¸‡jv Lyu‡R †ei bv Kiv hvq| RvZxq Rxe‡b mgZv wbwðZ K‡i RvZxq Dbœq‡b
bvix‡`i h_vh_ AskMÖnb wbwðZ Ki‡Z PvB‡j D”Pch©v‡qI mgvb msL¨K bvix Kg©xi welqwU‡K AZ¨šÍ ¸iæ‡Z¡i
mv‡_ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|

5
 1.5 M‡elYvi g~j cªkœ

RMG wkí evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg ißvbx Avq mg„× wkí| RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z G wk‡íi Ae`vb Amvgvb¨| wKš‘

GBme cÖwZôv‡b bvix Kg©xi AvwaK¨ _vK‡j I Zv †KejgvÎ Gw›Uª †j‡f‡j| c`gh©v`vbyhvqx hZ Dc‡i DVv hvq,
bvix Kg©xi msL¨v ZZB Kg‡Z _v‡K| GB M‡elYvq †`Lv n‡q‡Q GBme cÖwZôv‡b Avm‡j Kg bvwK †ewk msL¨K
bvix D”P ch©vq Z_v bxwZ wba©vibx ch©v‡q KvR K‡ib, Ges Zv‡`i GB msL¨v wbb©‡q wK wK d¨v±i cÖfve we¯Ívi
K‡i|

 ‡Kb evsjv‡`‡ki e¨emvwqK msMVb Z_v †iwW‡gU Mv‡g©›Um wk‡íi cÖkvmwbK As‡ki D”P ch©v‡q bvix
Kg©xi msL¨v Kg?
 ‡Kvb †Kvb d¨v±i / Kvi‡b †g‡q‡`i D”P ch©v‡qi Ae¯’vb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i?

1.6 M‡elYv GjvKv

GB M‡elYvq e¨emvwqK msMVb ej‡Z g~jZ ‡iwW‡gU Mv‡g©›Um wkí‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq
Av‡q GB wkí AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~b© fzwgKv cvjb K‡i| hw`I cy‡iv evsjv‡`‡kB GB wkí Qwo‡q wQwU‡q Av‡Q|
Z_vwc GB wk‡íi †ewki fvM KvR K‡qKwU †Rv‡b m¤úvw`Z nq| XvKv, MvRxcyi, mvfvi, gqgbwmsn, PÆMÖvg,
Kzwgjøv BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ M‡elbvi R‡b¨ mvfvi, bvivqbMÄ, XvKvi wKQz ißvbxg~Lx RMG †K †e‡Q †bqv n‡q‡Q |
GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, M‡elYvq ïaygvÎ †m mg¯Í cÖwZôv‡bi Z_¨B e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q hv‡`i Kvh©µg g~jZ kZfvM
ißvbxg~Lx Ges H mg¯Í cÖwZôv‡b D‡jøL †hvM¨ msL¨K bvix Kg©x i‡q‡Qb|

GwU g~jZ GKwU ¸bevPK M‡elYv, †hLv‡b 7 wU kZfvM ißvbxg~Lx Mv‡g©›Um Gi cÖvq 20 Rb bvix

Kg©KZ©v AskMÖnb K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡`i †K wbav©wiZ I Awba©vwiZ wKQz cÖkœ †`qv n‡q‡Q| hvi Dˇii gva¨‡g
M‡elK D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb wbiæcY Kvix d¨v±i mg~n‡K Lyu‡R †ei Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb|

6
 1.7 M‡elYv c×wZ Ges Z_¨ msMªn

GB M‡elYvq †g_W wn‡m‡e ¸bevPK c×wZ evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hLv‡b M‡elK GB welq m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨vg~jK
Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| GB wel‡q M‡elYv Ki‡Z wM‡q wewfbœ Dr‡mi mnvqZv †bqv n‡q‡Q| †hgbt mvÿvrKvi,
wewfbœ WKz‡g›U, eB, ch©‡eÿb †`kxq I AvšÍR©vwZK wewfbœ cÖKvkbv BZ¨vw`| GB M‡elYvq cÖ¯Ívebvg~jK ZË¡
e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| cÖ¯Ívebv g~jK M‡elYv g~jZ ïiæ nq GKwU wbw`©ó wel‡qi Dci wbw`©ó ch©‡e¶b †_‡K| Z_¨
msMÖn I we‡kølb Kiv n‡q _v‡K †mB avibvi Dci wfwË K‡i| Ges Gi Dci wfwË K‡iB ZË¡ I Dcmsnvi
Uvbv nq|

cÖ¯Ívebvg~jK G‡cÖvP (Inductive approach) G cÖvß ZË¡ I Dcmsnvi GKgvÎ Ges wbw`©ó bq| GKB wel‡qi
wfbœ Dc¯’vcbv wfbœ Dcmsnvi _vK‡Z cv‡i| M‡el‡Ki ch©‡eÿb I cÖvß Z‡_¨i Dci Dcmsnvi wewfbœ iK‡gi
n‡Z cv‡i| g~jZ GB cÖvß djvdj †KejgvÎ M‡el‡Ki wPšÍv fvebv, ch©‡eÿb ÿgZv I cÖvß Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni
mgš^q gvÎ|

wPÎ 1.1: Inductive approach

GB wP‡Î Inductive approach ‡`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q, GKUv wbw`©ó wel‡qi avibv †_‡K ïiæ n‡q mvavibxKi‡bi
g‡a¨ hvi mgvwß|

7
 1.8 M‡elbvi mxgve×Zv

mvgvwRK wel‡q M‡elbv K‡i G‡Kev‡i h_v_© †Kvb djvdj cvIqv m¤¢e nq bv| †h †Kvb M‡elYvKg© GKwU
RwUj avievwnK, `ÿZv, ˆbc~b¨ wfwËK I mgq mv‡cÿ e¨vcvi| bexb M‡elK wnmv‡e eZ©gvb mvgvwRK welq
wb‡q Z_¨ msMÖn I we‡kølb mnR mva¨ wQjbv| ZvQvov †h‡Kvb Kv‡Ri mdjZv I e¨_©Zvi †cQ‡b wKQz mxgve×Zv
KvR K‡i| M‡elbv Kv‡R Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡Î M‡elK †ek wKQz mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡qwQ‡jb hv cieZ©x‡Z
ZË¡veavq‡Ki mywPwšÍZ gZvg‡Zi mnvqZvq KvwU‡q DV‡Z †Póv K‡i‡Qb| mxgve×Zv ¸‡jv wb‡gœ D‡jøL Kiv
n‡jvt

RMG LvZ evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg wekvj †m±i| mg¯Í evsjv‡`k Ry‡oB G wkí Qwo‡q wQwU‡q Av‡Q| GjvKv‡f‡`

bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb, Kg© cwi‡ek wfbœ wfbœ nq| XvKvi g‡Zv ivRavbx‡Z GKRb bvix Kg©KZ©v Kv‡Ri †hgb
cwi‡ek cv‡eb, Ab¨ †Rjv kn‡i †Zgb wZwb bvI †c‡Z cv‡ib| Kv‡RB wbw`©ó GjvKv wfwËK M‡elbv w`‡q
mg¯Í RMG †m±i‡K mvavibxKib m¤¢e bq|

GB M‡elYv wKQz cÖv_wgK I ‡m‡KÛvix WvUv wbf©i M‡elbv| bvix‡`i e¨emvwqK msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡qi
Ae¯’v‡bi aib LyR‡Z wM‡q M‡elK †h mg¯Í mxgve×Zvi gy‡LvgywL n‡q‡Qb †m¸‡jv n‡jvt

 msMV‡bi mKj bvix Kg©xi mvÿvZKvi †bqv m¤¢e wQj bv, mxwgZ mg‡q GZ wekvj Gwiqv Kvfvi Kiv
m¤¢e bv| Aí msL¨K Kg©xi mvÿvrKvi w`‡q GB wel‡qi Dcmsnvi Uvbv I †hŠw³K bq|
 M‡elYvKvjxb mg‡qi g‡a¨ K‡ivbv jKWvDb ïiæ n‡q hvIqvq Kg©x‡`i ¯^vfvweK Rxeb hvÎvmn,
Kg©‡ÿ‡Î e¨vcK cwieZ©b P‡j Av‡m| ¯^vfvweK mg‡qi mgm¨v mg~n K‡ivbvKvjxb mg‡q wfbœ iæ‡c
Avwef©~Z nq| hvi cÖfve c‡i‡Q Kg©x‡`i mvÿvZKv‡iI|
 c¨vb‡WwgK Ae¯’vq Kiv M‡elbvq Avi mvavib mg‡qi M‡elYvq djvd‡j wfbœZv _vKvi ksKv †_‡KB
hv‡”Q|

8
 1.9 Aa¨v‡qi iƒc‡iLv

GB M‡elYv Kg©‡K g~jZ QqwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q f~wgKv, ¸iæZ¡ I cª‡qvRbxqZv, M‡elbvi
g~j cÖkœ, M‡elbvi †ÿÎ, M‡elbv c×wZ I mxgve×Zv eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wØZxq Aa¨v‡q M‡elYvi Kv‡R †Kvb M‡elYv c×wZ, wKfv‡e e¨venvi Kiv n‡q‡Q †m m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv
n‡q‡Q|

Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q i‡q‡Q M‡elYv mswkøó eB, cÖKvkbv, bw_ BZ¨vw` wb‡q mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv|

PZz_© Aa¨v‡q M‡elYv mswkøó ZË¡ I †mB ZË¡vbymv‡i cÖvß †fwi‡qej mg~n wb‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cÂg Aa¨v‡q evsjv‡`k I AvšÍR©vwZK cwim‡i e¨vemvwqK msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡q †g‡q‡`i Ae¯’vb I M‡elYv
n‡Z cÖvß djvdj e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q|

me©‡k‡l lô Aa¨v‡q M‡elYvi AbymÜvb Ges we‡kølY, Dcmsnvi †`qv n‡q‡Q|

9
wØZxq Aa¨vqt M‡elYv c×wZ
2.1 f~wgKv

M‡elYvi h_v©_Zv I wek¦vm ‡hvM¨Zv myôz M‡elYv c×wZi Dci wbf©ikxj| †Kvb †ÿ‡Î †Kvb c×wZi cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡Z n‡e Zv mwVK fv‡e evQvB Kiv †M‡j M‡elYv jä wel‡qi mwVK djvdj cvIqv m¤¢e| eZ©gv‡b mvgvwRK
weÁv‡bi wewfbœ M‡elYvq ¸bevPK M‡elYv c×wZi (Qualitative Research Method) cÖ‡qvM e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
Gi KviY n‡jv- mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki ‰ewkó¨ I welqmg~n, mgvR¯’ e¨w³i e¨vL¨v‡bi m„wó I ewY©Z nq Ges
m½Z Kvi‡bB Zv ÿY¯’vqx I ¯’vwbK n‡q _v‡K †h me wel‡qi Dci mvgvwRK M‡elbv cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K
†m¸‡jv w¯’iK…Z wel‡qi cÖvZ¨wnK MwZavivi Mfx‡i wbgw¾Z _v‡K| GB R‡b¨B c×wZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G ai‡bi
M‡elYv, M‡elYvq AskMÖnYKvix‡`i AvjvcPvwiZvi Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i Ges H me AvjvcPvwiZvi
cwi‡cÖwÿZ mg~n Avwe®‹v‡i m‡Pó _v‡K| AbymÜv‡bi G cÖ‡Póv M‡elK I Ask MÖnYKvix‡`i cvi¯úwiK wµqv
cÖwZwµqv Zz‡j ai‡Z mÿg nq| G ai‡bi M‡elYv †gŠwjK fv‡eB eb©bvg~jK n‡q _v‡K Ges M‡elYvq
AskMÖnbKvix e¨w³i e³e¨‡K cÖv_wgK Z_¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i (Denzin & Lincoln - 1994)| M‡elYvi Rb¨
Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni GwU GKwU aib| GB c×wZ welqe¯‘ we‡køl‡bi †ÿ‡Î, h_vh_ e¨vL¨vg~jK `„wóf½xi mvnvh¨
M‡elYvi welq¯‘‡K we‡køl‡Y mÿg nq|

eZ©gvb M‡elbvwU GKwU ¸bevPK M‡elYv| GB M‡elYvi †gŠwjK D‡Ïk¨ wQj Mv‡g©›Um Gi D”Pc‡` Kg msL¨vK
bvix _vKvi KviY, cÖwZeÜKZv Lyu‡R †ei Kiv|

2.2 ¸bevPK c×wZ

mgm¨vi Mfxi †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi R‡b¨ ¸bevPK c×wZ AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki| G c×wZi ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q
Lye Kg msL¨K bgybvPqb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G cÖwµqvq Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni ‡KŠk‡ji Kvi‡Y Kg msL¨K bgybv
we‡køl‡bi mvnv‡h¨ mgm¨vi Mfxi cÖ‡ek m¤¢e nq| G ai‡bi M‡elbvi myweav nj M‡elbvi AMÖMwZi mv‡_ mv‡_
AbymÜv‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvR‡b cwieZ©b cwiea©b Kiv m¤¢eci nq, hv M‡elK‡K M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx mwVK
w`K wb‡`©kbv ‡c‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

11
2.3 NUbv we‡kølY c×wZ

¸bevPK M‡elYv cwiPvjbvi GKwU c×wZ nj, NUbv we‡kølY, G c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ M‡elK †Kvb GKK
NUbv/welq ev AšÍ©wbwnZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨vcvi mg„‡ni AvšÍ:m¤ú©K DrNvU‡b m‡Pó nq| G c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ M‡elK,
M‡elYvi wel‡qi Dci e¨vwóK e©bbv we‡kølb cÖ`vb K‡ib| avivevwnKfv‡e NUbv e¨vwóK we‡kølb n‡”Q ¸bMZ
we‡kølb c×wZ| ˆeÁvwbK AbymÜv‡bi GKwU wewkó¨ c×wZ wn‡m‡e, cwigvb evPK M‡elYvi Kw_Z mxgve×Zvi
weiæ‡× cÖwZwµqv wn‡m‡e, NUbv we‡kølb c×wZi D™¢e nq (Gall, Borg &Gall 1996)|

Merriam (1998) Ges Stake (1995) gšÍe¨ K‡i G‡K e‡j‡Qb, †Nviv‡Uv‡ci (A Hood on a Carriage)

wfZ‡i cwiPvwjZ M‡elYv| Yin (1992) Gi g‡Z ÒNUbv we‡køl‡Yi wfwˇZ cwiPvwjZ M‡elYv g~jZ
AwfÁZvijä AbymÜvb|Ó Gi mvnv‡h¨ †h me NUbvi cwi‡cÖwÿZ mywbw`©ófv‡e wPwýZ bq, †m me NUbv ev¯ÍeZvi
wbwi‡L AbymÜvb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GB †cÖÿvc‡U eZ©gvb M‡elYvi Rb¨ NUbv we‡kølb c×wZi mvnvh¨ I †bqv
n‡q‡Q|

RMG Ges †U·UvBj evsjv‡`‡ki PvKzixi me‡P‡q eo evRvi wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| wbw`©ó K‡i D‡jøL Kiv bv

†M‡jI BGMEA Gi cÖ`Ë Z_¨ Abyhvqx 6.08 †KvwU DcvR©bÿg RbmsL¨vi g‡a¨ Mv‡g©›Um I †U·UvBj
wgwj‡q cÖvq 45 jÿ †jvK G †ÿ‡Î KvR Ki‡Q| eZ©gvb mg‡q Center for Policy Dialogue (CPD) cÖ`Ë
GK Rwi‡c †`Lv hvq 3696 wU RMG d¨v±wi evsjv‡`‡k Kv‡R Ki‡Q| hv‡Z 35 jÿ Kgx© i‡q‡Q| Ges GB
Kgx© msL¨vi bvix I cyiæ‡li AbycvZ µgvš^‡q 60.8% I 39.2%| GB 60.8% Gi GKUv Ask cÖwZôv‡bi
D”P c‡` KvR Ki‡Qb BBS Gi me©‡kl 2017 mv‡ji kÖgkw³ Rwic Abyhvqx, mviv †`‡ki wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi
D”Pc‡` †h 14 nvRvi bvix KvR Ki‡Qb, Zvig‡a¨ 11 nvRvi bvix †mev Lv‡Zi cÖwZôv‡bi kxl© ch©v‡q K©giZ|
evKx 3 nvRvi bvix wkíLv‡Z KvR K‡ib (BBS, 2017)|

GB wekvj msL¨K Kg©x‡`i mgMÖK (Population) wnmv‡e wb‡q †Kvb GKK M‡el‡Ki c‡ÿ M‡elYv Kiv m¤¢e
bq weavq, NUbv we‡køl‡bi gva¨‡g G m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i evsjv‡`‡k Mv©‡g›Um G D”P c©hv‡q Kg©iZ
bvix‡`i m¤ú‡K© mvavibxKib m¤¢eci| KviY G c×wZ‡Z M‡elYvi GKK A_©vr ‡Kvb GKRb bvix Kg©KZ©v‡K
GKwU mvs¯‹…wZK cigciv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| A_©vr G‡ÿ‡Î hw`I GKRb e¨w³‡K wb‡q G c×wZi AvIZvq
Abykxjb Kiv n‡q‡Q wKš‘ Zv‡K †Kvb mvgvwRKe‡M©i m`m¨ wn‡m‡eB avib Kiv nq| G c×wZ‡Z AbykxwjZ

12
e¨w³i AvPiY f~wgKv, cÖwZeÜKZv, m¤¢vebv A‡bK wKQzB AbykxwjZ mgv‡R mvgwMÖKZvi Ask wn‡m‡e MY¨
nq| AbykxwjZ e¨w³i Rxebavib‡K (Way of life) Zvi wbRe‡M©i cÖwZ”Qwe wn‡m‡e g‡b Kiv nq| Dc‡iv³
Kvi‡Y M‡elK G M‡elYvi Rb¨ NUbv we‡kølY c×wZi †KŠkj I MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

2.4 AbymÜvbg~jK M‡elYv

M‡elYvi AšÍwbwn©Z welqvw` I cÖwµqvmg~n hw` wPwýZ Kiv KwVb nq ev Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ myMwVZ we‡kølY m¤¢eci
bv nq †m †ÿ‡Î ¸bevPK c×wZi cÖ‡qvM hyw³hy³ n‡q I‡V Yin Gi g‡Z Ò†h me M‡elYvi welq e¯‘i Dci
Z_¨vw`i ¯^íZv _v‡K A_ev †m welq m¤ú‡K© cÖPwjZ aviYv A¯^”Q _v‡K, hvi mvnv‡h¨ M‡elYvi welq m¤ú‡K©
avibv KvVv‡gv ev cÖ¯Ívebv Dc¯’vcb Kiv m¤¢eci nq bv †m †ÿ‡Î AbymÜvbg~jK M‡elYv evÂbxqÓ (Yin,1998)|

GB M‡elYv bZzb Z‡_¨i Dci wfwË K‡i bgbxq bKkvi wfwˇZ cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| GB Kvi‡Y DcvË msMÖ‡ni
GKwU RwUj A¯úó cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ I M‡elbvi wel‡qi AšÍ©wbwnZ A_© ¯úó K‡i Zz‡j aivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Z‡Ë¡i weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î G ai‡bi eY©bvg~jK M‡elYv Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| ZvB ejv P‡j ¸bevPK
M‡elYv G ai‡bi M‡elYvq fvj dj cÖ`v‡b mÿg| G cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z M‡elK AbymÜvbg~jK NUbvwePvi c×wZi
mnvqZvqg~jZ GB M‡elbvwU m¤úbœ K‡i‡Qb| c~‡e©B D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, AbymÜvbg~jK M‡elYv †mB me
wel‡qi †ÿ‡Î Kvh©Ki f~wgKv iv‡L hvi m¤ú‡K© avibvi A¯úóZv i‡q‡Q| bvixi ÿgZvqb bvix D‡`¨v³v, RMG
Lv‡Zi Kg©x wb‡q cÖPzi M‡elYv n‡j I RMG Lv‡Zi D”P c‡` e¨emvwqK bvix I Zvi Ae¯’vb wb‡q M‡elYvi
¯^íZv jÿYxq| Ges G Kvi‡Y RMG Lv‡Zi D”P c‡`i e¨emvwqK bvix‡`i Ae¯’vbMZ welqwU m¤ú‡K© avibvi
A¯úóZv we`¨gvb|

GB M‡elYvq ZvB AbymÜvbg~jK NUbv wePvi c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ Z_¨ msMÖn h‡_ó djcÖmy n‡q‡Q| G c×wZi
mvnv‡h¨ cÖc‡Âi †ÿ‡Î wK ai‡bi ZË¡/aviYv M‡elYvq e¨envi Kiv DwPZ Ges Zv KZLvwb h_vh_, Zv wbiæcb
Kiv m¤¢e nq|

13
2.5 bgybvqb

GB M‡elbvq e¨emvwqK msMVb ej‡Z g~jZ ‡iwW‡gW Mv‡g©›Um wkí‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq
Av‡q GB wkí AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~b© fywgKv cvjb K‡i|

 M‡elbvq ïaygvÎ ‡m mg¯Í cÖwZôv‡bi Z_¨B e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q hv‡`i Kvh©µg g~jZ kZfvM ißvbxg~Lx.

 Ges H mg¯Í cÖwZôv‡b D‡jøL ‡hvM¨ msL¨K bvix Kg©x i‡q‡Qb|

GwU g~jZ GKwU ¸bevPK M‡elbv, ‡hLv‡b 7 wU kZfvM ißvbxg~Lx Mv‡g©›Um Apparel 21 (Lithe group),
Swan Sweaters ltd. (Masihata group), TJ sweaters ltd., Raida collection ltd., Metrix sweater ltd.,
Tamishana sweaters ltd. (Tamishana group), Rising group Gi cÖvq 20 Rb bvix Kg©x AskMÖnb

K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡`i ‡K wba©vwiZ I Awba©vwiZ wKQy cÖkœ ‡`qv n‡q‡Q| hvi Dˇii gva¨‡g M‡elK D”P ch©v‡q
bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb wbiæcb Kvix d¨v±i mg~n‡K Lyu‡R ‡ei Kivi ‡Póv K‡i‡Qb|

2.6 NUbv we‡køl‡bi bgybvPqb

G M‡elbvi Rb¨ D‡Ïk¨g~jK bgybv PwqZ ( Purposive Sampling Method) n‡q‡Q| M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨vbyhvqx
bgybvPqb Mfxi AbymÜvbg~jK M‡elYvi †ÿ‡Î AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki f~wgKv iv‡L (Patton, 2014)| M‡elK M‡elbvi
g~jwelqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© mwVK I h_v©_ Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡ib| M‡elK Zvi wbR¯^ wePvi eyw× w`‡q Kg©x evQvB
K‡i‡Qb| XvjvI fv‡e c` Abyhvqx Kg©x evQvB‡qi my‡hvM GLv‡b wQj bv| †Kbbv G‡KK ‡Kv¤úvwb‡Z bvix
Kg©xi msL¨v G‡KK iKg| c`vbyhvqx wKsev †eZb Abyhvqx Kg©x evQvB‡qi my‡hvM GB 7 wU cÖwZôv‡b wQj bv|

14
2.7 Z‡_¨i Drm

GB M‡elYvq wewfbœ Drm †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB mg¯Í Drm M‡elYvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖ‡kœi DËi
†c‡Z mnvqZv K‡i‡Q|

Drm

cªv_wgK Drm ‡m‡KÛvwi Drm

* mv¶vZKv‡ii Rb¨ wbw`©ó cªkœgvjv * eB, Rvb©vj, cwÎKv, †`kxq I AvšÍR©vwZK
* Mfxi AbymÜvbg~jK mv¶vZKvi/ch©‡e¶Y cªKvkbv, M‡elbv, B›Uvi‡bU, BZ¨vw`|

wPÎ 2.1: M‡elbvi Drm

2.8 M‡elYv GjvKv

cy‡iv evsjv‡`‡kB Avi Gg wR wkí Qwo‡q wQwU‡q Av‡Q| Z_vwc GB wk‡íi ‡ewki fvM KvR K‡qKwU ‡Rv‡b
m¤úvw`Z nq| XvKv, MvRxcyi, mvfvi, gqgbwmsn, PÆM«vg, Kywgjøv BZ¨vw`| M‡elYvi R‡b¨ mvfvi, bvivqbMÄ,
XvKvi wKQy ißvbxg~Lx ‡iwW‡gW Mv‡g©›Um ‡K ‡e‡Q ‡bqv n‡q‡Q|

Apparel 21 (Lithe group), Swan Sweaters ltd. (Masihata group), TJ sweaters ltd., Raida collection
ltd., Metrix sweater ltd., Tamishana sweaters ltd. (Tamishana group), Rising group D‡jøwLZ 7 wU

c«wZôv‡bi d¨v±wi XvKv, bvivqbMÄ Ges MvRxcy‡i Aew¯’Z| Zv‡`i ‡nW Awdm XvKv ‡Kw›`«K| mv¶vZKv‡i
d¨v±wi Ges ‡nW Awdm Dfq RvqMvq Kg©iZ bvix Kg©KZ©v‡`i mv¶vZKvi ‡bqv n‡q‡Q|

15
2.9 M‡elYvi Rb¨ DcvË I Z_¨ msMÖn

e¨emvwqK bvix‡`i m¤ú©wKZ AbymÜvbg~jK M‡elYvq †h mg¯Í cÖkœ D‡V Av‡m, †hgbt eZ©gv‡b e¨emvwqK
bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb, Zv‡`i wK wK mgm¨vi †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z nq| wK wK myweav Zviv cvb, cwiev‡ii mv‡_ Zv‡`i
AvšÍtm¤úK© BZ¨vw` cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z m‡Pó _v‡K|

G †cÖÿvc‡U eZ©gvb M‡elYvi Z_¨ DcvË msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Purposive Sampling Method e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q
hvi mvnv‡h¨ M‡elYvi cÖ‡kœi m‡e©vËg DËi cÖvwß wbwðZ n‡e e‡j M‡elK g‡b K‡i‡Qb|

G M‡elYvi DcvË msMÖ‡ni cÖavb Drm n‡jv Mv‡g©›Um G D”P c‡` Kg©iZ Kg©x| GLv‡b Gw·wKDwUf
WvB‡i±im, ‡WcywU WvB‡i±im, WvB‡i±im, fvBm ‡c«wm‡W›U Ges Pxd Ad wWcvU©‡g›U, gv‡P©bWvBRvi,
g¨v‡bRvi mn wKQy D”Pc`¯’ Kg©KZ©vi mv¶vZKvi ‡bqv n‡q‡Q| ‡hûZy GB me c«wZôv‡b D”P ch©v‡q Kg©iZ
bvix‡`i msL¨v AZ¨šÍKg, ZvB M‡elbvi myweav‡_© ga¨g ch©v‡q Kg©iZ wKQy bvix‡`i mv¶vZKvi I ‡bqv
n‡q‡Q|

ïiæ‡Z wbw`©ó wKQz cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g mivmwi Kg©x‡`i mvÿvrKvi †bqv n‡q‡Q| Ges Ae¯’vi †cÖwÿZ Abyhvqx wKQz
Awbav©vwiZ cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g Mfxi AbymÜvbg~jK ch©‡eÿY K‡i cÖ‡kœi DËi ‡LvuRvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cieZ©x‡Z
K‡ivbvKvjxb c¨vÛvwgK ïiæ n‡q hvIqvq wKQz Kg©KZ©v mivmwi mvÿvrKvi w`‡Z AcviMZv Rvbvb| K‡ivbv
cwiw¯’wZ Lvivc n‡q hvIqvq, K‡ivbvKvjxb mg‡qi wewa wb‡la †g‡b ZvB †gB‡j, Ryg wgwUs Ges wKQz wKQz
†ÿ‡Î †dv‡b Zv‡`i mvÿvrKvi †bqv n‡q‡Q| AbjvBb mvÿvrKv‡iI Zv‡`i wbw`©ó wKQz cÖkœgvjvi cvkvcvwk
Awba©vwiZ wKQz cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv cvevi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q M‡elYvi welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© ¯^”Q aviYv †bqvi R‡b¨ e¨emvwqK bvix msµvšÍ wewfbœ eB, cÖeÜ,
cÖKvkbv, BZ¨vw`I ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb M‡elYvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z M‡elYv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wewfbœ
c×wZi †hŠw³K cÖ‡qv‡Mi m¤¢vebvi Av‡jvPbvi ci cieZ©x D‡jøwLZ †KŠkj mg~n Aej¤^b K‡i DcvË I Z_¨
msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q|

16
2.9.1 mvÿvrKvi

G M‡elYvi Rb¨ M‡elK e¨w³MZ mvÿvrKvi‡K †gŠwjK †KŠkj wn‡m‡e cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Q| mvÿvrKv‡ii mvnv‡h¨
DcvË msMÖ‡ni D‡Ïk¨ wQj M‡elYvi GKK A_©vr D”P c‡`i bvix Kg©KZ©viv wKfv‡e Zv‡`i Ae¯’v‡bi e¨vL¨v
cÖ`vb K‡i Ges Zv‡`i mv‡_ mswkøó Ab¨vb¨ welqmgyn †hgbt- Kg© cwi‡ek, cwievi, mgvR, wkÿv, A_©‰bwZK
Ae¯’vb, †RÛvi BZ¨vw`i cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z Z_¨ DcvË msMÖn Kiv|

2.9.2 Mfxi AbymÜvbg~jK mvÿvrKvi

DcvË I Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ cÖkœ Dc¯’vcb DËi †kvbv I †iKW© Kiv Ges cie©wZ‡Z cÖvß Dˇii wfwˇZ
M‡elYvq we‡kl we‡kl welq¸‡jv wek` e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ AwZwi³ cÖkœ Dc¯’vc‡bi †KŠkj nj Mfxi AbymÜvbg~jK
mvÿvrKvi| mvaviYZ G ai‡Yi mvÿvZKv‡i cÖkœmg~n Db¥y³ _v‡K Ges cÖ‡kœi welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© DËi `vZv‡`i
wbR¯^ gZvg‡Z ev cÖZ¨ÿ‡bi AwfÁZv Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ Drmvn cÖ`vb Kiv nq| GKB mv‡_ GB M‡elbvq Z_¨
msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ wbw`©ó KvVv‡gvMZ cÖkœgvjvi gva¨‡gI DËi msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q|

2.9.3 AbvbyôvwbK AvjvcPvwiZv

DcvË msMÖ‡ni †KŠkj wn‡m‡e Mfxi AbymÜvbg~jK mvÿvrKv‡ii Dci ¸bevPK c×wZ e¨enviKvix M‡elKiv
e¨cK fv‡e Av¯’v iv‡Lb| cÖvqktB G ai‡bi mvÿvrKvi †K ÒD‡Ïk¨g~jK AvjvcPvwiZvÓ wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv
nq| DcvË msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ c~‡e©i w¯’iK…Z KvVv‡gv Ges mvÿvZKvi MÖnbKvix KZLvwb ¯^vaxbfv‡e mvÿvZKvi
wb‡Z mÿg Zvi Dci wbf©i K‡i GB †KŠk‡ji ¯’vwqZ¡ I h_v©_Zv|

mvaviYZ ¸bevPK Mfxi AbymÜvbg~jK mvÿvrKvi Gi mvnv‡h¨ ixwZwm× KvVv‡gve× mvÿvrKv‡ii PvB‡Z †Kej
A‡bK †ekx Z_¨B msMÖn Kiv hvq bv, eis welqwU‡K Mfxi †_‡K †U‡b AvbvI m¤¢eci nq| G †ÿ‡Î M‡elK
AZ¨šÍ mv`vgvUv fv‡e M‡elbvq welq e¯‘‡K DËi `vZv‡`i mvg‡b Dc¯’vcb K‡i DËi`vZvi ¯^ZtùzZ© gZvgZ
†iK©W K‡ib| ¯^Ztùz©Zfv‡e DËi cÖvwß wbwðZ nq e‡j GB †KŠk‡ji mvnv‡h¨ msM„wnZ Z‡_¨I wek¦vm †hvM¨Zv
I h_v_©Zv A‡bK †ekx| mvÿvrKv‡i ˆbwg‡Ë D‡Ïk¨nxb AvjvcPvwiZv †_‡K ev mswÿß cÖ‡kœvËi †_‡K
mgqmv‡cÿ ixwZwm× AvjvcPvwiZv ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i|

17
Mfxi AbymÜvbg~jK mvÿvrKv‡i A‡bK cÖ‡kœi D™¢e NUv‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖvß Dˇii wek` e¨vL¨vi I
cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| Gm‡ei Rb¨ ciewZ©‡Z cybtmvÿvrKv‡ii mgq wba©viY Kiv nq| ch©‡eÿ‡Yi mv‡_ hy³ nq
e‡j G ai‡bi mvÿvrKv‡i cÖvß DcvË M‡elYv‡K ev¯Íe Ae¯’vq eY©bvi h_v©_Zv wbb©‡q mvnvh¨ K‡i| ‡h‡nZz
eZ©gvb M‡elYvi welqe¯‘ e¨emvwq msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb we‡kølY ‡mB cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z Mfxi
AbymÜvbg~jK mvÿvrKvi GB M‡elYvi Rb¨ DcvË msMÖ‡ni ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †KŠkj wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|

‡h †Kvb ch©‡eÿ‡Yi cwieZ©b mgqmv‡cÿ, ZvB Mfxi AbymÜvbg~jK mvÿvrKv‡ii Rb¨ GB M‡elYvq bgybv
D‡Ïk¨g~jK fv‡e evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q GB Kvi‡Y †h, GB M‡elbvq g~j DËi`vZviv cÖwZôv‡bi D”P ch©vqmn
wewfbœ ch©v‡q Kg©iZ| Zv‡`i GjvKv, cÖwZôvb, Kv‡Ri ai‡Y cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| GjvKvwfwËK, c`gh©v`v‡f‡`,
cÖwZôv‡bi aiY Abyhvqx M‡elYvi Rb¨ bgybvPqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| PqbK…Z G mg¯Í bgybv DËi`vZv‡`i †_‡K wKQz
†KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g DcvË msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q|

 e¨w³ we‡k‡li NUbv we‡kølY

 M‡elYvi g~j welqe¯‘ m¤ú©wKZ Ávbm¤úbœ e¨w³‡`i mvÿvrKvi|

2.10 Uªvqvs¸‡jkb (Triangulation)

ev¯Íe A‡_© M‡elYv n‡jv GKUv bZzb wKQ zcÖ`v‡bi cÖ‡Póv, A_ev we`¨gvb wel‡qi c~Y© AbymÜvb hvi mvnv‡h¨
B‡Zvc~‡e© cÖvß djvd‡ji bZzb we‡kølY m¤¢e nq| eZ©gvb M‡elYv †Uª·UvBj I Mv‡g©›Um G Kg©iZ bvix
Kg©KZ©v‡`i Ae¯’vbMZ we‡kølY I GZ`msµvšÍ mvgvwRK cÖwZwµqv m¤úwK©Z welqvw`i e¨vL¨v cÖ`v‡bi wbwg‡Ë
cwiPvwjZ| c~‡e© D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, GB M‡elYv g~jZ NUbv we‡kølb c×wZ‡K wfwË K‡iB cwiPvwjZ
n‡q‡Q| KviY NUbv we‡køl‡Yi †gŠwjK myweav nj Gi mvnv‡h¨ bvbv ai‡bi AcÖKvwkZ ev ¸ß (Hidden) welq
D`NvUb m¤¢e| Yin - Gi g‡Z, NUbv we‡køl‡bi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi wel‡qi Dcw¯’wZ M‡elK‡K we¯Í…Z
†cÖÿvc‡U welqe¯‘i HwZnvwmK AvPibMZ Ges `„wóf½xi Dci Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| D‡jøL¨ †h,
eZ©gvb M‡elYvi DcvË I Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni wbwg‡Ë mvÿvrKvi Ges Mfxi AbymÜvbg~jK we‡kølY cÖf~wZ c×wZi
mvnvh¨ †bqv n‡q‡Q| Gi g~j Kvib GB M‡elbvi Rb¨ msM„wnZ DcvË I Z‡_¨i h_vh_Zv I wek¦vm †hvM¨Zvi

18
wfwË cÖ¯‘Z Kiv, hv bvbv fv‡e hvPvB K‡i Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kvib †h †Kvb GKK †KŠk‡ji mvnv‡h¨ msM„wnZ
mvgvwRK cÖc m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ I DcvË mvwe©K †cÖÿvc‡Ui mwVK e¨vL¨v cÖ`v‡b mÿg bvI n‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ 2. 2: Uªvqvs¸‡jkb

GB M‡elYvq ZvB DcvË I Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni wbwg‡Ë Triangulation Gi mvnvh¨ †bqv n‡q‡Q GB Kvi‡Y †h, cÖvß
Z_¨vw` Av‡iv h_v©_ I wek¦vm‡hvM¨ n‡q DV‡e| Ges Moore 1983 Gi g‡Z we‡køl‡Yi mv‡_ GKvwaK †KŠkjhy³
n‡j M‡elYvi gvb A‡bK DbœZ nq (Yin, Bateman and Moore, 1985)|

19
2.11 Z‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qvM

M‡elYvq Z‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qvM M‡elbv Kg© ev¯Íevqb ev g~j¨vq‡bi evB‡ii GKwU c`‡ÿc| M‡elYvi †ÿ‡Î Z‡Ë¡i
cÖ‡qvM n‡e welq‡K hy³ K‡i| cÖ_gZ GwU M‡elYv Kvh©µg Ges gvV ch©v‡q M„wnZ DcvË msMÖn‡K hy³ K‡i
Ges wØZxq, Z‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qv‡Mi A_© nj M‡elYvi welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© mgvR †h e¨vL¨vb (Discourse) ˆZix K‡i Zv
†Kb Ges wKfv‡e K‡i Zv Dc¯’vcb Kiv| GB M‡elYvi †ÿ‡Î bvix‡`i D”Pc‡` Ae¯’vb Ges †Kvb †Kvb
welq¸‡jv D”Pc‡` bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Zv we‡kølY Z‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qv‡Mi ga¨ w`‡q †`Lv‡bvi †Póv
Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Argyris, C. (1982) Gi g‡Z 2wU ai‡bi Z‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qvM M‡elYvq †`Lv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i cÖ_gZ Espoused

theory hvi A_© nj, †Kvb Z‡Ë¡i †cÖwÿ‡Z gvbyl wK e‡j; wK K‡i; †Kb K‡i; wKfv‡e; A_©vr `„k¨gvb welq¸‡jvi

we‡kølY Kiv nq| Ges wØZxq nj Theory in use ev cÖ‡qvMK…Z ZË¡, hvi mvnv‡h¨ `„k¨gvb NUbvi wcQ‡b wK
N‡U; Zv †evSvi †ÿ‡Î mvnvh¨ K‡i|

miKvwi, †emiKvix bw_ cÎ, `wjj `¯Ív‡eR BZ¨vw`‡Z cÖvß Z_¨vw` we‡kølY espoused Z‡Ë¡i AvIZvq c‡o|
Avi Ask MÖnYKvix‡`i mvÿvrKvi we‡kølY NUbvi Ae‡jvKb, Mfxi AbymÜvb BZ¨vw` Theory in action Gi
AvIZvq Av‡m| Gi djkÖæwZ‡Z `„k¨gvb welq m¤úwK©Z †jLwb `wjj `¯Ív‡eR Ges `„k¨gvb NUbvi †cQ‡bi
NUbvi g‡a¨ GKwU ZzjbvgyjK Av‡jvPbv M‡elYv‡K mg„× Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| ¸bevPK M‡elYvq jÿ¨ wbw`©ó
nq M‡elYvi welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© D”Pgv‡bi mg„×, ˆea I h_v_© Z_¨ mg~n‡K wel‡qi Mfxi †_‡K †U‡b wb‡q Avmv|

e¨emvqxK msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡q bvix m¤úwK©Z GB M‡elbvwU GKwU Mfxi AbymÜvbg~jK M‡elYv| GB M‡elYvi
D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv GB †cÖÿvc‡U GB msµvšÍ welqvw` †hgb Mv‡g©›Um Gi D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i eZ©gvb Ae¯’v, Ges
bvix‡`i GB Ae¯’vb wbY©vqK cÖfveK/c«wZeÜKZvmg~n M‡elYvq we‡kølY Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

20
2.12 Dcv‡Ëi we‡kølY

M‡elYvi †kl D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q cÖvß djvd‡ji Dc¯’vcbv| ZvB DcvË msMÖnB M‡elYvq †kl K_v bq| ¸bevPK
M‡elYvi R‡b¨ msM„wnZ DcvË I Z_¨vw`i we‡kølY, e¨vL¨v Ges Dc¯’vcb M‡elYvi welqe¯‘‡K mevi m¤§y‡L
Zz‡j a‡i| DcvË we‡kølY n‡”Q GKwU cÖwµqv, hvi gva¨‡g msM„wnZ DcvˇK GKwU KvVv‡gvi gva¨‡g A_©en
K‡i †Zvjv nq| †hûZz ¸bevPK M‡elYvq mywbw`©ó cwimsL¨vb MZ we‡køl‡Yi cwiwa AZ¨šÍ mxwgZ ZvB ¸bevPK
M‡elYv M‡elK‡K M‡elYvi cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i DcvË we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î A‡bKLvwb ¯^vaxbZv †`q (Marshall &
Rossman Permalink, 1990)| ¸bevPK M‡elbvq DcvË we‡kølY †Kvb wfbœ ev ¯^Zš¿ cÖwµqv bq| eis DcvË

we‡kølY M‡elYvi mvwe©K cÖwµqvi mv‡_ mshy³| ¸bevPK Dcv‡Ëi we‡kølY nj Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hvi mvnv‡h¨
msMÖwnZ Z‡_¨i m~ÿ`©kx wePvi, cixÿY, Zzjbv Ges e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb‡K A_©en K‡i †Zv‡j| Ges G msµvšÍ Z‡Ë¡i
D™¢‡ei †ÿ‡Î mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ I jÿ¨ Abyhvqx cÖvß DcvË A_©en n‡q D‡V Kvib
GKB DcvË ev Z_¨ wewfbœ `„wó †Kvb †_‡K wfbœfv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ n‡Z cv‡i|

¸bevPK M‡elYvi †gŠwjK welq wZbwU m¤úK©hy³, cÖwµqvt

- eY©bv
- ‡kÖYxe×KiYGes
- avibv mg~‡ni AvšÍtm¤úK©|

Miles & Hubersman ¸bevPK M‡elYvi GKwU Model cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb hv Miles & Hubersman Qualitative

Data Analysis Model bv‡g cwiwPZ, hv GB M‡elYvq e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q (Miles & Huberman, 1994)|

21
 wPÎ 2.3: Qualitative Data Analysis Model (Miles & Huberman, 1994)

2.13 Dcmsnvi

GB Aa¨v‡q M‡el‡Ki M‡elbv c×wZ we¯ÍvwiZ fv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU M‡elbvq M‡elbv c×wZi Dci
wbf©i K‡i Zvi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv| ZvB M‡elbvq Gi f~wgKv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

22
Z…Zxq Aa¨vq: mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv
 3.1 f~wgKv
M‡elYv Kv‡R M‡elYv mswkøó mvwnZ¨ mgxÿv GKUv AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq welq| A_©vr M‡elYv mswkøó wel‡q
cÖwZ‡e`b, cÖvmw½K eBcÎ, M‡elYv cÎ I cÖeÜ cvV Kiv Ges myk„sLjfv‡e ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv| evsjv‡`k
†iwW‡gW Mv‡g©›Um wk‡í Kg©iZ bvix‡`i D”P ch©v‡qi Ae¯’vb wb‡q †Zgb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †Kvb M‡elYv Kg©
cwiPvwjZ nqwb| ZviciI G mswkøó bvbv ai‡bi M‡elYv cÎ Rvbv©j, cÎcwÎKv, cÖeÜ, eB Ges Zvi ga¨
†_‡K wKQz mvwnZ¨ mgxÿvi AvIZvq Zz‡j aiv nj|

3.2 mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv mgxÿv

Mavin (2001) g‡b K‡ib, AvšÍ©RvwZKfv‡eB bvixi K¨wiqv‡i Møvm wmwjs Gi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq|

GQvovI Chenevert & Tremblay (2002) D‡jøL K‡ib †h, bvix e¨e¯’vcKMY D”P wkwÿZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I
K¨wiqv‡ii Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î GKB gv‡bi cyiæl mnKgx©i †P‡q axiMwZ‡Z GwM‡q hvb Ges Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg
†eZb cvb| GgbwK †hvM¨Zv _vKv m‡Ë¡I Lye Kg msL¨K bvix Zvi Kvw•LZ RvqMvq †h‡Z cv‡ib| hv Z_vKw_Z
Møvm wmwjs bv‡g cwiwPZ| Meyerson & Fletcher (2000) e‡jb †h, bvix‡`i AMÖMwZi †ÿ‡Î †ewki fvM
evav¸‡jvB bvix‡`i wbqš¿‡bi evB‡i, ‡hgb- Møvmwmwjs Kwgkb bvix‡`i K¨wiqv‡ii AMÖhvÎvq mvsMVwbK I
KvVv‡gvMZ evav‡K cÖavb evav wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i (Woody & weiss, 1994)| Bergmann (1986) mvsMVwbK
KvVv‡gvi wel‡q gZvgZ e¨³ K‡ib| Zvi g‡Z, bvix‡`i kxl©¯’vbxq c‡` IVv †iva Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi
Kvh©wbe©vnx cwiKíbv Kiv nq| GB ai‡bi Kvh©wbevnx KvR¸‡jv K¨wiqv‡i AMÖhvÎvq cÖv_wgK avc e‡j g‡b Kiv
nq| Møvm wmwjs msµvšÍ M‡elYv¸‡jv cÖgvY K‡i †h, GL‡bv GwU bvix‡`i D”Pch©v‡q †cŠQv‡bvi Ab¨Zg evav
(Mooney & Ryan, 2009 ; Enache, Sallan, Simo and Faranandez, (2011)|

Burton (1998) g‡b K‡ib †h, cyiæ‡liv bvix‡`i †P‡q `ªæZ c‡`vbœwZ cvq †Kbbv bvixiv c‡`vbœwZi R‡b¨

AvbyôvwbK cÖwµqv ev c×wZi Dci wbf©ikxj Avi cyiæ‡liv c‡`vbœwZi R‡b¨ AvbyôvwbK c×wZi cvkvcvwk
AbvbyôvwbK †bUIqvK©‡KI Kv‡R jvMvq| M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, e¨e¯’vcKxq Dbœq‡b cÖwkÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î
bvix‡`i †P‡q cyiæl †ekx myweav †c‡q _v‡K| Ges GB Kv‡Ri AwfÁZv I wkÿvbvix‡`i †P‡q cyiæl‡`i
AwaKZvi cÖwkÿ‡bi my‡hvM ˆZix K‡i †`q| M‡elYvi Av‡iv †`Lv hvq †h, msMVb m¤ú‡K© bvix I cyiæl‡f‡`
AwfÁZv, avibv, Avjv`v n‡q _v‡K| GKRb bvix GKwU cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ Ae¯’vq †hgb Zvi Kg© AwfÁZv,

24
cwi‡ek, my‡hvM-myweav m¤ú‡K© †h aviYv †cvlb K‡ib GKRb cyiælKgx© GKB cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ Ae¯’vq wfbœ
avibv ‡cvlb K‡ib|

c~‡e©i wewfbœ M‡elbvq †`Lv †M‡Q bvix‡`i K¨vwiqvi ˆZix‡Z Ges K¨vwiqvi GwM‡q wb‡q hvevi †ÿ‡Î cwiev‡ii
¸iæZ¡c~b© I wbw`©ó fzwgKv i‡q‡Q| mgv‡Ri GKUv weivU Ask GL‡bv g‡b K‡ib bvix‡`i KvR n‡jv msmvi
mvgjv‡bv, gvZ…Z¡| Ab¨w`‡K A_©‰bwZK fzwgKv A_©vr DcvR©b n‡”Q cyiæl‡`i KvR| mvsMVwbK wm×všÍ MÖnxZvi
fzwgKvi PvB‡Z gv wn‡m‡e, msmv‡ii KZ©x wn‡m‡e bvix‡`i †`L‡ZB GL‡bv gvbyl ¯^v”Q›`¨ †eva K‡i (Jogulu
& Wood, 2011) | cwiev‡ii cÖwZ c~Y© gb‡hv‡Mi eva¨evaKZv bvix‡`i D”P ch©v‡q hvevi Ab¨Zg
cÖwZeÜKZv| ev”Pv cvjb I mvsmvwiK `vwqZ¡ cvjb Zv‡`i c‡`vbœwZi my‡hvM I mgq‡K mxwgZ K‡i †`q|
cwiev‡ii Avw_©K `vwqZ¡ cyiæl‡`i Dci b¨v¯Í Ges msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡qi R‡b¨ ZvivB mev©‡cÿv Dchy³ †Kbbv,
Zv‡`i †K ev”Pvcvjb mn mvsmvwiK Ab¨vb¨ `vwqZ¡‡Z †Zgb g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z nq bv| Zviv Zv‡`i c~b© gb‡hvM
mvsMVwbK c` I Zvi Kv‡Ri Dci w`‡Z cv‡i (Mavin, 2001; Jogulu & Wood, 2011)|

Ab¨w`‡K GKRb bvix Rv‡bb, ev”Pv _vK‡j Zv‡K mvsMVwbK `vwq‡Z¡i cvkvcvwk mšÍvb‡K I gb‡hvM w`‡Z
n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB †`Lv hvq †h, A‡bK bvix Kg©KZ©vB ev”Pv wb‡Z Pvb bv| wKsev we‡qB Ki‡Z Pvb bv (Jogulu
& Wood, 2011)| ‡hmKj bvix‡`i msmvi wKsev mšÍvb Av‡Q Ab¨‡`i Zzjbvq K¨vwiqv‡ii Dbœq‡bi MwZ

Gw¤œ‡ZB K‡g hvq ( Schwartz, 1996; Ezzedeen & Ritchey, 2009)| we‡q Ges msmvi hLb K¨vwiqv‡ii
gy‡LvgywL nq, evsjv‡`kx bvixiv †ewki fvM mg‡qB K¨vwiqv‡ii mv‡_ mgv‡SvZv K‡i| 1995 mv‡j Robert
Haff & Associates †Kv¤úvwb e¨e¯’vcK c‡` PvKix cÖZ¨vkx gwnjv‡`i Dci GKwU Rwic K‡ib| †mLv‡b †`Lv

hvq †h, kZKiv 80 fv‡Mi I †ekx gwnjv Zvi Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î Ggb KvR‡K †e‡Q wb‡Z Pvb †hLv‡b Kv‡Ri Pvc
Kg Ges KvR †k‡l cwiev‡i mgq ‡`qv mnR| GQvov I K¨wiqv‡ii DbœwZi †ÿ‡Î I Zviv Zvovû‡ov Ki‡Z
Lye GKUv cQ›` K‡ib bv| hvB †nvK cvwievwiK wewfbœ ai‡bi AwZwi³ `vwq‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y gwnjviv
Methodological rise to power A_©vr K¨wiqv‡ii Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g mgv‡R Ae¯’vb ˆZix Kiv‡K †ekx ¸iæZ¡

†`q bv (Pringle,1999)| gwnjviv hZw`b ch©šÍ cwiev‡i Ges Kg©‡ÿ‡Î `yB welq‡KB mgvbfv‡e cÖvavb¨ bv
w`‡e Zviv ZZ w`bB Kg©‡ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i Pvwn`v I cÖvwßi mvgÄm¨Zv †_‡K ewÂZ n‡e| hvi djvkÖæwZ‡Z Kg©‡ÿ‡Î
cyiæ‡li †P‡q wcwQ‡q _vK‡e| GKwU M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †ewkifvM †Kv¤úvwb a‡iB †bq| gwnjviv Kv‡Ri
†P‡q N‡ii w`‡K †ekx gb‡hvMx n‡e| Kg©‡ÿ‡Î Ges cvwievwiK `vwq‡Z¡I Uvbv‡cvob A‡bK mg‡qB gwnjv‡`i

25
AvZ¥wek¦v‡m AvNvZ nvb‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Wirth Gi g‡Z N‡ivqv Kv‡R wjs½ ˆelg¨ A_©vr N‡ii KvR gv‡bB
gwnjv‡`i KvR Ggb g‡bvfve gwnjv‡`i e¨e¯’vcK nIqvi †ÿ‡Î eo evavi m„wó K‡i| Hochschild (2001)
e‡jb †h, M„n¯’vwj KvR I mšÍvb jvjb-cvjb gwnjv‡`i PvKwii †ÿ‡Î DbœwZi c‡_ euvav n‡q `vovq| welqwU
Ggb n‡q `vuwo‡q‡Q †h, hw` ¯^í mgq we‡ePbv Kiv nq, Z‡e GKRb Kg©Rxex gwnjv †m mgqUzKz cÖ_‡g Zvi
cwiev‡ii R‡b¨ e¨q Ki‡e|

Valimaki, Lamsa and Hiillos (2009) wdbj¨v‡Ûi †cÖÿvc‡U bvix‡`i e¨e¯’vcK n‡q DVvi †ÿ‡Î K‡qKwU

evav wbqvgK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Zvi g‡a¨ cvwievwiK `vwqZ¡ ‡eva Ges ¯^vgx‡`i cÖfve Ab¨Zg| Zv‡`i M‡elYv
Av‡iv cÖgvY K‡i †h, ¯^vgx Ges cwievi GKB mv‡_ GKRb bvixi e¨e¯’vcK n‡q DVvi †ÿ‡Î wKsev Kg©‡ÿ‡Î
DbœwZi †ÿÎ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| GB `yBwU cÖfv‡ei K_v White (1995) Zvi M‡elYvq I D‡jøL
K‡i‡Qb| wKQz M‡elK g‡b K‡ib GKRb e¨e¯’vcK bvixi K¨wiqv‡i Zvi ¯^vgx †Kvb bv †Kvb fv‡e cÖfve
†dj‡eB, †mUv BwZevPK wKsev †bwZevPK hvB †nvKbv †Kb| Zviv g‡b K‡ib, bvix‡K e¨e¯’vcK n‡Z n‡j
Aek¨B Zvi ¯^vgxi mn‡hvwMZv `iKvi (O neil and Bilimoria, 2005; Valimaki, Lamsa and Minna,
2009)| bvix‡`i K¨vwiqv‡ii AMÖMwZi cÖms‡½ cvwievwiK wewfbœ `vwqZ¡ †hgb, ‰eevwnK Ae¯’v, wkï jvjb

cvjb BZ¨vw` we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z nq (Burke and Vinnicombe, 2005) | cwðgv we‡k¦ cwiPvwjZ GiKg eû
M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h, K¨vwiqvi I cwievi `y‡Uv GKmv‡_ Pvjv‡Z †M‡j bvix‡`i K¨wiqviMZ DbœwZ evav MÖ¯’
nq|

D”PvKvsLv‡K I D”Pc‡` †cŠQv‡bvi Ab¨Zg Kvib wn‡m‡e g‡b Kiv nq (Metz, 2003)| c~‡e©i wewfbœ M‡elYvi
†`Lv †M‡Q D”PvKvsLv cyiæl Ges bvix Df‡qi R‡b¨B D”Pc‡` †cŠQv‡bvi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
Ab¨w`‡K AvZ¥wek¦vm‡KI K¨vwiqvi Dbœq‡bi GKwU Dcv`vb e‡j fvev nq|

mvgvwRK cÖfve I Kg©xi c` Ae¯’vb ˆZix‡Z Ab¨Zg cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| mvgvwRK mnvqZv ej‡Z
eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q, e¨vw³i Pvicv‡ki mgvR‡K hviv Zvi Pvicvk wN‡i _v‡K Ges hv‡`i mvnvh¨ †m †c‡Z cv‡i
hLb Zvi mvnv‡h¨i `iKvi nq (Ganesh & Paramasivam Ganesh, 2014)| Ezzedeen & Ritchey (2009)
Gi M‡elbvq †`Lv hvq, bvix‡`i c‡`vbœwZ‡Z wKsev K¨vwiqvi‡K mvg‡b GwM‡q wb‡q hvevi †ÿ‡Î mvgvwRK
cÖfve ¸iæZ¡c~b©| mvgvwRK mnvqZv `yB ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| mvsMVwbK w`K †_‡K mnvqZv Ges e¨vw³MZ
mnvqZv| mvsMVwbK mnvqZv n‡”Q, e¨ve¯’vcbv, mnKgx©, wKsev Aaxb¯Í‡`i KvQ †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv Ges

26
e¨vw³MZ mnvqZv n‡”Q cwievi Ges msMxi KvQ †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv (Cimirotic et al, 2017)| mvgvwRK
mnvqZv K¨vwiqvi Dbœqb Z_v D”P ch©v‡q †h‡Z wKfv‡e fzwgKv iv‡L Zv wb‡q A‡bK M‡elbv n‡q‡Q| †hLv‡b
†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q wKfv‡e mnKg©x‡`i mnvqZv Kg©`ÿZv evovq| wKsev cvwievwiK mnvqZv wKfv‡e Kg©‡ÿÎ I
cvwievwiK Rxe‡b fvimvg¨ Avb‡Z mnvqZv K‡i (Achour et al, 2017)| mvgvwRK mnvqZv †hgb, †KvwPs,
†g›Uwis, bvix‡`i AvZ¥wek¦vm evov‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| mvsMVwbK ms¯‹…wZi mv‡_ wb‡R‡K gvwb‡q wb‡Z mnvqZv
K‡i (Brougnton & Miller, 2009)|

mvsMVwbK ms¯‹…wZ ej‡Z GKwU msMV‡bi Kg©xiv †Kgb AvPib Ki‡e, Zv‡`i g~j¨‡eva wek¦vm, Kv‡Ri aib
†Kgb n‡e Zv eySvq | wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq msMV‡bi ms¯‹…wZB g~jZ msMV‡bi bvix I cyiæl Kg©x‡`i
g‡a¨ wefvRb evovq| †Kbbv cÖwZôv‡bi wbqg¸‡jv ˆZixB Kiv nq cyiælZvwš¿KZv‡K gv_vq †i‡L (Bajdo &
Dickson, 2001, 2002)| cyiælZvwš¿KZ wbqgbxwZi PP©v Kiv msMVb¸‡jv‡Z bvix‡`i D”P ch©v‡q wKsev wm×všÍ

MÖnb ch©v‡q †cŠQv‡bv A‡bK †ekx KwVb (Ismail & Ibrahim, 2008)| nem †U‡Wi g‡Z, cyiælZvwš¿K mgvR
e¨e¯’vq g‡b Kiv nq, cyiæ‡liv n‡eb KwVb, mvd‡j¨i cÖwZ ‡dvKvmW, AvMÖvmx g‡bvfve m¤úbœ| cyiælZvwš¿KZvi
msMVb¸‡jv‡Z †h a¨vb avibvi PP©v Kiv nq, ZvB g~jZ bvix‡`i Rb¨ Møvm wmwjs ˆZwi K‡i| wbw`©ó GKwU
c‡`i Rb¨ wKsev c‡`vbœwZi R‡b¨ cyiæl‡`i Zzjbvq bvix‡`i A‡bK †ekx cwikÖg Ki‡Z nq (Tlaiss &
Kauser, 2010)| e¨e¯’vcbvi GB †RÛvi †ivj Abyhvqx avibv Kiv nq, bvixiv KL‡bvB K¨vwiqvi‡K cÖv‡qvwiwU

†`b bv †hgbUv w`‡q _v‡Kb cyiæ‡liv (Ansari, 2016)| cyiælZvwš¿K msMVb ms¯‹…wZ bvix Kg©x‡`i D”P c‡`i
hvevi R‡b¨ mgvb my‡hvM, mgvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, wKsev mgvb ÿgZv †`q bv (Choi and Park, 2004)| G ai‡bi
msMVb Kg©x‡`i g‡b GB avibv ˆZix K‡i †`q †h, cyiæl Kg©xi Kg© ÿgZv bvix‡`i Zzjbvq †ewk (Al-manasra,
2013; Lathabhavan & Balasubramanian, 2017)|

‡bZ…‡Z¡ bvix‡`i MÖnY‡hvM¨Zvi e`‡j †bwZevPK †÷wiIUvBc gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq (Klenke, 2004) | mvaviY
a¨vb avibvbyhvqx cyiæl‡`i‡K cÖkvm‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ wPšÍv Kiv nq, Avi bvixiv n‡eb Zv‡`i Aaxb¯Í| bvixivI
cyiælcÖavb GBme c‡` wb‡R‡`i †bZ…Z¡ ¯’vbxq Ae¯’v‡b fv‡eb bv| Gi Ab¨Zg KviY Zviv Zv‡`i Pvicv‡k
Ggb †Kvb bvix †K †ivj g‡Wj wn‡m‡e GBme c‡` †`L‡Z cvb bv| †hLv‡b Gw¤œ‡ZB D”P c‡` bvix‡`i msL¨v
bMb¨| GB ¯^í msL¨K bvix Kg©x‡`i †`‡L DrmvwnZ nIqv, KvD‡K †ivj g‡Wj wn‡m‡e Kíbv Kiv cÖvq Am¤¢e|
hv Zv‡`i †K †bZ…‡Z¡i †`Š‡o wcwQ‡q †`q (Davidson and Cooper, 1992)|

27
e¨e¯’vcbvq bvix Kg©x‡`i f~wgKv †ewki fvM mg‡qB wbqwš¿Z, AcÖ‡qvRbxq wKsev Zv‡`i †K †h mg¯Í KvRB
†`qv nq †m¸‡jv Zzjbvg~jK fv‡e mnR, Kg P¨v‡jwÄs| bvix Kg©x‡`i †K Operational role bv w`‡q cÖkvmwbK
KvR †`qv‡KB cÖvavb¨ †`qv nq (Sahoo & Lenka, 2016)| †÷wiIUvBc a¨vb avibvi d‡j cyiæl e¨e¯’vcK
A‡bK mg‡qB GKRb bvix Kg©xi wPšÍv, D‡Ïk¨ Ges msMV‡b Gi cÖwZdjb wK n‡Z cv‡i Zv eyS‡Z AcviM|
hvi d‡j wZwb ‡mB c`‡ÿ‡ci e¨vL¨vI K‡ib fzj fv‡e (Mathur-Helm, 2006)| c‡`vbœwZi R‡b¨ wbw`©ó
ˆewkó¨ bvix‡`i R‡b¨ A‡bK mg‡qB KwVb cwiw¯’wZ ˆZix K‡i| wm×všÍ MÖnb cÖwµqvq wKsev c‡`vbœwZ‡Z
GKRb cyiæl e¨e¯’vcK Zv‡KB g‡bvbxZ K‡ib hvi mv‡_ wZwb KvR Ki‡Z ¯^”Q›`¨, hv‡`i wZwb fv‡jv K‡i
wP‡bb, ey‡Sb I wek¦vm K‡ib (Ruderman et al, 1995)| cyiælKg©xiv ZvB wb‡Ri ¯^v”Q›`¨ †eva †_‡K wbR
wjs‡Mi KvD‡K evQvB Kiv‡KB DËg g‡b K‡ib|

hw`I w`‡b w`‡b wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡b bvix‡`i AskMÖnb µgvš^‡q evo‡Q| bvixiv GLb wewfbœ P¨v‡jwÄs †ckvq I
wb‡qvwRZ n‡”Qb| wKš‘ GL‡bv D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb Avkv e¨vÄK bq|GKB c‡` cyiæl‡`i Zzjbvq
bvix‡`i AwZwi³ cwikÖg Ki‡Z nq, Zv‡`i cÖwZwbqZ wb‡Ri †hvM¨Zvi cwiPq w`‡q †h‡Z nq (Thurasamy
et al, 2011)| Kg©‡ÿ‡Î cyiæl‡`i Zzjbvq †g‡q‡`i‡K msMV‡bi Kg `iKvix, Zzjbvg~jK mnR, Kg P¨v‡jwÄs

KvR¸‡jv †`qv nq| Kvib wn‡m‡e g‡b Kiv nq, bvixiv kvwiixK I gvbwmK Abyf~wZi w`K w`‡q `~e©j, cyiæ‡li
Dci wbf©ikxj| Zviv wb‡Ri wb‡R‡`i wm×všÍ ¯^vaxbfv‡e wb‡Z cv‡ib bv| D‡jøwLZ M‡elbvmg~n Abyhvqx
D”Pc‡`i Ab¨Zg cÖwZeÜKZv wn‡m‡e bvixiv cyiæl‡`i cyiælvjx wPšÍvfvebv, wKsev msMV‡bi PwP©Z ms¯‹…wZ,
cyiælevÜe mvsMVwbK wbqg Kvbyb, cwievi, mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM †K `vqx K‡ib| †Kbbv D‡jøwLZ welq mg~nB
g~jZ bvix I cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ †f`v‡f` ˆZix K‡i (Afza & Newaz, 2008)|

eZ©gvb mg‡q cÖkvmwbK m¤úK© ˆZwi Ges †bUIqvK©‡K AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| D”P
ch©v‡q Kg©xi Ae¯’vb wbb©‡q Gi fywgKvI D‡jøL‡hvM¨ | GB †bUIqvwK©s e„w×i gv‡a¨‡g GKRb Kg©x mn‡RB Zvi
c‡`vbœwZ †c‡Z cv‡ib| wewfbœ M‡elYv n‡Z †`Lv hvq bvix Kg©xiv Zzjbvg~jK fv‡e †bUIqvK© ˆZix‡Z cyiæl‡`i
Zzjbvq wcwQ‡q| †Kbbv cwiev‡i mgq w`‡Z wM‡q Zviv mvgvwRK wKsev cÖvwZôvwbK †bUIqvK© ˆZwi‡Z ch©vß
mgq w`‡Z cv‡ib bv | ‡hLv‡b cyiæ‡liv mvgvwRK I cÖvwZôvwbK †bUIqvK© ˆZix‡Z I PPv©q h‡_ó mgq w`‡q
_v‡Kb (Linehan, et al, 2001; Lin, 2001; Tlaiss & Kauser, 2010; Ansari, 2016)| ‡RÛvi †¯UwiI UvBc
Abyhvqx bvixiv old boys ‡bUIqvK© G _v‡Kb bv Old boys ‡bUIqvK© n‡”Q †mB mg¯Í AcÖvwZôvwbK †bUIqvK©

28
hv GKB mvgvwRK gh©v`v, †kÖYx, †ckv, kL BZ¨vw`i Dci wfwË K‡i AvbyôvwbK GKwU MÖæc ˆZwi K‡i (Sahoo
& Lenka, 2016)| GB mg¯Í AcÖwZôvwbK MÖæc ¸‡jv msMV‡bi wewfbœ Kv‡R mnvqZv K‡i| c‡`vbœwZ †c‡Z Gi

f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| msMVb †f‡` GB †bUIqvK© ¸‡jv A‡bK kw³kvjx I n‡q _v‡K| cyiælKg©xiv Zv‡`i
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi P¨v‡bj wn‡m‡e GB mg¯Í †bUIqvK© †K e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hLv‡b bvix Kg©xiv GB my‡hvMUv cvb
bv | bvixiv cyiæl‡`i g‡Zv K‡i †bUIqvwK©s †gB‡›UBb Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| hv D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb
wbwðZ Ki‡Z f~wgKv iv‡L| hviv GBme cÖvwZôvwbK †bUIqvwK©s MÖæc ¸‡jv‡Z mwµq Zv‡`i I fv‡jvfv‡e †`Lv
nq bv| Kvib †ewki fvM cyiælB ¯§vU©, †hvM¨ Ges eyw×gZx bvix‡K mnKg©x wn‡m‡e cQ›` K‡ib bv (Linehan,
et al, 2001)|

Fagenson (1990) Abyhvqx D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i ¯^í msL¨K cÖwZwbwai Kvib ¸‡jv‡K K‡qKwU d¨v±i Abyhvqx

e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| e¨w³MZ, mvsMVwbK I mvgvwRK d¨v±i| hw`I ivóª‡f‡` msMVb †f‡` bvix‡`i GBme
mgm¨vi ai‡b cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| hw`I msMV‡bi wbPz ¯Í‡i bvix Kg©xi AvwaK¨ †`Lv hvq wKš‘ Dc‡ii ¯Í‡i Zv
wbZvšÍB AcÖZzj| Gi Ab¨Zg Kvib wn‡m‡e gRywi ˆelg¨i g‡Zv mvsMVwbK ms¯‹…wZ‡K I †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q
(Devidson & Burke, 2002, Catalyst, 2009; Qian, 2016). Ahmed & Naseer (2015) | bvix Kg©xiv

ïaygvÎ Dc‡ii †j‡f‡j ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi nb Zv bv, GKB mv‡_ Zviv ‡eZb ˆel‡g¨i I wkKvi hv Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri
Pv‡ci mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© bq| d‡j D”P ch©v‡q bvixi Ae¯’vb ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Kg (OECD, 2014; World
Bank, 2017) | Gi Z_¨vbyhvqx Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z D”P chv©‡q Kg©iZ bvix‡`i msL¨v A‡bK Kg, hw`I

GB mg¯Í †`k¸‡jv‡Z MZ K‡qK `k‡K bvixiv cov‡kvbvq D‡jøL‡hvM¨ DbœwZ K‡i‡Q| MSCI (2014), Abyhvqx
AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e bvixiv eo eo †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jvi †ev‡W©i gvÎ 12% wmU G Av‡Qb| GB me †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jvi g‡a¨
64% G AšÍZ GKRb bvix wW‡i±i Av‡Qb| 13% wZbRb wW‡i±i K‡i Av‡Qb| GB Z_¨vbyhvqx 13.4%
wW‡i±i Av‡Q †W‡fjcg¨v›U gv‡K©U Lv‡Z, 8.8% emerging market Lv‡Z MSCI (2014) |

ILO (2015) wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki D”P ch©v‡q Kg©iZ Kg©x‡`i †ewki fvMB cyiæl, †mLv‡b †`Lv hvq

5.4% bvix Kg©x msMV‡bi †bZ…Z¡ ch©v‡q Av‡Qb| gwnjv‡`i †bZ…Z¡ m¤ú‡K© †bwZevPK mvgvwRK avibv,
msMV‡bi e¨e¯’vcbv cwil‡`i mnvqZvi Afve, cÿcvZ `yó g~j¨vqb, D”P ch©v‡q cyiælZvwš¿K gZvg‡Zi
cÖvavb¨, bgbxqZvi Afve, BZ¨vw`‡K evsjv‡`‡k bvix‡`i D”P ch©v‡q bv _vKvi Kvib wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q
(Afza & Newaz, 2008; Uddin, 2015; ILO, 2017; WB, 2017) | GQvov D”PvKvsLv, AvZ¥ wek¦vm, †bZ…Z¡

BZ¨vw`i Afve I ‡g‡q‡`i GB ‡hvM¨Zvi †`Š‡o wcQ‡b †d‡j †`q (Terjesen & Singh, 2008; Lathabhavan

29
& Balasubramaian, 2016)| D‡jøwLZ Kvib mg~n fviZxq, kÖxjsKvb, evsjv‡`kx bvix‡`i g‡a¨ Lye †ewk

†`Lv hvq, hviv D‡jøwLZ †`‡ki wewfbœ msMV‡bi wewfbœ c‡` Kg©iZ Av‡Qb (Jain & Mukherji, 2010;
Bombuwela & Alwis, 2013; Afza & Newaz, 2008)| AvZ¥wek¦v‡mi Afve, D”PKvsLvi Afve, †bZ…Z¡

`v‡b `ÿZvi Afve, GB mgm¨v ¸‡jvB g~jZ g~j Kvib wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq ‡g‡q‡`i D”P ch©v‡q †cŠQvi Kvib
wn‡m‡e (Terjesen & Singh, 2008; Cabeza et al, 2011; Alibeli, 2015)|

(Afza & Newaz, 2008; Lathabhavan & Balasubramanian, 2016), Gi g‡Z m¤¢vebv _vKvi c‡iI

†g‡q‡`i KvswLZ ch©v‡q †cŠQv‡Z bv cvivi Ab¨Zg Kvib wn‡m‡e AvZ¥wek¦v‡mi Afve, `~e©j mvsMVwbK I
mvgvwRK mvs¯‹…wZ, Drmvn/‡cÖlbvi Afve B g~j Kvib wn‡m‡e wPwýZ| wbw`©ó K‡i ej‡Z †M‡j RMG †m±‡i
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq 4.2 wgwjqb bvix Kg©x i‡q‡Qb| A_©vr GB wk‡íi 85% B †g‡q| Z_vwc Aí msL¨K †g‡q‡K
D”P ch©v‡q Kg©iZ †`Lv hvq| bvix cÖavb GB wk‡íi D”P ch©v‡q bvix Kg©KZ©v‡`i Dcw¯’wZ e¨w³MZ ev
cÖvwZôvwbK fv‡e msMVb‡K Av‡iv AwaK Kvh©Kix I kw³kvjx Ki‡e (Lathabhavan & Balasubramanian,
2016; mori & towo, 2017; BGMEA, 2016, Uddin, 2015; WB, 2017)|

evowZ kªg †cvlvK KviLvbv¸wji cÖvq wbË-‰bwgwËK NUbv| evowZ kª‡gi cwigvb wbf©i K‡i KviLvbvi †gvU
Drcv`b cwigv‡bi Dci| hv Avevi wbf©i Ki‡Q Av‡`k cÖvwßi Dci| †h KviLvbv hZ‡ekx †cvlvK ˆZixi
Av‡`k MÖnb K‡i, †m KviLvbv ZZ‡ekx AwZwi³ kªwgK wb‡qvM K‡i| †Kbbv Av‡`kwU wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨
Aek¨B Zvwgj Ki‡Z n‡e, Avi GKB kªwgK w`‡q Av‡`kK…Z cy‡iv †cvlvK¸‡jv ‰Zix Kwi‡q wb‡Z n‡e, Avi
ZLbB cÖ‡qvRb n‡e AwZwi³ kªg cÖ`v‡bi|AwZwi³ kªg Kg©xi kvixwiK Ges gvbwmK Dfq cÖKvi ¯^v‡¯’¨i
DciB weiƒc cÖfve †d‡j| `xN© kªgN›Uv bvix Kg©xi Rb¨ gvbwmK hš¿Yvi KviY nq †ekx| 19 kZvsk bvix `xN©
kªgN›Uv‡K Zv‡`i PvKzix Am‡šÍv‡li g~L¨ ev †MŠb KviY †nmv‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| G‡ÿ‡Î cyiæl kªwg‡Ki msL¨v
gvÎ 9 kZvsk। ZvQvov hv‡`i †QvU mšÍvb Av‡Q Zviv AwZwi³ kª‡gi Kvi‡b mšÍv‡bi hZœ wb‡Z cvi‡Qb bv
e‡jI g‡bi K‡ó †fv‡Mb (cvj gRyg`vi; Rwni, 1994)|

30
 3.3 mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv ‡_‡K cªvß M‡elbvi NvUwZ (Research gap from
literature)

evsjv‡`‡ki RMG LvZ wb‡q cÖPzi M‡elbv †`Lv hvq| †ewki fvM M‡elbvq Z…bg~j Kg©x‡`i wb‡q| hviv g~jZ
†eZb †MÖ‡Wi 7 ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i| Zv‡`i myweav Amyweav, Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi cÖwZeÜZKZv , †eZb ˆelg¨mn wewfbœ
wel‡qi Dci M‡elbv _vK‡jI GB †m±‡i e¨e¯’vcKxq Ae¯’v‡b Kg©iZ bvix Kg©x‡`i Ae¯’vb wb‡q †Zgb †Kvb
M‡elbv †Pv‡L c‡o bv| GB M‡elbv D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb †Kgb, Zviv †Kb D”P ch©v‡q Kg, †Kvb
welq¸‡jv Zv‡`i D”P ch©v‡q †h‡Z cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i †mB me cÖ‡kœi DËi †LvuRvi †Póv K‡i‡Q| A_©vr GB
M‡elbv Øviv GB †m±‡ii D”P ch©v‡q †g‡q‡`i Ae¯’vb m¤úwK©Z M‡elbvi NvUwZ c~ib Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

3.4 Dcmsnvi

D‡jøwLZ Av‡jvPbv, wewfbœ †jLK I Rvb©v‡j ewb©Z mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j bvix‡`i wewfbœ mgm¨v wPwýZ
Ki‡Z cviv hvq| GBme mgm¨v ev cªwZeÜKZv cªvq cªwZwU †m±‡i Kg©iZ bvix Kg©xiv †gvKv‡ejv K‡i _v‡Kb|
hv hyM hyM a‡i P‡j Avm‡Q| †m±i †f‡` mgm¨vi aib nq wKQyUv wfbœ, wKš‘ g~j KvVv‡gv cªvq Awfbœ|

31
PZz_© Aa¨vq: ZvwË¡K Ges we‡kølYvZ¥K
†dªgIqvK©
 4.1 f~wgKv

c~e©eZ©x Aa¨v‡q M‡elbv mswkøó wewfbœ eB, †`k we‡`‡ki wewfbœ M‡elbv, wewfbœ Rvb©v‡ji wKQz mvwnZ¨
ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †mB mv‡_ M‡elbvq e¨eüZ M‡elbv c×wZi we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY I †`qv n‡q‡Q| GB
Aa¨v‡q g~jZ †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q, M‡elbv mswkøó `yBwU ZË¡| Ges †mB mv‡_ GB ZË¡ mswkøó avibvMZ KvVv‡gv|
GB avibv MZ KvVv‡gv eY©bvq M‡elK †fwi‡qe‡ji mvnvh¨ wb‡q‡Qb| hvi Øviv RMG Lv‡Zi D”P ch©v‡q
bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb Kg nevi cÖwZeÜKZv¸‡jv †LvuRvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb|

4.2 g~j kã m¤ú‡K© ZvwË¡K Av‡jvPbv

4.2.1 e¨emvwqK msMVb

msMVb: cÖvwZôvwbK D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv Ges D³ D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi wbwg‡Ë
m¤ú‡`i e›UbKiY cÖwµqv‡K msMVb e‡j|mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv Ggb GKwU †d«gIqvK© hv‡K wN‡i cÖ‡Póv mgwš^Z
nq| GB KvVv‡gv mvaviYZ mvsMVwbK PvU© Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq †hLv‡b GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi Av‡`‡ki bxwZ‡K
wP·j‡Li gva¨‡g Zz‡j aiv nq| msMVb GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi wfZ‡ii cÖ‡Z¨K Kgx©i Kvh©vejx wba©viY K‡i _v‡K|
GKRb Kgx©i `vwqZ¡ Ges KZ©e¨ Kx n‡e Ges wKfv‡e †mB `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvjb Kiv n‡e †mwUI msMV‡bi
gva¨‡g wVK Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

‡nbwi †dIj Gi g‡Z, ÒGKwU e¨emvq‡K msMwVZ Kiv nj cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj Dc`vb A_©vr-KvuPvgvj, miÄvg,
g~javb Ges Kgx©‡`i mievin|

msMVb Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z welq ¸‡jv njt msMV‡bi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Kvh©µg
mbv³KiY, KvR¸wj h_vh_ Kgx‡`i Dci Ac©Y Kiv, Ges KvR¸‡jvi wfZ‡i mgš^q mvab Kiv|msMV‡bi
wfZ‡i AšÍf~©³ welq ¸‡jv njt

34
  ‡h KvR¸wj m¤úv`b Kiv Avek¨K †m¸wj wPwýZ Kiv Ges hLbB cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡`i h_vh_
†kÖYxweb¨vm Kiv |

 Kg©KZ©v‡`i KZ…©Z¡ Ac©Y Kiv|

 KZ…©Z¡ Ges `vwq‡Z¡i g‡a¨ GKwU m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv|

 GB mKj Kvh©µ‡gi mgš^q Kiv|

e¨emvwqK msMVb ej‡Z g~jZ †emKvix cÖwZôvb mg~n‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †h‡nZz evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ iK‡gi
e¨emvwqK Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq, ZvB M‡elbvi R‡b¨ †KejgvÎ GKwU e¨emvwqK ‡ÿ·K ‡e‡Q †bqv n‡q‡Q|
GB M‡elbv g~jZ evsjv‡`‡ki †iwWg¨vU Mv‡g©›Um wkí wfwËK M‡elbv| ZvB e¨emvwqK msMVb ej‡Z GLv‡b
‡iwW‡gW Mv‡g©›Um‡KB eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| hv‡K ms‡ÿ‡c Avgiv RMG ej‡Z cvwi|

Avgiv Rvwb MZ 50 eQ‡i RMG †m±‡i A‡bK cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| hv GKB mv‡_ hy³iv‡óªi e¨vcK A_©vq‡bi
d‡j AšÍR©vwZK wk‡íI cwibZ n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb mg‡q G LvZ me‡P‡q eo wkí LvZ Ges GKB mv‡_ RvZxq
Av‡qi e„nr As‡ki †hvMb`vi| †`‡ki Avg`vbx ißvbx Gi Dci wbf©ikxj Ges cÖPzi †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’v‡bi
Drm| cÖPzi Kg©ms¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g hv `vwi`ªZv `~i K‡i RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z weivU f~wgKv ivL‡Q (Siddiqi, 2005)|
ZvB GB LvZ‡K bvix Dbœqb I bvixi ÿgZvq‡bi Ab¨Zg gva¨g I ejv hvq (Farhana, Syduzzaman and
Munir, 2015)|

4.2.2 E”P ch©vq

e¨e¯’vcKxq †kÖYxweb¨vm ej‡Z KZ…©Z¡ Ges `vwqZ¡‡K wewfbœ e¨e¯’vcKxq c‡`i g‡a¨ fvM K‡i †`qv †evSvq|hw`I
me e¨e¯’vcKB cwiKíbv, msMVY, †bZ„Z¡ Ges wbqš¿‡Yi KvR K‡i, ZeyI Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKUv †kªYwweb¨vm
_v‡K| e¨e¯’vcK‡`i wZb-¯Í‡ii †kÖwbweb¨v‡m fvM Kiv nq, Zv njt kxl© e¨e¯’vcKMb, ga¨eZx© e¨e¯’vcK Ges
cÖ_g mvwii e¨e¯’vcK| ¯úóZt GKwU cÖwZôv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨e¯’vcK _v‡Kb|

35
 1. kxl© e¨e¯’vcKMY (Top Managers)

kxl© e¨e¯’vcKMY cwiPvjbv cl©`, †Pqvig¨vb, mfvcwZ, mn-mfvcwZ, e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvjK ev cÖavb wbe©vnx
Kg©KZ©v (wmBI) ev gnve¨e¯’vc‡Ki mgš^‡q MwVZ nq| Zviv mK‡j wg‡j Zyjbvg~jK †QvU Kvh©wbe©vnx cwil`
MVb K‡i. cÖwZôvb Gi mvgwMÖK e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvjbvi K‡i| msMV‡bi Kj¨vY I †eu‡P _vKvi mgvwMÖK `vwqZ¡
Zv‡`i| Zviv cÖwZôv‡bi mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ mvgwMÖK mvsMVwbK jÿ¨ Ges †KŠkj ¯’vcb K‡i _v‡K| cÖwZôv‡b
kxl© e¨e¯’vcKMY Gi wbKU †ewkifvM KZ…©Z¡ Acb© Kiv _v‡K| kxl© e¨e¯’vcK‡`i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kvh©vewj n‡jvt

(K) GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ wba©viY Kiv |

(L) jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ bxwZgvjv Ges cwiKíbv ˆZwi Kiv|

(M) cwiKíbv Abyhvqx Kvh©µg cwiPjbv Ki‡Z GKwU mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv ¯’vcb Kiv|

(N) cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ A_©, Rbej, DcKiY I h‡š¿i ms¯’vb Kiv|

(O) mvgwMÖK w`Kwb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Kiv|

(P) me©`v Kvh©Ki wbqš¿Y PvP© Kiv|

2. ga¨eZx© e¨e¯’vcK (Middle Managers)

ga¨eZx© e¨e¯’vcK wewfbœ wefvM I kvLv cÖavb‡`i ejv n‡q _v‡K| Zviv kxl© e¨e¯’vcK‡`i Aaxb¯’ Ges
cÖ_gjvBb-e¨e¯’vcK‡`i Kv‡Ri Rb¨ `vqe×| kxl©¯’vbxq e¨e¯’vcbvi Øviv m„ó cwiKíbv Ges †KŠkj¸wj
mvaviYZ cÖ‡qvM I wbqš¿Y Kivi `vwqZ¡ Zv‡`i _v‡K| Zviv cÖ_g mvwii-cwiPvjK‡`i mg¯Í Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨I
`vqe×|

ga¨eZx© e¨e¯’vc‡Ki cÖavb KvR¸wj wb¤œiƒc:

(K) kxl© cwiPjK‡`i bxwZgvjv we‡kølY Kiv|

(L) wb‡qvM Ges Dchy³ Acv‡iwUf Ges Z`viwK Kgx©‡`i wbe©vPb Kiv|

(M) cÖwZôv‡bi Kgx©‡`i DbœZZi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb|

36
(N) cwiKíbv ¸wj mgqg‡Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ `vwqZ¡ MÖnY I `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y Kiv|

(O) Z`viwK Kgx©‡`i wb‡`©kvejx Rvwi Kiv|

(P) Kgx©‡`i D”P Drcv`bkxjZv AR©b Ki‡Z DØy× Kiv|

(Q) cy‡iv ms¯’vi myôz Kvh©KvwiZv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ wefv‡Mi mv‡_ mn‡hvwMZv Kiv|

(R) cwiKíbv Ges bxwZgvjv AviI Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ kxl©¯’vbxq cwiPvj‡K Dchy³ mycvwik Kiv I cÖwZ‡e`b
ˆZwi Kiv|

3. cÖ_g mvwii e¨e¯’vcK (First-Line-Managers)

cÖ_g mvwii e¨e¯’vcK‡`i g‡a¨ †dvig¨vb, mycvifvBRvi, Awdm cwiPvjK, mgš^qKvix, weµq Kg©KZ©v,
Av¨KvD›U Awdmvi Ges Ab¨iv _v‡K| ga¨eZx© e¨e¯’vcK Øviv m„ó Acv‡ikbvj cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb I wbqš¿‡Yi
Rb¨ cÖ_g mvwii e¨e¯’vcKiv `vqe×| Zviv Kgx©‡`i wµqvKjvc Z`viwK I mgš^q K‡i| cÖK…Z KvR ¸‡jv cÖ_g
mvwii e¨e¯’vcKMY wbqš¿b K‡i _v‡K| kxl© Ges ga¨eZx© e¨e¯’vcK‡`i wecix‡Z, cÖ_g mvwii e¨e¯’vcKiv
mvaviYZ Aaxb¯’‡`i Z`viwK Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡`i †ewkifvM mgq e¨q K‡ib|

cÖ_g-mvwii- e¨e¯’vcK‡`i cÖavb KvR¸wj wb¤œiƒct

(K) Acv‡iwUf (Kg©x‡`i) Ges Zv‡`i KvR Z`viwK I wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ Av‡`k Ges wb‡`©k Rvwi Kiv|

(L) Kgx©‡`i †kÖYxe× Kiv Ges Kgx©‡`i wb‡qvM †`Iqv|

(M) Kvh©cÖYvjx m¤ú‡K© Kgx©‡`i mivmwi wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv|

(N) Kgx©‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq miÄvg, DcKiY BZ¨vw`i e¨e¯’v Kiv|

(O) miÄvg, hš¿cvwZ BZ¨vw`i h_vh_ iÿYv‡eÿY I †`‡L ivLv|

(P) Kgx©‡`i mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv|

(Q) Kgx©‡`i mgm¨v DשZb e¨e¯’vcK‡`i AewnZ Kiv

37
(R) Kgx©‡`i g‡a¨ mym¤úK© Ges gvbweK m¤úK© eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Kiv|

(S) Kgx©‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU `‡j KvR Kivi g‡bvej M‡o ‡Zvjv|

msMV‡bi D”P ch©vq ej‡Z g~jZ †h ch©v‡q mvsMVwbK wm×všÍ cÖYxZ I ev¯ÍevwqZ nq, A_©vr bxwZ wba©vibx
ch©v‡q †_‡K ïiæ K‡I ev¯Íevqb Kivi `vwqZ¡ hv‡`i Dci b¨v¯Í Zv‡`i mevB ‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †h‡nZy RMG
Lv‡Zi D”P ch©v‡q †g‡q‡`i msL¨v AZ¨šÍ Kg, ZvB GBLv‡b gva¨g ch©v‡q bvix Kg©KZ©v‡`i Ae¯’vb †KI
e¨e¯’vcbv ch©vq wn‡m‡e M‡elbvq AšÍfz©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr kxl© e¨e¯’vcKMY (Top Managers), ga¨eZx©
e¨e¯’vcK (Middle Managers) †K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q. mnR K_vq ej‡Z †M‡j Director, CEO, General
Manager, Manager, Deputy manager, Senior accountant, Senior Merchandiser, Merchandiser ch©vq

mg~n †K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| ¯úó K‡i eySvi myweav‡_© GKwU RMG cÖwZôv‡bi mvsMVwbK PvU© bgybv wn‡m‡e
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

38
 4.3 mvsMVwbK PvU©

wPÎ 4.1: mvsMVwbK PvU©

eZ©gvb mg‡q e¨e¯’vcbvq, msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡q A‡bK bvix Kg©x †`Lv ‡M‡jI Zv cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq LyeB
Kg| msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡qi Kv‡Ri ai‡bi Dci I bvix Kg©x‡`i Ae¯’vb fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| e¨e¯’vcbvi
†Kvb avivq bvixiv ‡ewk fv‡jv Ki‡eb, Zv wb‡qI Avgv‡`i †`‡k Avjv`v gZvgZ ‡`Lv hvq| GB avibv
†g‡q‡`i cvwikÖwgK, c‡`vbœwZ mn Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi cÖwZwU ch©v‡q cÖfve †d‡j|

ILO Avgv‡`i †`wL‡q‡Q wKfv‡e †g‡q‡`i R‡b¨ wbw`©ó †m±‡ii KvR fvM Kiv _v‡K| wbw`©ó wKQz As‡k

†g‡q‡`i cÖvavb¨ _v‡K| †Kej gvÎ †mB me †m±‡iB ‡g‡q‡`i‡K D”P ch©v‡q †`Lv hvq| D`vnib ¯^iæc Avgiv
ej‡Z cvwi human resource management, Complience, Ges communication Gi K_v| hvi cÖvq †ewki
fvM B bvix‡`i `L‡j| wKš‘ KvwiMix †ÿÎ, wnmve, †jb †`b Gi †ÿ‡Î †hgb finance, research, operations

39
Ges general management, bvix‡`i †`Lv hvq bv ej‡jB P‡j| GB welqwU bvix‡`i D”P ch©v‡q Kv‡Ri
ai‡b e¨vcK cÖfve †d‡j|

4.4 ZvwË¡K Ges we‡kølYvZ¥K KvVv‡gv

4.4.1 Møvm wmwjs ZË¡ (The Glass Ceiling Theory)

Møvm wmwjs kãwU c«_g Av‡jvPbvq Av‡m 1980 mv‡j hLb bvix‡`i c«wZeÜKZv wb‡q Av‡iv eo cwim‡i
Av‡jvPbv ïiæ nq| Katherine Lawrence Av‡gwiKvi Hewlett Packard G AbywôZ Women institute for
Freedom Press bvgK m‡¤§j‡b cÖ_g G Z_¨wU Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| c‡i Gay Bryant 1984 mv‡j Zvi eB The

working women Report G Ges GKB eQi Adweek Zvi eB Women have reached a certain point- I

call it the glass ceiling G G m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|

1986 mv‡j Wall Street Journal hLb K‡c©v‡iU bvix‡`i Ae¯’v‡bi c«wZeÜKZv m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q
Møvm wmwjs kãwU e¨envi K‡ib ZLb Zv e¨vcK fv‡e Rbwc«qZv cvq hv eZ©gvb mg‡qI mgvbfv‡e Rbwc«q|
Møvm wmwjs ej‡Z e¨emvwqK RM‡Zi Ggb GKUv ‡gUvdi ‡K eySv‡bv nq hv Ggb me AbvbyôvwbK c«wZeÜKZv‡K
e¨vL¨v K‡i hv ‡Kej msMV‡bi, K‡c©v‡ik‡bi D”P ch©v‡q Abyfe Kiv hvq wKš‘ ‡Pv‡L ‡`Lv hvq bv| G Ggb
GK A`…k¨ cÖwZeÜKZv hv bvix‡`i D”P ch©v‡q ‡h‡Z evav cÖ`vb K‡i|

Av‡gwiKvi k«g gš¿bvjq 1991 mv‡j Møvm wmwjs ‡K msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Q GwU GK ai‡bi K…wËg
cÖwZeÜKZv Artificial barriers based on attitudinal or organaizational bias that prevent qualified
individuals from advancing upward in their organization into management level positions.

weR‡bm wWKkbvix Abyhvqx Møvm wmwjs n‡”Q Ggb GK ai‡bi A`…k¨ cÖwZeÜKZv hv ‡Kej cÖwZôv‡bi D”P
ch©v‡qB ‡`Lv hvq| wKQy ‡hvM¨, Dchy³ Kg©x hv KL‡bvB AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|

40
GL‡bv A‡bK ‡`‡kB bvixiv ‡Kv_vq KvR Ki‡e, ‡Kvb ‡m±‡i K¨vwiqvi ‰Zwi Ki‡e wKsev Av‡`Š ‡Kvb ‡ckvq
wb‡qvwRZ n‡eb wKbv Zv cwievi Z_v ¯^vgx wba©vib K‡i ‡`b| bvixiv ‡Kej e¨e¯’vcbvi wbw`©ó wKQy ‡¶‡Î
Zv‡`i ‡ckv wba©vi‡bi my‡hvM cvb|

1995 mv‡j Møvm wmwjs wi‡cv‡U© bvix‡`i D”P ch©v‡q ‡cŠuQv‡Z bv cvivi Kvib wn‡m‡e Pvi ai‡bi cÖwZeÜKZvi
K_v D‡jøL Kiv nq| ‡m¸‡jv n‡jv, mvgvwRK cÖwZeÜKZv, miKvix cÖwZeÜKZv, Avf¨šÍixb e¨emvwqK MVb
I Avf¨šÍixb e¨emvwqK KvVv‡gv.

Bombuwela and chamaru (2013) GKwU M‡elbvq Møvm wmwjs Gi PviwU d¨v±‡ii K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|

‡m¸‡jv nj- e¨vw³MZ, cvwievwiK, mvsMVwbK I mvs¯‹…wZK d¨v±i|

wPÎ 4.2: Møvm wmwjs d¨v±i

41
 4.4.2 The GOS Theory

‡bZ…‡Z¡i Ae¯’v‡b bvix‡`i AMÖMwZi m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ welqmg~n m¤ú‡K© The Gender Organisation System
(GOS) GKwU mvgwMÖK `„wó fswM Dc¯’vcb K‡i (Omor & Davidson, 2001; Akpinar, Sposito, 2013)| G

†_‡K †`Lv hvq †h e¨vw³, ms¯’v I mgv‡Ri †bZ…Z¡ ¯’vbxq c`¸‡jv‡Z GK †hv‡M bvix‡`i Aw¯Í¡Z¡ Lye GKUv cvIqv
hvq bv (Fagenson, 1993; Yukongdi & Benson, 2005)| ‡bZ…Z¡¯’vbxq c‡` bvix‡`i AMÖMwZi c‡_ evavmg~n
Qvov I mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv, †mLvbKvi wewfbœ KvjPvi I Kg©‡ÿ‡Î bvix‡`i ˆel‡g¨i g~j wbqvgK wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i| GB `„wó fswM Av‡iv `ywU `„wó fswM‡K myms nZ K‡i| †h¸‡jv n‡jv †RÛvi †Kw›`ªK `„wó fw½ I mvsMVwbK
KvVv‡gv wfwËK `„wó fvswM| GB `„wó fswMi Av‡jv‡K D”Pc‡` bvix‡`i `~e©j Ae¯’vb e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq
(Fagenson, 1990; Fagenson, 1993; Yukongdi & Benson, 2005; Rowley & Yukongdi, 2008)| GB

ZË¡ †_‡K eySv hvq †h, wewfbœ ms¯’vq bvix‡`i AMÖMwZ ev AvPib †Kgb n‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i †KejgvÎ ˆjswMK
AmgZv wKsev ‡KejgvÎ ms¯’vi KvVv‡gvMZ MV‡bi Dci bq| eis bvix‡`i AMÖMwZ ev AvPiY †Kgb n‡e Zv
wbf©i K‡i †RÛvi Ges msMVb Df‡qi Dci|

GOS `„wó fswM †RÛvi †Kw›`ªK `„wó fswMi g~j wfwˇK mg_©b K‡i| †hLv‡b g‡b Kiv nq, bvixiv Rb¥MZ

fv‡eB Ggb wKQz ˆewkó¨ avib K‡i †h¸‡jv e¨e¯’vcKxq (Managerial) c‡`i ev †hvM¨Zvi mv‡_ †egvbvb
(Fagenson, 1986; Harrangan, 1977; Horner, 1972)| mgvR a‡iB †bq bvixiv wKQz †dwgwbb ˆewk‡ói

AwaKvix n‡eb| †hgb Zviv n‡eb Kiæbvgqx, †Kvgj g‡bi AwaKvix, wbt¯^v_© | Ab¨w`‡K GKRb †hvM¨ I
Kvw•ÿZ e¨e¯’vc‡Ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb AvMÖvmx g‡bvfve, ejevb, hyw³ev`x, cÖwZ‡hvMx, AvZ¥wek¦vmx, ¯^vaxb‡PZv,
`„p g‡bvfvem¤úbœ e¨vw³ (Feather, 1984; Putnam & Heinen, 1976; Schein, 1973; Spence &
Helmreich, 1978)|

GOS wb‡q Fagenson Av‡iv e‡jb †h, GKwU bvix ev cyiæl †h mgv‡R evm K‡i †mLvb †_‡K †Kvb e¨vw³ ev

ms¯’v mg~n‡K Avjv`v K‡i eySv hvq bv| AwawKš‘ Gi gva¨‡g GKwU ms¯’vq †RÛvi ˆelg¨ wKfv‡e nq Zv eySv
hvq| Gi gva¨‡g Kg©‡ÿ‡Î bvix I cyiæ‡li AwfÁZvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Lye my›`i fv‡e wbiæcY Kivi cvkvcvwk
bvixiv wKfv‡e mgv‡R ˆelg¨ g~jK AvPi‡bi wkKvi Zv eywS‡q †`q (Fagenson, 1990)|

D”Pc‡` bvix‡`i Ae¯’v‡bi DcKvwiZv I AcKvwiZvi we‡ePbvq bvix e¨ve¯’vcbv welqK M‡elbvi †ÿ‡Î GOS
`„wó fswM w_Iwi GKwU Dchy³ w_Iwi (Omor & Davidson, 2001; Sposito, 2013)|

42
GOS Gi gva¨‡g e¨vw³, ms¯’v I mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ wg_w¯Œqv¸‡jvi iæc‡iLv ˆZwi Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b GOS KvVv‡gvi

cÖ‡qvM Abyhvqx eySv hvq †h, wKfv‡e e¨vw³ ms¯’v I msMVb Gi g‡Zv wbqgKvbyb ¸‡jv ˆZwi †cvkvK ms¯’v¸‡jvi
D”Pc‡` bvix‡`i †cŠQv‡Z evuav cÖ`vb K‡i| †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó BÛvw÷ª‡Z bvix‡`i D”Pc‡` †cŠQv‡Z †h mKj
evuav KvR K‡i Zv wPwýZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î GOS ‡d«gIqvK© eZ©gvb †h †Kvb M‡elYvi Rb¨ GKwU djcÖmy MvBW
wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

4.5 we‡kølYvZ¥K KvVv‡gv

2013 †Z Talouselama g¨vMvwR‡b bvix‡`i K¨vwiqvi wb‡q GKwU Rwic cwiPvjbv K‡i| †hLv‡b 128 Rb

bvixi mvÿvZKvi †bqv n‡qwQj, hviv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB cÖwZôv‡bi D”P ch©v‡q Av‡Qb| †ewki fvM bvixB Zv‡`i
K¨vwiqvi AMÖMwZ‡Z wKsev D”P ch©v‡q †cŠQvi Ab¨Zg Kvib wn‡e‡e e¨vw³MZ msKí ev B”Qv kw³‡KB cÖvavb¨
w`‡q‡Qb|

wØZxq Kvib wn‡m‡e Zviv Zv‡`i e¨e¯’vc‡Ki mnvqZvi K_v e‡j‡Qb| e¨vw³MZ I †ckv`vix Kv‡Ri mgš^q,
msMx, covïbv, †bUIqvK©, h_vh_ †hvMv‡hvM P¨v‡bj ‰Zix Ges bvix‡`i wbR¯^ g‡bvfv‡ei f~wgKv i‡q‡Q|
hw`I cÖvß M‡elbvi djvdj wKQzUv AcÖZ¨vwkZ wQj| wKš‘ cÖvß Z_¨ †_‡K bvix‡`i K¨vwiqv‡ii Dbœqb wKsev
D”P ch©v‡q †cŠQv‡bi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb welq¸‡jv evav cÖ`vb K‡i †m m¤ú‡K© GKUv avibv cvIqv hvq| hw` d¨v±i
¸‡jv‡Z gb‡hvM hvq, †`Lv hv‡e †h, †Kvb †Kvb d¨v±i ¸‡jv bvix‡`i K¨vwiqvi †K BwZevPK ev †bwZevPK
fv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i, Ges wewfbœ †j‡fj †_‡K Zv †`Lvi my‡hvM cvIqv hv‡e| wewfbœ mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv I Z‡Ë¡i
wfwˇZ Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, bvix‡`i D”P ch©v‡q Ae¯’vb wbY©‡q wZbwU g~j d¨v±i i‡q‡Q| †m¸‡jv n‡jv-

 e¨vw³MZ (INDIVIDUAL)
 mvsMVwbK (ORGANIZATIONAL)

 mvgvwRK (SOCIETAL)

43
 • Family
Support

Individual

Society
• Gender
Stereotype
Organisation

• Business
Culture

wPÎ 4.3t e¨ve¯’vcbvi D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb wbb©vqK cªfveK mg~n|

4.6 PjK (Variables)

cÖvß ZË¡ I Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h, e¨emvwqK msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb wbf©i K‡i
D‡jøwLZ d¨v±i mg~‡ni Dc‡i| †h¸‡jv †K Avgiv Variable wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡Z cvwi|

 ¯^vaxb PjK (Independent Variable):

‡h PjK ev PjK mg~‡ni gvb Ab¨ ‡Kv‡bv Pj‡Ki Dci wbf©ikxj bv n‡q ¯^vaxbfv‡e cwiewZ©Z nq Ges Ab¨
Pj‡Ki gv‡bi cwieZ©b NUvq, Zv‡K ¯^vaxb PjK e‡j| Avgv‡`i GB M‡elYvq Independent Variable ¸‡jv
n‡”Q t

 Individual Factors

 Organaizational Factors

 Social Factors.

44
  Aaxb PjK (Dependent Variable):

‡h Pj‡Ki gvb Ab¨ Pj‡Ki gv‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i Zv‡K Aaxb PjK e‡j| Avgv‡`i GB M‡elYvq Dependent
Variable n‡”Qt

 msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡q bvix (Women in Top Management)

4.7 aviYvMZ KvVv‡gv (Conceptual Framework)

Individual
- Lack of Family Support
-Lack of Motivation /Role Model

Organisational Women in Top

-Negative Attitude Towards Women as Manager
-Bias Employment
Management
-Work Type in RMG

Social
-Gender Stereotype
-Prestigeous Job Category
-Typical Myth and Male Prejudice

wPÎ 4.4t avibvMZ KvVv‡gv (Conceptual Framework)

45
 4.8 m~PK (Indicators)

4.8.1 e¨vw³MZ KviY (Individual Factors)

bvixi Kg©‡ÿ‡Î e¨vw³MZ cÖfveK mg~n e¨vcK f~wgKv iv‡L| GKB mv‡_ Gi mv‡_ mshy³ mvgvwRK cÖfveK
mg~n| mvgvwRK Rxe wn‡m‡e mgvR bvix Ges cyiæl‡f‡` Zv‡`i `vwqZ¡ KZ©e¨, mvgvwRK AvPiY wVK K‡i
†`q| Zviv wK Ki‡e, wK Ki‡e bv †m¸‡jvI cÖPwjZ mgvR e¨ve¯’v wVK K‡i †`q| hvi eo GKUv cÖfve c‡i
Kg©‡ÿ‡Î| bvixiv Kg©‡ÿ‡Î †Kgb fywgKv cvjb Ki‡eb, wKfv‡e Ki‡eb, cÖwZôvb wKsev cwievi Zv‡K †Kgb
mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡e, GBfv‡e e¨vw³MZ me AvPi‡b GB d¨v±‡ii cÖfveKmg~n (Indicators) n‡”Qt

 cvwievwiK Amn‡hvwMZv:

c~‡e©i wewfbœ M‡elbvq †`Lv †M‡Q bvix‡`i K¨vwiqvi ˆZix‡Z Ges K¨vwiqvi GwM‡q wb‡q hvevi †ÿ‡Î cwiev‡ii
¸iæZ¡c~b© I wbw`©ó fzwgKv i‡q‡Q| mgv‡Ri GKUv weivU Ask GL‡bv g‡b K‡ib bvix‡`i KvR n‡jv msmvi
mvgjv‡bv, gvZ…Z¡| Ab¨w`‡K A_©‰bwZK fzwgKv A_©vr DcvR©b n‡”Q cyiæl‡`i KvR| mvsMVwbK wm×všÍ MÖnxZvi
f~wgKvi PvB‡Z gv wn‡m‡e, msmv‡ii KZ©x wn‡m‡e bvix‡`i †`L‡ZB GL‡bv gvbyl ¯^v”Q›`¨ †eva K‡i| cwiev‡ii
cÖwZ c~b© gb‡hv‡Mi eva¨evaKZv bvix‡`i D”P ch©v‡q hvevi Ab¨Zg cÖwZeÜKZv| ev”Pv cvjb I mvsmvwiK
`vwqZ¡ cvjb Zv‡`i c‡`vbœwZi my‡hvM I mgq‡K mxwgZ K‡i †`q| cwiev‡ii Avw_©K `vwqZ¡ cyiæl‡`i Dci
b¨v¯Í Ges msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡qi R‡b¨ ZvivB me©v‡cÿv Dchy³| †Kbbv, Zv‡`i †K ev”Pvcvjb mn mvsmvwiK
Ab¨vb¨ `vwq‡Z¡ †Zgb g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z nq bv| Zviv Zv‡`i c~b© gb‡hvM mvsMVwbK c` I Zvi Kv‡Ri Dci
w`‡Z cv‡i (Mavin, 2001; Jogulu & Wood, 2011)|

Ab¨w`‡K GKRb bvix Rv‡bb ev”Pv _vK‡j Zv‡K mvsMVwbK `vwq‡Z¡i cvkvcvwk mšÍvb‡KI gb‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e|
ZvB †`Lv hvq †h, A‡bK bvix Kg©KZ©vB ev”Pv wb‡Z Pvb bv wKsev we‡qB Ki‡Z Pvb bv| ‡hmKj bvix‡`i
msmvi wKsev mšÍvb Av‡Q Ab¨‡`i Zzjbvq Zv‡`i K¨vwiqv‡ii Dbœq‡bi MwZ Gw¤œ‡ZB K‡g hv (Ezzedeen &
Ritchey, 2009)|

46
gwnjviv hZw`b ch©šÍ cwiev‡i Ges Kg©‡ÿ‡Î `yB welq‡KB mgvbfv‡e cÖvavb¨ bv w`‡e Zviv ZZ w`bB Kg©‡ÿ‡Î
Zv‡`i Pvwn`v I cÖvwßi mgvÄm¨Zv †_‡K ewÂZ n‡e|

cyiæl Avi bvix kÖwg‡Ki ˆ`wbK kÖgN›Uvi e¨vwß cÖvq GKB mgq| Z‡e cyiæl‡`i‡K N‡i G‡m wØZxq `dv Kv‡R
wbhy³ n‡Z nq bv, †hgbwU n‡Z nq Zvi mnKg©x bvix Kg©x‡K| GKwU mgxÿvi djvdj †_‡K †`Lv †M‡Q GKRb
bvix Kg©x N‡i G‡m M„n¯’jx Kv‡R M‡o ˆ`wbK cÖvq wZb N›Uv mgq e¨q K‡ib hLb Zvi mnKg©x cyiæl GKB
Kv‡R e¨q K‡ib gvÎ cÖvq 1 N›Uv | GB ˆØZ †evSvi Pv‡ci Kvi‡YB bvix Kg©xiv Nyg Ges wekÖvg n‡Z ewÂZ
nb| †h bvixKg©xi †QvU mšÍvb Av‡Q Zv‡`i Dci `xN© mgq KvR AwZwi³ mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i| N‡i †d‡j Avmv
†QvU mšÍv‡bi Rb¨ Zviv’ `ywðšÍv Mª¯’ _v‡Kb| †`Lv †M‡Q 31 kZvsk weevwnZ bvix Kg©x KviLvbvq Kv‡Ri mg‡q
†QvU mšÍv‡bi wPšÍvq DwØMœ _v‡Kb (cvj-gRyg`vi, 1998)|

¯^vgx Ges cwievi GKB mv‡_ GKRb bvixi e¨e¯’vcK n‡q DVvi †ÿ‡Î wKsev Kg©‡ÿ‡Î DbœwZi †ÿÎ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| GB `yBwU cÖfv‡ei K_v White Zvi M‡elYvq I D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| wKQz M‡elK g‡b K‡ib
GKRb e¨e¯’vcK bvixi K¨wiqv‡i Zvi ¯^vgx †Kvb bv †Kvb fv‡e cÖfve †dj‡eB †mUv BwZevPK wKsev †bwZevPK
hvB †nvKbv †Kb| Zviv g‡b K‡ib, bvix‡K e¨e¯’vcK n‡Z n‡j Aek¨B Zvi ¯^vgxi mn‡hvwMZv `iKvi (O
neil and Bilimoria, 2005; Lamsa and Minna, 2009)|

bvix‡`i K¨vwiqv‡ii AMÖMwZi cÖms‡½ cvwievwiK wewfbœ `vwqZ¡ †hgb, ‰eevwnK Ae¯’v, wkï jvjb cvjb BZ¨vw`
we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z nq (Burke and Vinnicombe, 2005)| cwðgv we‡k¦ cwiPvwjZ GiKg eû M‡elYvq †`Lv
hvq †h, K¨vwiqvi I cwievi `y‡Uv GKmv‡_ Pvjv‡Z †M‡j bvix‡`i K¨wiqviMZ DbœwZ evavcªvß nq|

cvðv‡Z¨i w`‡K jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, e¨e¯’vcKMY †ewkifvM †ÿ‡ÎB Zv‡`i Rxe‡b wKQz KwVb wm×všÍ wb‡Z
eva¨ nb| †hgbt Zviv AweevwnZ †_‡K hvb wKsev A‡bK mgq mšÍvb wb‡Z AbvMÖnx _v‡Kb| †hLv‡b Zzjbvg~jK
we‡ePbvq cyiæliv †ewkifvM †ÿ‡ÎB we‡ewPZ I mšÍv‡bi wcZv _v‡Kb (Powell & Graves, 2003; Greenhaus
& Parauraman 1999)|

g~jZ RMG Lv‡Z bvix‡`i D”P ch©v‡q wb‡qvM bv _vKvi ‡cQ‡b †`‡ki Mv‡g©›Um BDwb‡Ui Ab¨Zg `vex n‡”Q
bvix Kg©x‡`i h_vh_ Work Life Balance Ki‡Z bv cviv|

 ‡cªlYv/ †ivj g‡W‡ji Afve:

47
e¨e¯’vcbvi GB †RÛvi †ivj Abyhvqx avibv Kiv nq, bvixiv KL‡bvB K¨vwiqvi‡K cÖ‡qvwiwU †`b bv †hgbUv
w`‡q _v‡Kb cyiæ‡liv (Ansari, 2016)| cyiælZvwš¿K msMVb ms¯‹…wZ bvix Kg©x‡`i D”P c‡`i hvevi R‡b¨ mgvb
my‡hvM, mgvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, wKsev mgvb ÿgZv †`q bv (Choi and Park, 2004)| G ai‡bi msMVb Kg©x‡`i
g‡b GB avibv ˆZix K‡i †`q †h, cyiælKg©x‡`i Kg© ÿgZv bvix‡`i Zzjbvq †ewk (Al-Manasra, 2013;
Lathabhavan & Balasubramanian, 2017)|

D”PvKvsLv‡KI D”Pc‡` ‡cŠQv‡bvi Ab¨Zg Kvib wn‡m‡e g‡b Kiv nq| c~‡e©i wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q
D”PvKvsLv cyiæl Ges bvix Df‡qi R‡b¨B D”Pc‡` †cŠQv‡bvi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K
AvZ¥wek¦vm‡KI K¨vwiqvi Dbœq‡bi GKwU Dcv`vb e‡j fvev nq| AvZ¥wek¦vm I D”PKvsLv GKB iKgfv‡e
e¨w³‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i, †cÖwlZ K‡i msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡q wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb ˆZwi‡Z| wewfbœ M‡elbvq †`Lv †M‡Q
bvix‡`i g‡a¨ AvZ¥wek¦vm Ges D”PKvsLvi Afve i‡q‡Q| †n‡i hvevi fq, mdj n‡Z bv cvivi fq cyiæl‡`i
Zzjbvq Zv‡`i †ekx (Hurn, 2013)|

RMG ‡m±‡ii wewfbœ Bmy¨¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk GB †m±‡i KvR Kiv bvix‡`i D™¢y× Kivi Rb¨ Ges wkwÿZ

bvix‡`i GB Lv‡Z AvKl©Y Kivi Rb¨ GB Lv‡Z †Zgb †Kvb †ivj g‡Wj B †bB| Pvi `k‡Ki I †ewk mgq a‡i
M‡o DVv GB wk‡í †ivj g‡Wj ej‡Z i‡q‡Qb BGMEA Gi mv‡eK †cÖwm‡W›U Wt iæevbv nK| whwb 54 eQi
a‡i Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i Avmv cÖwZôv‡bi GKgvÎ bvix ‡cÖwm‡W›U|

48
 4.8.2 mvsMVwbK KviY (Organizational Factors)

msMV‡bi Dci A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i D”P ch©v‡q †g‡q _vK‡e bvwK _vK‡e bv| _vK‡j wK cwigvb ev †Kgb
msL¨K _vK‡e| †Kbbv w`b †k‡l Kg©x wb‡qv‡Mi mg¯Í wm×všÍ †bqvi AwaKvi ev B”Qv msMV‡biB| msMV‡bi
we`¨gvb ms¯‹…wZ GKRb bvix Kg©KZ©vi R‡b¨ KZUv Dc‡hvMx Ges msMV‡bi bvix Kg©x‡`i MÖnb Kivi g‡bvfve
A‡bKvs‡kB GB msL¨v‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| msMV‡bi ms¯‹…wZ msMV‡bi aib, mvBR, Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx wfbœ
nq| Kvh©cÖbvjx Abyhvqx Zv‡`i Pwi‡Î wfbœZv _v‡K| ZvB msMVwbK ms¯‹…wZi wfbœZv Aek¨¤¢vex| msMVb n‡Z
cv‡i, feminine or masculine, individualistic or collectivistic or low or high-performing cultures
(Lussier & Achua, 2015)| mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_, cwiewZ©Z mgvR e¨e¯’vq msMVb I Zvi ms¯‹…wZ‡Z cwieZ©b

Avm‡Z cv‡i| msMV‡bi GB cwieZ©b Kg©x wb‡qvM I Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri gv‡bI cÖfve †d‡j| mvsMVwbK ms¯‹…wZ
ej‡Z e¨ve¯’vcbvi †mB kvLv‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q, hv wb‡qvM, c‡`vbœwZ, Kg©`ÿZvi g~j¨vqb, cÖwkÿb Ges Dbœqb
wb‡q KvR K‡i (Tlaiss & Kauser, 2010)| ‡ewkifvM cÖwZôv‡bB G¸‡jv cyiæl‡`i Øviv wbqwš¿Z| wbqgbxwZ
¸‡jvI cyiæl‡`i ØvivB cÖbxZ| hvi `iæb msMV‡bi wb‡qvM c‡`vbœwZ ‡_‡K ïiæ K‡i Dbœqb Awã cÖvq cÖwZwU
†ÿ‡ÎB bvix cyiæ‡li ˆelg¨ †`Lv hvq| A‡bK msMV‡bB bvix‡`i †K wØZxq †kÖYxi bvMwi‡Ki gZ Mb¨ Kiv
nq|

evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi bvix cyiæ‡li ˆelg¨ †iv‡a Kg©‡ÿ‡Î mgZvi AvBb K‡i‡Q| †hLv‡b ‡eZb, Kg©N›Uv,
c‡`vbœwZ, Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ I my‡hvM myweav mgvbfv‡e †`qvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q (BGMEA, 2017; HRW, 2018)|
wKš‘ Lye Kg msL¨K cÖwZôv‡bB c‡`vbœwZ I my‡hvM myweav cÖ`v‡bi e¨vcv‡i G wbqgbxwZ gvbv n‡q _v‡K|

 bvix e¨e¯’vcK m¤ú‡K© †bwZevPK avibv:

evsjv‡`‡ki RMG ‡m±i ïiæB n‡qwQj bvix Kg©x‡`i AskMÖn‡b| wKš‘ GB wk‡í ïiæ ‡_‡KB †bZ…Z¡ ¯’vbxq
c‡` cyiæl‡`i AvwaK¨ _vKvq bvix Kg©x‡`i R‡b¨ bvix evÜe cwi‡ek eRvq ivLv nqwb| cieZ©x‡Z G wkí
we¯Ívi jvf Ki‡jI †ewki fvM Mv‡g©›Um B h‡_vchy³ bvix evÜe cwi‡ek wbwðZ bv Kivq bvix AvwaK¨ Kg©x
evwnbx _vKvi c‡iI †bZ…Z¡ ¯’vbxq/D”P c‡` bvix Kg©x‡`i msL¨v †Zgb ev‡owb|

49
Avi evsjv‡`k we AvB wW Gm G 1997 mv‡ji Rwi‡ci djvdj †_‡K †`qv hvq †cvlvK wk‡í D”P c`¸wji
(mycvifvBRvi, †cÖvWvKkb, †KvqvwjwU K‡›Uªvjvi BZ¨vw`) gvÎ 17 kZvsk gwnjv‡`i fvM¨ Ry‡U‡Q ( cvj-
gRyg`vi, 1998)| wKš‘ †evW© ‡g¤^vi wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡ki bvix‡`i msL¨v AZ¨šÍ Kg, hviv Av‡Qb ZvivI KvM‡R
Kj‡g `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡jI, gZvgZ cÖ`v‡bi e¨vcv‡i Zv‡`i Ae`vb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bq|

e¨e¯’vcbvq bvix Kg©x‡`i fzwgKv †ewki fvM mg‡qB wbqwš¿Z, AcÖ‡qvRbxq wKsev Zv‡`i †K †h mg¯Í KvRB
†`qv nq ‡m¸‡jv Zzjbvg~jK fv‡e mnR, Kg P¨v‡jwÄs| bvix Kg©x‡`i †K Operational Role bv w`‡q cÖkvmwbK
KvR †`qv‡KB cÖvavb¨ †`qv nq (Sahoo & Lanka, 2016)| cÖwZôv‡bi wmwbqi cyiæl Kg©xiv cwieZ©b Pvb bv,
Zviv GL‡bv wPivPwiZ mvgvwRK wPšÍv fvebv Øviv cÖfvweZ| Zv‡`i GKUv weivU Ask GL‡bv g‡b K‡ib wm×všÍ
MÖnb ÿgZv cyiæl‡`i Zzjbvq †g‡q‡`i Kg| hvi †cÖwÿ‡Z wb‡qv‡Mi †ejvq bvix‡`i PvB‡Z cyiæl‡`i †ewk
cÖvavb¨ ‡`qv nq| Ges †bwÎZ¡¯’vbxq ch©v‡q Kg©iZ bvix‡`i wm×všÍ cÖYq‡b cyiæl Kg©x‡`i n¯Í‡ÿc Gi NUbvI
cÖvq B N‡U _v‡K| ILO Gi Z_¨ g‡Z 20% bvix Kg©x ïay gvÎ g¨v‡bR‡g‡›Ui ev‡R AvPi‡bi wkKvi n‡q
PvKix †Q‡o w`‡Z eva¨ nq|

Avgv‡`i gvbwmK avibvq GUv cwic° n‡q †M‡Q †h, †Q‡jiv †g‡q‡`i Zzjbvq fv‡jv †bZ„Ë¡ w`‡Z cv‡i| d‡j
GKRb bvix e¨e¯’vc‡Ki Zzjbvq cyiæl e¨ve¯’vc‡Ki Aax‡b KvR Ki‡Z Kg©xiv †ewk ¯^v”Q›`¨ †eva K‡i| Kvib
Zviv g‡b K‡i bvixiv Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi Pvc †ewk wb‡Z cv‡ib bv| we‡kl we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gyû‡Z© GKRb cyiæl
e¨e¯’vcK hZ `ªæZ wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡ib, GKRb bvix ZZ `ªæZ wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡ib bv| GBme cÖwZôv‡b †g‡q‡`i
KvR n‡e †Kej cÖ`vb K…Z Av‡`k cvjb Kiv| Zv‡`i c‡ÿ AvšÍRv©wZK cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ †b‡Mvwm‡qkb K‡i
KvR Av`vq Kiv m¤¢e bv|

hLb ‡hLv‡b `iKvi nq GKRb cyiæl e¨e¯’vcK nvwRi n‡q hvb| GKRb bvix e¨e¯’vc‡Ki R‡b¨ mg‡qi
eva¨evaKZv G mgv‡R cÖPwjZ| wZwb PvB‡jB gvS iv‡Z d¨v±wii cÖWvKkb jvB‡bi Sv‡gjv wgUv‡Z nvwRi
n‡Z cv‡ib bv, †hUv mn‡RB GKRb cyiæl e¨e¯’vcK cv‡ib| Avi Mv‡g©›Um G Kv‡Ri mg‡qi aivevav wbqg
A‡bK mg‡qB KvhK©i nq bv| cwiw¯’wZ †f‡` w`bivZ Kv‡Ri wkwWDj Pj‡Z _v‡K| hLb ZLb Zwor wm×všÍ
MÖnb Ki‡Z nq| hv GKRb bvixi R‡b¨ KwVb e‡j Zviv g‡b K‡ib|

GKRb cyiæl Kg©x‡K hLb ZLb †h †Kvb Kv‡R †hLv‡b Lywk †mLv‡b cvVv‡bv hvq ev wZwb †h‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘
bvix Kvg©xi †ejvq RvqMv, mgq, Ae¯’vb, Kv‡Ri aib we‡ePbvq †i‡L Kvh©wb‡`©k w`‡Z nq ev cvjb Ki‡Z

50
nq| ZvB Lye ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB gvwë Uvw¯‹s Kg©x wn‡m‡e cyiæl Kg©x‡`i MÖnb †hvM¨Zv GB †m±‡i †ewk| ZvB
†ewki fvM wb‡qv‡Mi mg‡q msMVb KZ…©cÿ cyiæl Kg©x †P‡qB weÁvcb w`‡q _v‡Kb|

 wb‡qv‡M ¯^RbcªxwZ:

RMG Lv‡Zi D”P ch©v‡q Kg©iZ bvix Kg©x‡`i wewfbœ mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK cÖwZeÜKZv ‡gvKv‡ejv K‡i

GLv‡b wU‡K _vK‡Z nq| `xN© mgq a‡i KvR Ki‡Qb, Ges GLb Awã cÖwZôv‡b c‡`vbœwZ cÖvß n‡q wU‡K
Av‡Qb GBiKg Kg©x‡`i cÖvq mevB B †Kvb bv †Kvb fv‡e cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjK c‡ÿi mv‡_ mswkøó| mivmwi
gvwjK c‡ÿi n¯Í‡ÿc Qvov GLv‡b wU‡K _vKv KwVb| mnKg©x‡`i g‡a¨ MÖnb‡hvM¨Zv ˆZix‡Z gvwjKc‡ÿi
cÖfve A‡bK eo f~wgKv iv‡L| gvwjK c‡ÿi mv‡_ mswkøóZv _vK‡j mnKg©x wKsev Rywbqiiv Zv‡`i †hvM¨Zv
ev †gav wb‡q Ah_v m‡›`n †`Lv‡bvi mvnm cvq bv| Kg©x wbivc` cwi‡ek cvb| wb‡Ri Awdm ev wb‡Ri
AvZœx‡qi Awdm †f‡e cwievi I m¤§wZ w`‡q †`q| GKB mv‡_ gvwjKcÿ I GB wbðqZv cvq †h e¨w³MZ
m¤úK© wKsev AvZ¥xqZvi m¤ú‡K©i m¤§v‡b n‡jI Kg©x ûU K‡i KvR ‡Q‡o w`‡eb bv| ZvB GB Kg©xi cÖwkÿ‡Y
cÖwZôvb LiP Ki‡Z wcQz n‡Ub bv| gvwjK c‡ÿi mswkøóZv Qvov RMG Lv‡Zi wewfbœ cÖwZK~jZv mn¨ K‡i
`xN© mgq cÖwZôv‡b KvR Kiv Ges wU‡K _vKv KwVb| cÖwZôv‡bi Dc‡ii w`K Kvi †h mg¯Í c‡` bvix Kg©x
i‡q‡Qb cÖvq me c` B cÖwZôv‡bi wbR¯^ cQ‡›` wb‡qvM cÖvß| mivmwi †Kvb wb‡qvM weÁwß wKsev ‡gavµg
hvPvB‡qi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i wb‡qvM nq bv| Af¨šÍixb wb‡qvM RMG Lv‡Zi Lye ¯^vfvweK welq| ZvB †`Lv hvq
evsjv‡`‡ki RMG Lv‡Zi wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi D”P ch©v‡q Kg©iZ bvix Kg©x‡`i cÖvq mevB B †Kvb bv †Kvb fv‡e
gvwjK c‡ÿi mv‡_ mswkøó| Avi wW‡i±i c‡` †h mg¯Í bvix Kg©x i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i cÖvq mevB B †Kv¤úvbxi †kqvi
†nvìvi ev gvwjK ejv hvq| ga¨g ch©v‡q Kg©iZ bvix‡`I g‡a¨ A‡b‡KB Aek¨ wb‡Ri †hvM¨Zvq c‡`vbœwZ
†c‡q GB Ae¯’v‡b Av‡Qb| wKš‘ ga¨g ch©vq †_‡K D”P ch©v‡q hvIqvi ‡ÿ‡Î Zviv Møvm wmwjs Gi gy‡LvgywL nb|

51
  Kv‡Ri aib:

RMG Lv‡Z bvix‡`i Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek ¯^v”Q›`¨ Ki‡Z A‡bK d¨v±wi‡Z †W †Kqvi/¯‹zj Kiv n‡jI D”P ch©v‡q

KvR Kivi Rb¨ bvix Kg©x‡`i h_vh_ cÖwkÿ‡bi my‡hvM GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †ewkifvM RMG
cÖwZôvb †_‡K bvix‡`i cÖwkÿ‡bi e¨vcv‡i BwZevPK avibv †`Lv †M‡jI cvwievwiK/e¨vw³MZ Kvi‡b bvix hw`
KvR †Q‡o †`q GB AvksKvi Kvi‡b ch©vß cÖwkÿ‡Yi my‡hvM †`qvi †ÿ‡Î wcwQ‡q Av‡mb| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b †ek
wKQz RMG Unit bvix‡`i D”P ch©v‡q KvR Kiv‡bvi R‡b¨ Zv‡`i D™¢za Ki‡Z Zv‡`i Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi
cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Q| hvi g‡a¨ Òwen½Ó Ab¨Zg| wKš‘ GB ai‡bi cÖwkÿ‡bi msL¨v A‡bK Kg nIqv bvix
Kg©KZ©vi msL¨v GL‡bv Avkvbyiæc bq| Ab¨vb¨ †ckvi PvB‡Z RMG Lv‡Zi KvR ‡K †ewk P¨v‡jwÄs g‡b
Kiv nq| `xN© Kg©N›Uv Zvi Ab¨Zg Kvib| A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB GB Lv‡Z AwaK mgq Awã KvR Ki‡Z n‡Z cv‡i|
ILO M‡elbvbyhvqx bvix‡`i Mv‡g©›Um †m±‡i 14 N›Uvi I †ewk mgq KvR Ki‡Z nq| hvi d‡j bvix Kg©xiv GB

Lv‡Z Kv‡Ri e¨vcv‡i cvwievwiK mnvqZvI cvq bv| `xN© Kg©N›Uv Abyhvqx Zv‡`i cvwikÖwgK Av‡iv †ewk nZvkv
evovq|

ZvQvov g~j kn‡ii evB‡i d¨v±wii Ae¯’vb n‡q _v‡K| †m‡ÿ‡Î Kg©‡ÿ‡Î hvZvqv‡Zi `xN© mgq Gi R‡b¨
Gw¤œ‡ZB A‡bK bvix Ges †ckvq AvMÖn †`Lvb bv|

wbR¯^ cwienb bv _vK‡j cvewjK cwien‡b cÖwZw`‡bi GB `xN© hvÎv KøvwšÍKi I nZvkvRbK| cwievi GB
hvZvqv‡Zi K‡ói R‡b¨I GB ‡m±‡i Kv‡R m¤§wZ †`q bv|

hvi d‡j D”P ch©v‡q KvR Kivi g‡Zv †hvM¨ Ges `ÿ bvixiv wfbœ †ckvq P‡j hvb, wKsev †ckv wn‡m‡e Ab¨
†ckv‡K †e‡Q wb‡Z Pvb| cwievi I mšÍvb wb‡q kni †Kw›`ªK KvR‡KB Zviv K¨vwiqv‡ii R‡b¨ †ewk cÖvavb¨
†`b| RMG ‡m±‡i Kv‡R _vKvKvjxb Ae¯’vq I Zviv hw` kni †Kw›`ªK KvR cvb, Z‡e GB K¬vwšÍKi Rvwb©i
K_v †f‡e cÖ‡qvR‡b Kg †eZ‡b kni †Kw›`ªK KvR Zviv †e‡Q †bb|

52
 4.8.3 mvgvwRK KviY (Social Factors)

mvgvwRK cÖfveK g~jZ c‡ivÿ cÖfveK, hv mvsMVwbK I e¨vw³MZ AvPiY‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| mgvR cÖZ¨vkv,
mvgvwRK wbqg Kvby‡bi gvb`Û ˆZwi K‡i †`q hv bvixi †bZ…Z¡ cÖfve †d‡j| GBme mvgvwRK cÖfve‡Ki
cwieZ©b B me‡P‡q KwVb Ges mgq mv‡cÿ hv Rxeb gv‡bi e¨vcK cwieZ©b Av‡b Ges hv wbqš¿b Kiv hvq
bv|

 wPivPwiZ †RÛvi m¤úwK©Z avibv:

mvsMVwbK ms¯‹…wZ ej‡Z GKwU msMV‡bi Kg©xiv †Kgb AvPiY Ki‡e, Zv‡`i g~j¨‡eva, wek¦vm, Kv‡Ri aib
†Kgb n‡e Zv eySvq | wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq msMV‡bi ms¯‹…wZB g~jZ msMV‡bi bvix I cyyiæl Kg©x‡`i
g‡a¨ wefvRb evovq| †Kbbv cÖwZôv‡bi wbqg¸‡jv ˆZixB Kiv nq cyiælZvwš¿KZv‡K gv_vq †i‡L (Bajdo &
Dickson, 2001; Jandeska & kraimer, 2005, Tlaiss & kauser, 2010)| cyiælZvwš¿KZv wbgqbxwZi PP©v

Kiv msMVb¸‡jv‡Z bvix‡`i D”P ch©v‡q wKsev wm×všÍ MÖnb ch©v‡q †cŠQv‡bv A‡bK †ekx KwVb (Ismail &
Ibrahim, 2008)| nem †U‡Wi g‡Z, cyiælZvwš¿K mgvR e¨ve¯’vq g‡b Kiv nq, cyiæ‡liv n‡eb KwVb, mvd‡j¨i

cÖwZ †dvKvmW, AvMÖvmx g‡bvfve m¤úbœ| Ab¨w`‡K bvixiv n‡eb f`ª, kvšÍ Ges Rxe‡bi gvb evov‡bvi w`‡K
gb‡hvMx| cyiælZvwš¿KZvi msMVb¸‡jv‡Z †h a¨vb avibvi PP©v Kiv nq, ZvB g~jZ bvix‡`i Rb¨ Møvm wmwjs
ˆZwi K‡i| wbw`©ó GKwU c‡`i wKsev c‡`vbœwZi R‡b¨ cyiæl‡`i Zzjbvq bvix‡`i A‡bK †ewk cwikÖg Ki‡Z
nq (Tlaiss & Kauser, 2010)|

53
  m¤§vbRbK †ckv:

RMG ‡m±i Ges GB †m±‡i KvR Kiv gvbyl‡`i wb‡q †`‡ki A‡bK gvbyl B †bwZevPK avibv †cvlb K‡i

_v‡K| Social Stigma Gi †bwZevPK cÖfv‡ei Kvi‡b GB †m±‡i wkwÿZ bvix Kg©x‡`i AskMÖnY
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e A‡bK Kg| ILO Z_¨g‡Z G †m±‡i 29.1% kZvsk bvix ¯^í wkwÿZ| Afvi UvBg wWDwU,
cyiæl‡`i mv‡_ KvR Kiv, †h‡Kvb mgq †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi nIqvi m¤¢vebvi g‡Zv KviY¸‡jvi R‡b¨ GB
†m±i wN‡i †bwZevPK avibvi m„wó n‡q‡Q, ILO Gi Z_¨byhvqx G Lv‡Zi 61.7% cyiæl I gwnjv Kg©x
n¨vivmg¨v‡›Ui wkKvi nb| ILO Gi Av‡iKwU Z_¨g‡Z cÖwZ wZbRb bvixi GKRb GB Lv‡Z KvR Kivi †ÿ‡Î
mvgvwRK evav †c‡q _v‡Kb|

Ab¨vb¨ †ckvi PvB‡Z RMG Lv‡Zi KvR‡K Kg m¤§vbRbK †ckv wn‡m‡e †`Lvi cÖebZv GB mgv‡R GL‡bv
we`¨gvb| ivZ K‡i evwo †div Wv³vi †K mgvR hZUv mnR Ges ¯^vfvweK fv‡e MÖnb K‡i, RMG Lv‡Zi Kg©x
mgv‡R †mB MÖnb †hvM¨Zv cvb bv| hv GKRb bvix Kg©xi R‡b¨ evowZ Pvc ‰Zix K‡i| wZwb Zvi †gav Ges
†hvM¨Zv w`‡q mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb ˆZix Ki‡Z Pvb, RMG Lv‡Z †hUv A‡bK KwVb e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| hw`I
eZ©gv‡b AvšÍR©vwZK †µZv‡`i Pv‡c kÖg AvB‡b cwieZ©‡bi cvkvcvwk bvix wbh©vZb AvB‡bi mwµqZv e„w×
cvIqvq Avi Gg wR Lv‡Z bvix‡`i cÖwZ weiæc AvPib A‡bKUvB K‡g G‡m‡Q| GB Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b n‡”Q|
Ges msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡q GB mgm¨v Zzjbvg~jK Kg| d‡j wkwÿZ bvixiv GB Lv‡Z AvMÖnx n‡”Qb| wKš‘
GLv‡bI bvix Kg©xiv ïay gvÎ dvBb¨vÝ Ges wnD‡gb wi‡mvm© Gi g‡Zv †mKk‡bB AskMÖnY Ki‡Q| RMG
Lv‡Zi †Kvi wWcvU©g¨v›U A_©vr †cÖvWvKkvb †mKk‡bi D”P ch©v‡q bvix Kg©x‡`i GL‡bv †Zgb †`Lv hvq bv|

54
  cªPwjZ cyilZvwš¿K gvbwmKZv (Typical Myths or Male Predudices):
 ‡bZ…Z¡ m¤ú‡K© cyiæl‡`i wKQz e×g~j avibv mgv‡R cÖPwjZ| Flanders (1994) GB iKg wKQz avibvi
D‡jøL K‡iwQ‡jb|

 bvixiv ÿgZv cQ›` K‡i bv, wKsev Zviv ÿgZv fq cvb|

 bvix‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yv¸Y Kg, wKsev Zviv Rv‡bb bv ‡mB ÿgZv wKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|
 bvixiv Zv‡`i Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvR‡b K‡Vvi n‡Z cv‡ib bv|

 Letitia Baldrige (1993) bv‡gi Av‡iK Rb †jLK e‡j‡Qb Òbvix‡`i m¤ú‡K© wPivPwiZ GBme fzj
avibv hw` K‡iv g‡a¨ _v‡K, †m mnKg©x ev Ab¨ †KD †nvK| Zv bvix‡`i D”P ch©v‡q †cŠQv‡Z evav
ˆZwi K‡i|Ó

 hw` †m impose nq, Zvi gv‡b †m feminine bq;

 hw` †m †Kvgjfv‡e K_v e‡j, Z‡e †m e¨emvwqK RM‡Z h‡_ó `ÿ bq;
 hw` †m weevwnZ nq, wKsev Zvi mšÍvb _v‡K Z‡e †m Zvi KvR‡K Ae‡njv Ki‡e;
 Lye ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB GKRb bvixi cyiæ‡li mgvb m¤¢vebv ev †hvM¨Zv †bB|
 cÖwZôv‡b weevwnZ bvix‡`i wcQ‡b mgq Ges UvKv wewb‡qvM K‡i cÖwkÿY w`‡j, bvixiv Mf©eZx
nIqv gvÎ PvKzix †Q‡o P‡j †h‡Z cv‡ib|

 hw` †m weevwnZ nq Z‡e Zvi c‡`vbœwZ †K we‡ePbv Kiv DwPZ bv, †Kbbv Zv‡Z K‡i Zv‡K wfbœ
Kg©‡ÿ‡Î †h‡Z n‡Z cv‡i| weevwnZ bvix ¯^vgx‡K †d‡j †i‡L wfbœ Kg©‡ÿ‡Î/kn‡i †h‡Z PvB‡eb
bv|

Lye Kg mg‡qB †g‡q‡`i Zv‡`i †hvM¨Zv, e¨envi, `ÿZv w`‡q wePvi Kiv nq| Zv‡`i †gav Zv‡`i cwikÖg
w`‡q Zv‡`i wePvi Kiv nq bv| hw`I wKQz wKQz welq GBme male prejudice ‡K mg_©b ‡`q| wKš‘ G¸‡jvB
†g‡q‡`i †hvM¨Zv gvcvi GKgvÎ gvcKvwV bq| †mR‡b¨B ejv n‡q _v‡K GBme a¨vb avibv †g‡q‡`i D”P
ch©v‡q wb‡qvM Ges c`bœwZ‡Z e¨vcK cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i|

55
 4.9 Dcmsnvi

GB Aa¨v‡q wewfbœ Z‡Ë¡i gva¨‡g Ges †fwi‡qe‡ji mvnv‡h¨ RMG Lv‡Z D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb wK wK
cªwZeÜKZvi gy‡LvgywL nq Zv e¨vL¨v Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cieZ©x Aa¨vq¸‡jv‡Z evsjv‡`k †cªw¶‡Z GB
cªwZeÜKZv ¸‡jv †Kgb, Zv wewfbœ mv¶vZKvi †_‡K cªvß Z_¨vbyhvqx †`Lv‡bv n‡e|

56
 cÂg Aa¨vq t

e¨emvwqK msMVb wn‡m‡e RMG LvZ

Ges evsjv‡`k
 5.1 evsjv‡`k RMG (Ready Made Garments)

evsjv‡`‡k RMG LvZ A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Ab¨Zg gva¨g| 1970 mv‡j †h wkí †_‡K wKQz wgwjqb Wjvi
ißvbx Avq nZ Zv Kvjµ‡g †e‡o GLb 30 wejqb Wjv‡ii wk‡í cwibZ n‡q‡Q| RvZxq Av‡qi 83% Av‡m
G wkí †_‡K| †iwW‡gU Mv‡g©›Um I †U·UvBj evsjv‡`‡ki R‡b¨ me‡P‡q eo PvKzixi evRvi ˆZex K‡e‡Q|
6.08 †KvwU DcvR©bÿg RbmsL¨vi R‡b¨| Mv‡g©›Um Ges †U·UvBj wgwj‡q G ‡m±‡i cÖvq 40 jÿ †jvK KvR
K‡i| hvi g‡a¨ 80 kZvsk bvix (3.2 wgwjqb) hw`I G wel‡q †Zgb †Kvb wbw`©ó Z_¨ ev M‡elbv cvIqv hvq
bv| Z‡e BGMEA G Gi cÖ`Ë Z_¨ Abyhvqx msL¨vUv cÖvq GgbB| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨, avibv Kiv nq †h, ev¯Íe
msL¨vUv BGMEA cÖ`Ë msL¨vi PvB‡ZI A‡bK †ewk| hw`I Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS)
Z_¨vbyhvqx GB wk‡í bvix‡`i msL¨v 64% A_©vr 2762334 Rb| 2018 mv‡j Centre for Policy Dialogue
(CPD) cÖ`Ë GK Rwi‡c †`Lv hvq 3596 wU RMG d¨v±wi evsjv‡`‡k KvR Ki‡Q| hv‡Z Kg©x i‡q‡Q 35

jÿ| †hLv‡b bvix Ges cyiæ‡li AbycvZ cÖvq 60.8% t 39.2%| A_©vr eZ©gv‡b †QvU eo wgjv‡q cÖvq 4000
†iwW‡gU Mv‡g©›U i‡q‡Q evsjv‡`‡k (Uddin, 2015; Zamir, 2016)| hv‡`i †ewkifvM B cwðgv we‡k¦ Zv‡`i
cY¨ mvgMÖx ißvwb K‡i _v‡K| GB mg¯Í Mv‡g©›Um KviLvbv¸‡jv bvix‡`i Dbœq‡b A‡bKvs‡k f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q ejv
hvq| †eZb fvZv, Avw_©K ¯^vaxbZvmn †bZ…Ë¡ cÖ`v‡bi mgZv I m¤¢vebv ˆZwi K‡i (Mckensey, 2010;
Zamir,2016;BGMEA,2017)| evsjv‡`‡k AZ¨šÍ `ªæZ MwZ‡Z Mv‡g©›Um wkí evo‡Q| †hLv‡b cÖPzi bvix Kg©x

KvR Ki‡Qb| A‡b‡KB b~b¨Zg wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv wb‡q KvR Ki‡Qb| A‡b‡Ki Avevi b~b¨Zg Kv‡Ri
AwfÁZvI †bB| wKš‘ GZ`m‡Ë¡I Mv‡g©›Um wkíB n‡”Q eZ©vgv‡b †g‡q‡`i Avw_©K ¯^vaxbZv cÖ`vbKvix, cÖPzi
Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †hvMvb`vbKvwi cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg|

Mv‡g©›Um wk‡í Kg©x‡`i GKUv weivU Ask i‡q‡Q bvix| wKš‘ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ welq n‡”Q, G mg¯Í cÖwZôv‡b Gw›Uª
†j‡f‡j †h cwigvb bvix Kg©x i‡q‡Qb, D”P c‡` Zv‡`i msL¨v AZ¨šÍ Kg| GLv‡b D”Pc` ej‡Z g~jZ
gvwjKvbv, Aswk`vwiZ¡, wW‡i±i c‡`i cvkvcvwk cÖkvmwbK I e¨e¯’vcKxq c`¸‡jv‡KI eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †hgb-
Manager, Deputy Manager, Senior accountant, Senior Merchandiser, Merchandiser G‡`i †K

eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| hw` ¯úó K‡i ejv nq, D‡jøwLZ c`¸‡jv‡Z bvix Kg©xi msL¨v gvÎ 10% ev Zv‡iv Kg
(HRW,2015;Mckinsey,2010; Ahamed,2014)|

58
 wPÎ 5.1t evsjv‡`k RMG Lv‡Z Kg©x‡`i msL¨v

5.2 RMG Kg©ms¯’v‡bi BwZnvm Ges RMG Lv‡Z bvixi Ae`vb

wb¤œ wPÎvbyhvqx 2016 mv‡j Mv‡g©›Um G Kg©iZ 4 wgwjqb Kg©xi g‡a¨ 3.20 wgwjqb wQj bvix Kg©x| 1999
mv‡j G wk‡í mivmwi 1.4 wgwjqb Kg©x wb‡qvM ‡`qv nq| hv‡`i 80% B wQj bvix Kg©x| G wk‡íi mv‡_ mswkøó
Ab¨vb¨ wkí KviLvbv we‡kl K‡i myZv, †gwkbvwiR, c¨v‡KwRs, Kvco mvcøvBmn Ab¨vb¨ KviLvbv ¸‡jv‡ZI
wecyj msL¨K bvix Kg©x wb‡qvM cvb| hv Kg©Rxwe gwnjv‡`i Rxeb gv‡b e¨vcK cwieZ©b Av‡b|

59
 Source: BGMEA.

wPÎ 5.2t RMG Lv‡Z bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb

GB wk‡íi †ewki fvM Kg©xB bvix| ïay evsjv‡`‡k bq cy‡iv we‡k¦ GB wk‡í bvix Kg©xi msL¨v †ewk| BBS
cwiPvwjZ 2019 mv‡ji Rwi‡c †`Lv hvq evsjv‡`‡k RMG Lv‡Z †g‡q‡`i Ae¯’vb gvwjKvbv, Aswk`vwiZ¡ ev
wW‡i‡±i wn‡m‡e gvÎ 1162 Rb| †hLv‡b cyiæl †`i 12500| GB wecyj msL¨K M¨vc †_‡K ¯úó eySv hvq
†g‡q‡`i Ae¯’vb| GKB mv‡_ hw` cÖkvmwbK ev e¨e¯’vcbv ch©v‡q we‡ePbv Kiv nq Z‡e †`Lv hvq, †mB msL¨v
15269 Rb gvÎ| †hLv‡b cyiæl‡`i msL¨v 116023 Rb|

60
 Source: Survey of manufacturing industry (SMI) 2019 BBS

wPÎ 5.3t RMG Lv‡Z bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb (2)

5.3 RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z bvix Kg©xi Ae`vb

evsjv‡`k m¯Ív kÖ‡gi †`k| Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki Zzjbvq GLv‡b kÖwgK gRywi Kg nIqvi Kvi‡bB RMG LvZ GZ
mn‡R GZ cÖmvi jvf Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| Zb¥‡a¨ G wk‡íi wekvj kÖg †Mvôx n‡”Q bvix
HwZn¨MZ fv‡e G‡`‡ki †g‡qiv †mjvB‡q `ÿ, GKB mv‡_ Zviv Kvc‡oi Kv‡RI A‡bK wµ‡qwUf| Zviv
Zv‡`i K‡Vvi cwikÖg I wµ‡qwUwfwUi R‡b¨ evsjv‡`‡ki Avi Gg wR Lv‡Zi †ivj g‡Wj n‡q D‡V‡Q| ˆe‡`wkK
gy`ªv AR©‡b Avi Gg wR LvZ Ab¨vb¨ me LvZ‡K wcQ‡b †d‡j GwM‡q Av‡Q|

61
wb‡¤œv³ wP‡Î †`Lv hv‡”Q 2009-2010 mv‡j RMG ißvwb Lv‡Z RvZxq Av‡q 77.12% †hvM K‡i‡Q, †mLv‡b
bvixi AskMÖnb RvZxq Av‡qi 57.84% 2010-2011 †Z RMG Lv‡Z G‡m‡Q 78.14% †mLv‡b bvixi
AskMÖnY wQj 62.51%|

2011-2012 Abyhvqx RMG LvZ †_‡K G‡m‡Q 79.61% Ges bvix‡`i Ask wQj 62.89%| Ges 2013-
2014 †Z RMG LvZ †_‡K G‡m‡Q 81.16% †hLv‡b bvix Kg©x‡`i Ask wQj 62.89%|

wPÎ 5.4t RvZxq Av‡q bvix‡`i Ae`vb

D‡jøwLZ Z_¨vbyhvqx Avgiv hw` RvZxq Av‡qi cvkvcvwk GDP Gi w`‡K ZvKvB Z‡e †`L‡ev RvZxq Av‡qi
g‡Zv GDP ‡Z bvix‡`i Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©|2009-2010 Abyhvqx RMG LvZ †_‡K GDP Gi 12.45% c~ib
n‡qwQj hvi g‡a¨ bvix‡`i f~wgKv wQj 9.34%|

2010-2011 Abyhvqx RMG Lv‡Z GDP Gi 16% c~ib K‡iwQj hvi 12.8% B wQj bvix‡`i Ae`vb| 2011-
2012 Abyhvqx 16.31% GDP Gi g‡a¨ 11.74% wQj bvix‡`i| 2012-2013 Abyhvqx RMG LvZ GDP G
Ae`vb ‡i‡L‡Q 16.57% ‡hLv‡b bvix‡`i Ae`vb wQj 13.09% (Rahman & Siddiqui, 2015) |

62
 wPÎ 5.5t 2013-2014 mv‡j RMG Lv‡Zi 14.07% wQj bvix Kg©x‡`i Ae`vb|

5.4 AvšÍR©vwZK AsM‡b msMV‡bi D”Pch©v‡q bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb

2004 mv‡j Grant Thornton wi‡cvU© cªKvk Kivi ci †_‡K GB Awã AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q †bZ„Z¡ ¯’vbxq c‡`
bvix Kg©xi msL¨v 19% Gi wb‡P bv‡gwb| 2019 G GB msL¨v 29% wQj, 2021 G G‡m Zv `vwo‡q‡Q 31%|
ejv hvq GB msL¨v mgMª msL¨vi cªvq GK Z„Zxqvsk | AvšÍR©vwZK cwim‡i D”Pc‡` bvixi msL¨v evo‡Q, wKš‘
Zv evo‡Q LyeB axi MwZ‡Z|

wPÎ 5.6t AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e e¨e¯’vcbv ch©v‡q bvix‡`i kZKiv Ae¯’vb 2021 (Grant Thornton International Ltd., 2021)

63
Rvcv‡b me‡P‡q Kg msL¨K bvix D”Pc‡` Av‡Qb, A_©vr 7%| `yevB Ges †b`vij¨v‡Û 11%, myBRvij¨v‡Û
14%| D”Pc‡` me‡P‡q †ewk bvix‡`i Dcw¯’wZ †`Lv hvq Px‡b 51%| Gic‡iB Av‡Q †cvj¨vÛ 48%| jvUwfqv
43% Ges G‡¯Ívwbqv 40% (Women in Senior Management: Still not Enough 2012) |

2012 Ges 2013 †Z wewfbœ †`‡k D”P c‡` bvix‡`i nvi cwieZ©xZ n‡q‡Q| 2012 †Z ivwkqvi me‡P‡q †ewk
msL¨K bvix wmwbqi g¨v‡bRvi c‡` wQj| 2013 †Z G‡m Zv 46 †_‡K K‡g 31 kZvs‡k P‡j Av‡m| mvwf©m
‡m±‡ii Dbœqb I †RÛvi Abycv‡Zi Kvi‡b GB msL¨v GZ †ewk wQj| Ab¨ w`‡K Px‡b D”P c‡` bvix‡`i msL¨v
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nv‡i e„w× †c‡q‡Q| †hLv‡b 2012 †Z wQj gvÎ 25% ZvB 2013 †Z 51% G wM‡q †cŠuwQ‡q‡Q|
Ges m‡e©v”P Ae¯’v‡b †cŠu‡Q †M‡Q|

eZ©gv‡b †gav Ges †hvM¨Zv‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡”Q Px‡b| we‡kl K‡i msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡q Rvcvb Ges `yevB‡qi
g‡Zv †`k ¸‡jv‡Z GL‡bv cyiæl Zvwš¿KZvi cÖfve cÖej, hvi Kvi‡b D”P c‡` bvix‡`i Ae¯’v‡bi nvi †m
†`k¸‡jv‡Z GL‡bv A‡bK Kg (Women in Senior Management: Setting the Stage for Growth 2012)
|

GQvov wPivPwiZ mvs¯‹…wZK I cyiælZvwš¿K mgvR cÖ_vI Kg©Rxwe †g‡q‡`i msL¨v I †bZ…‡Z¡i msL¨vq cÖfve
†d‡j| †hgb Rvcv‡bi mgvR e¨e¯’vq Lye †ewk Patriarchal Ges Masculine ms¯‹…wZi PP©v †`Lv hvq| Avgiv
Rvwb g¨vmKzwjb †RÛvi wfwËK mgv‡R bvix Ges cyiæ‡li fzwgKv ¯úó fv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv Av‡Q| †mB mgv‡R
cyiæliv n‡e mvdj¨cÖZ¨vkx Ges cÖwZ‡hvMxZvcyb© Avi bvixiv kvšÍ, f`ª Ges Zv‡`i g~j jÿ¨ n‡e Rxeb gv‡bi
Dbœqb NUv‡bv (Hofstede & Hofstede 2005)|

64
 5.5 AvšÍRv©vwZK cwim‡i e¨e¯’vcbv ch©v‡q bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb

AvšÍRv©vwZK fv‡e e¨e¯’vcbvi D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i msL¨v µgvš^‡q evo‡Q| 2021 mv‡j GB msL¨v 31 kZvsk
†e‡o‡Q| hv G hveZ Kv‡ji m‡ev©”P| 2021 mv‡j 90 kZvsk †Kv¤úvbx‡Z AšÍZ GKRb bvix Kg©x‡K e¨e¯’vcbvi
D”P ch©v‡q †`Lv hvq| GKB mv‡_ D”P c‡` bvix‡`i Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi aib I e`jv‡”Q| bvix‡`i GL‡bv HR
Director wn‡m‡eB †ewk †`Lv hvq| hw`I 2020 Gi Zzjbvq 2021 G GB msL¨v n«vm †c‡q‡Q| GKB mv‡_

CEO, Chief Finance Officer Ges Chief Information Officer c‡` bvix‡`i msL¨v AvbycvwZK nv‡i

†e‡o‡Q|

 AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e 2021 mv‡j 26% CEO Ges Managing Directors c‡` bvix‡`i †`Lv hvq, hv
2019 mv‡j wQj gvÎ 15%|

The proportion of women in senior leadership differs by region

Region Percentage of Women in Senior Management (2021)

Africa 39%

Southeast Asia (ASEAN) 38%

Latin America 36%

European Union 34%

North America 33%

Asia Pacific (APAC) 28%

Table: 5.1: The proportion of women in senior leadership differs by region (CATALYST, 2022)

65
 5.6 K‡c©v‡iU wmuwoi hZ Dc‡i DVv nq, bvix‡`i msL¨v ZZB Kg:
2020 mv‡j mg¯Í we‡k¦i 1100 cÖwZôv‡bi Dci ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i Mercer ‡`Lvb †h K‡c©v‡iU RM‡Zi
†Kvb ch©v‡q †g‡q‡`i Ae¯’vb †Kgb|

 Executives: 23%
 Senior managers: 29%
 Managers: 37%
 Professionals: 42%
 Support staff: 47% (Edwards, et al 2020)

5.7 evsjv‡`k RMG Lv‡Z bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb:

2010 mv‡ji Zzjbvq 2018 mv‡j Awdmvi, Rywbqi Awdmvi, mycvifvBRvi, wmwbqi mycvifvBRvi c‡` bvix
Kg©x‡`i msL¨v wKQzUv †e‡o‡Q| hw`I Ab¨vb¨ e¨e¯’vcKxq c‡` GB msL¨v GL‡bv Lye B Kg| 2018 mv‡j hv
cÖvq 9% wQj| ( †Uwej `ªóe¨ ) MZ GK `k‡KI e¨e¯’vcKxq c‡` GB Ae¯’vi †Zgb †Kvb cwieZ©b nq wb
ejv P‡j| D”P c` ‡Zv c‡ii K_v The Better Work Compliance Gi GK wi‡cv‡U© †`Lv hvq jvBb
mycvifvBRvi c‡`i 95% B cyiæl‡`i `L‡j|

ILO cwiPvwjZ GK M‡elbvq †`Lv hvq wPivPwiZ †RÛvi wfwËK †÷wiI UvBc avibv, cÿcvZ g~jK AvPib

†g‡q‡`i D”P c‡` _vKv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| †mB M‡elbvq Av‡iv †`Lv †M‡Q 89% bvix Ges 87% cyiæl wek¦vm
K‡i cyiæ‡liv bvix‡`i Zzjbvq `ªæZ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i, A_©vr `ªæZ wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡i| Ges 80% Gi †ewk bvix
I cyiæl wek¦vm K‡i cyiæl‡`i Kv‡Ri gvb fv‡jv n‡q _v‡K| wekvj msL¨vK bvix (73.7%) Ges cyiæl
(63.6%) g‡b K‡ib cyiæ‡liv cÖ‡qvR‡b iv‡Z KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cyiæ‡liv GKB mv‡_ GUvI D‡jøL K‡ib
†h cyiæl‡`i iv‡Z evwo †divi †ÿ‡Î wbivcËv RwbZ SyuwK Kg _v‡K| GB M‡elbvq D”P c‡` bv _vKvi Ab¨Zg
Kvib wn‡m‡e A‡b‡KB AZ¨vwaK Kv‡Ri Pv‡ci K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| AZ¨vwaK Kv‡Ri Pv‡ci `iæb Zv‡`i
AwZwi³ mgq KvR Ki‡Z nq, hvi cÖfve c‡i Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii Dci| bvixiv Zv‡`i Aaxb¯Í cyiæl Kg©x‡`i
wbqš¿‡b h‡_ó AvZ¥wek¦vm cvb bv e‡jI A‡bK gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb|

66
 Proportion of women in managerial and supervisory positions in surveyed
enterprises, 2010-2018(%)
Job categories 2010 2015 2018

Director/owner/partner 14.7 11.9 11.6

Manager 3.6 3.9 3.6

Executive officer 8.5 8.1 7.0

Officer 9.9 10.6 11.4

Office assistance 10.9 10.7 11.0

Line chief 6.3 6.4 6.4

Supervisor 10.3 12.1 12.5

Average managerial and supervisory position 9.2 9.1 9.1

Table 5.2: Proportion of women in managerial and supervisory positions in surveyed enterprises, 2010-2018(%)

Source: ILO and UN women, “Enterprises level survey”, Study on the Ready-made-Garment
sector in Bangladesh, 2018. (ILO, 2020)

67
 5.8 Dcmsnvi

RMG LvZ evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg A_©‰bwZK LvZ| †`‡ki RvZxq ißvwb Avq mn gv_v wcQy Avq e„wׇZ GB

wk‡íi e¨vcK fywgKv i‡q‡Q| ïay gvÎ GB wk‡í bq AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡eI Ab¨vb¨ Kg©‡¶‡Î e¨e¯’vcbv ch©v‡q
†g‡q‡`i msL¨v GL‡bv Avkvbyiƒc bq| hw`I ax‡i ax‡i GB Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b n‡”Q| wKš‘ Zvi MwZ LyeB Kg|
RvZxq Av‡qi GZ eo †hvMvb`vZv bvix| evsjv‡`‡ki RMG Lv‡Zi D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i Ae¯’vb AcªZyj nIqv
nZvkvRbK|

68
Aa¨vq 6: M‡elYvi AbymÜvb Ges we‡kølY
 6.1 f~wgKv

GB M‡elYvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj e¨emvwqK msMVb Z_v RMG †m±‡i D”P c‡` Kg©iZ ‡g‡q‡`i msL¨v Kg †Kb
†mB Kvib Lyu‡R †ei Kiv A_©vr †g‡q‡`i D”P ch©v‡q †cŠQv‡bvi evav mg~n wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv| GB j‡ÿ¨
¸YevPK M‡elYv c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv n‡q‡Q|

‡hLv‡b 7 wU cÖwZôv‡bi cÖvq 20 Rb Kg©x AskMÖnY K‡i‡Qb|

6.2 Aa¨qb GjvKv

 Apparel 21 (Lithe group)
 Swan Sweaters ltd. (Masihata group)
 TJ sweaters ltd.
 Raida collection ltd.
 Matrix Sweaters Ltd.
 Tamishna Apparels Ltd. (Tamishna group)
 Rising group

D‡jøwLZ 7 wU c«wZôv‡bi d¨v±wi XvKv, bvivqbMÄ Ges MvRxcy‡i Aew¯’Z| Zv‡`i ‡nW Awdm XvKv
‡Kw›`«K| mv¶vZKv‡i d¨v±wi Ges ‡nW Awdm Dfq RvqMvq Kg©iZ bvix Kg©KZ©v‡`i mv¶vZKvi ‡bqv
n‡q‡Q|

6.3 cªvß djvdj (Findings):

mvÿvZKvi MÖnYKvjxb mg‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ †bvU †bqv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Kg©x‡`i e¨vw³MZ wbivcËv K_v †f‡e Zviv
†Kvb wKQz †iKW© Ki‡Z Pvbwb| Ges GKB mv‡_ Zv‡`i cwiPq †Mvcb ivLvi ¯^v‡_© M‡elYvq Zv‡`i QÙbvg
e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

70
M‡elbv Kvjxb mg‡q K‡ivbv cwiw¯’wZi D™¢e nIqvq A‡b‡Ki mvÿvrKvi AbjvB‡b wb‡Z n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv †mB
mg‡q d¨v±wi‡Z ewnivMZ‡`i hvIqvi AbygwZ wQj bv| ¯^v¯’¨SyuwK we‡ePbvq †i‡L wKQz mvÿvrKvi AbjvB‡b
†bqv n‡q‡Q| mvÿvrKv‡i wbw`©ó wKQz cÖ‡kœi cvkvcvwk cÖvmswMK wewfbœ ai‡bi Awba©vwiZ cÖkœ I Kiv n‡q‡Q|

‡hûZy GB me c«wZôv‡bi D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i msL¨v LyeB Kg ZvB GLv‡b ga¨g D”P ch©v‡q Kg©iZ wKQy bvix
Kg©KZ©vi mv¶vZKvi I ‡bqv n‡q‡Q| wb‡¤œv³ †Uwe‡j AskMÖnY Kvix‡`i Demographic Profile ‡`qv n‡jvt

Respondent Marital Position Age Educational Work

satatus Qualification Experience

gvndzRv Married Chairman 50 MSS 12

dv‡Zgv Married Manager 31 MBA 3

‰mq`v Married DGM 43 MSS 20

mvB`v Married COO 35 MSC 5

cvwcqv Married AGM 36 MBA 6

gwj Married Director 27 MBA 3

Zgv Married GM 42 MSC 13

mvw`qv Married Director 30 MSC 5

wjwL Married Director 31 MSC 7

w`wZ Married Director 42 MSS 10

‰PwZ Married Director 45 BBA 12

wjbv Married Chairman 48 MSC 12

71
 cwj Married Senior 40 MSS 15

Merchandiser

Zcy Unmarried Manager 29 MSC 3

eykiv Married Director 31 MBA 4

iæwebv Divoreced Manager 50 MSS 10

‡gŠmygx Married Director 29 MSS 3

Zby Married Director 45 MSC 13

gywbiv Divoreced AGM 40 MSS 12

dvinvbv Married DGM 50 MA 10

Table 6.1: Demographic Profile

7 wU c«wZôv‡bi c«vq 20 Rb bvix Kg©x GB mv¶vZKv‡i Ask wb‡q‡Qb|GB c«wZôvb ¸‡jv evQvB Kivi Kvib
wQj, GB c«wZôvb mg~n evsjv‡`‡ki AZ¨šÍ bvgx c«wZôvb hviv GKB mv‡_ 100% ißvbxgyLx c«wZôvb| Ges GB
c«wZôv‡b c«Pyi bvix Kg©x i‡q‡Qb| Avgv‡`i mv¶vZKv‡ii g~j gb‡hvM wQj, GBme bvix Kg©x Zv‡`i Kg©‡¶‡Î
Ges cwiev‡i Kv‡Ri R‡b¨ ‡h mg¯Í Amyweav ¸‡jvi m¤§yLxb nb Zv Ly‡R ‡`Lv, A_©vr Zv‡`i `„wó‡Z GB †m±‡i
Kv‡Ri cÖwZeÜKZv¸‡jv‡K Ly‡R †`Lv| †Kb GB †m±‡ii D”P ch©v‡q †g‡q‡`i msL¨v GZ Kg Zv †ei Kiv|

‡m R‡b¨ wKQy c«kœgvjv e¨venvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| c«wZôvb‡f‡` Kg©x‡`i Dˇi wfbœZv cvIqv ‡M‡Q| wfbœZv wQj
d¨v±wi Ges ‡nW Awdm ‡f‡` Kg©x‡`i Dˇii g‡a¨I| hw`I wKQy wKQy wel‡q Zviv mevB GKgZ †cvlb
K‡i‡Qb|

72
 6.3.1 cvwievwiK e¨vemvt

DËivwaKvi m~‡Î/gvwjKvbv m~‡Î ‡Kv¤úvbx †Pqvig¨vb Ges wW‡i±i Qvov Ab¨ ‡Kvb bvix‡K wW‡i±i ev
†Pqvig¨vb c‡` ‡`Lv hvq wb| D³ QqwU cÖwZôv‡b †h KqRb bvix wW‡i±i ev †Pqvig¨vb i‡q‡Qb Zviv
cÖ‡Z¨‡KB †Kvb bv †Kvb fv‡e cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjKcÿ wKsev gvwjKc‡ÿi Lye wbKU AvZœxq| †KD ¯¿x, †KDev
†evb, fvMœx, †g‡q BZ¨vw`| hw`I Zviv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB D”P wkwÿZ| wb‡R‡`i cÖwZôv‡bi `vwqZ¡ †bqvi R‡b¨ Zv‡`i
†K ïiy †_‡KB Gfv‡e ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| cvwievwiK e¨emv nIqvq Zviv ïiæ †_‡KB GB †m±‡ii KvR, Kv‡Ri
aib, Kv‡Ri Pv‡ci mv‡_ cwiwPZ| Zviv Rv‡bb Zv‡`i †K †Kvb ai‡bi KvR, KZÿb mgq Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨
†Kvb †m±‡i Kg©x n‡q KvR Kivi PvB‡Z wb‡R‡`i cÖwZôvb †W‡fjc Ki‡Z Zviv †ewk AvMÖnx _v‡Kb| Zviv
g‡b K‡ib GBLv‡b Zv‡`i †gavi cÖKvk Kivi my‡hvM †ewk|

Zviv Zv‡`i GKv‡WwgK covïbv ev Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Îi AvMÖn Abyhvqx KvR †e‡Q †bevi my‡hvM cvb| †KD mivmwi
†cÖvWvKkb †`‡Lb, †KDev wdb¨vÝ| A_©vr Zv‡`i `ÿZvbyhvqx Zviv †Kv¤úvbxi †Kvb GKUv we‡klvwqZ Ask
†`Lvïbv K‡ib| †Kv¤úvwb wW‡i±i, Gg wW, wR Gg, Gi g‡Zv D”P ch©v‡qi c`¸‡jv mivmwi †Kv¤úvbxi bxwZ
wbav©iYx ch©v‡q KvR K‡i| GB ch©v‡qi †h ‡Kvb wm×všÍ mivmwi †Kv¤úvbxi g~‡j cÖfve †d‡j| ZvB †Kv¤úvbxi
wbR¯^ †jvK‡`i nv‡Z GB wbqš¿b _vKv‡KB Zviv wbivc` g‡b K‡ib| †mR‡b¨ GBme c`mg~‡n evB‡ii KvD‡K
wb‡qvM w`‡Z †`Lv hvq bv| GBme c‡` mivmwi wb‡qvMcÖvß Kg©x †bB ej‡jB P‡j| wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î we‡`wk
bvix Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvMcÖvß n‡jI, Zv‡`i ÿgZv Ges wb‡qvM _v‡K we‡kl fv‡e Pzw³wfwËK| A_©vr Zv‡`i
ÿgZvi wbqš¿Y gvwjK c‡ÿi nv‡Z _v‡K|

‡Kej †hvM¨ZvB bq, †Kv¤úvbx‡Z `xN©w`b hveZ KvR K‡i wU‡K Av‡Q A_©vr †Kv¤úvbxi Av¯ÍvfvRb nIqv UvI
D”Pch©v‡q c‡`vbœwZi Ab¨Zg kZ©| ZvB GB †m±‡i Møvm wmwjs Gi cÖfve Lye †ewk †Pv‡L c‡i| GB D”P ch©v‡q
wb‡qvMcÖvß Kgx©‡`i †ckvMZ `ÿZv ˆZwi‡Z cÖwkÿY eve` †Kv¤úvbx‡K A‡bK UvKv LiP Ki‡Z nq| †m‡ÿ‡Î
GB my‡hvM UvI wb‡R‡`i †jvK‡`i Zviv w`‡q _v‡Kb| †Kbbv, Ab¨ GKRb bvix‡K cÖwkÿb w`‡q ˆZix Kivi
ci Ab¨ †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b fv‡jv my‡hvM †c‡j wZwb P‡j †h‡Z cv‡ib| wbR¯^ cvwievwiK Amyweavq, ev e¨w³MZ
Kvi‡b wZwb PvKzix †Q‡o w`‡Z cv‡ib| GB m¤¢vebv Ab¨ †m±‡ii Zzjbvq RMG Lv‡Z †ewk e‡j g‡b Kiv
nq| ZvB GB me cÖwZôv‡bi D”P ch©v‡q †g‡q‡`i †W‡fjc Kivi wcQ‡b †Kv¤úvbx wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z AvMÖnx nq
bv| ZvB GB †m±‡i D”P ch©v‡q KvR Kivi R‡b¨ ‡hvM¨ Kg©xi Afve †_‡KB hvq|

73
GBme cÖwZôv‡bi D”P ch©v‡q bvix Kg©xiv mivmwi gvwjKcÿ nIqv Zv‡`i †K †hvM¨Zv cÖgvb Kivi Pv‡c †h‡Z
nqwb| GKB mv‡_ GB †m±‡ii bvix Kg©xiv †h mg¯Í UªvwWkbvj bvix NwUZ cÖwZeÜKZv (mnKg©x ev Aaxb¯Í‡`i
Amn‡hvwMZv, †hŠb wbcxoY) †gvKv‡ejv K‡i _v‡Kb, Zvi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nqwb| Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri ‡ÿ‡Î cª‡qvR‡b
cwieZ©b I cwiea©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| hv GKRb mvaviY Kg©x cv‡ib bv|

wW‡i±i, Gg wW, wR Gg Gi g‡Zvv c`¸‡jv Qvov Ab¨ †h mg¯Í c` ¸‡jv i‡q‡Q †mLv‡b A_©vr g¨v‡bRvi, wW
wR Gg, GwR Gg, GB c`¸‡jv‡Z Aí wKQz bvix Kg©x i‡q‡Qb| †hB ‡Kv¤úvbx‡Z wW‡i±i †j‡f‡j bvix Kg©KZ©v
i‡q‡Qb, †mB †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv Zzjbvg~jK fv‡e bvix Kg©xi wb‡qvM‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i _v‡K| Zviv †Póv K‡ib
Zv‡`i cÖwZôv‡b bvix Kg©xi msL¨v evov‡Z| Zviv bvix Kg©KZ©v‡`i R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq my‡qvM myweav cÖbqY K‡i
_v‡Kb| †hgb A‡bK cªwZôv‡b bvix Kg©KZ©v‡`i Awd‡m Kg©N›Uv bqUv †_‡K we‡Kj cvuP Uv Awã| †hLv‡b
cyiæl Kg©KZ©v‡`i Awdm Kg©N›Uv †ejv mvZ Uv Awã|

6.3.2 m¤úwËi fvM ev‡Uvqvivt

GB †m±i Gi †ewki fvM cÖwZôvb cvwievwiKfv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq e‡j, GLv‡b cvwiev‡ii bvix m`m¨‡`i
wW‡i±i c‡` †`Lv hvq| wKš‘ GKvwaK fvB †evb _vK‡j m¤úwËi fv‡Mi Uvbv‡cvo‡bi R‡b¨ me mgq †evb‡`i
wW‡i±i c‡` wb‡qvM †`qv‡K wbiærmvwnZ Kiv nq| †m‡ÿ‡Î cwiev‡ii bvix m`m¨‡`i †gav ev †hvM¨Zv bq,
m¤úwËi gvwjKvbvq Zvi fvM B g~L¨ welq wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| e¨emvq cieZ©x Sv‡gjv Gov‡Z GKvwaK †evb
†K †kqvi ‡nvìvi Kiv n‡jI mivmwi cÖkvmwbK Kv‡R Zv‡`i AskMÖnY Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq bv| A‡b‡K ïay
gvwjKvbv wn‡m‡e wW‡i±i/‡Pqvig¨vb c` e¨envi K‡ib| Zv‡`i †K Kvh©Kix †ev‡W© †`Lv hvq bv|

Z‡e M‡elYvq ‡`Lv ‡M‡Q ‡h mg¯Í c«wZôv‡b bvix wW‡i±i Av‡Qb, ‡mB me c«wZôv‡b bvix Kg©KZ©vi msL¨v
Zyjbvg~jK ‡ewk| Zviv bvix‡`i R‡b¨ Kg©evÜe cwi‡ek, my‡hvM myweavi w`‡K ‡ewk gb‡hvMx nb| ZvQvov Zviv
Ab¨ bvix Kg©KZ©v‡`i mvg‡b ‡ivj g‡Wj wn‡m‡e _v‡Kb|Ggb c«wZôv‡b g¨v‡b‡Rwiqvj c‡` bvix Kg©KZ©vi
msL¨v 20% I ‡`Lv ‡M‡Q|

mivmwi gvwjK c‡¶i mv‡_ mswkøó bq D”P ch©v‡q GB iKg bvix Kg©KZ©vi msL¨v 1% ejv hvq| hviv Av‡Qb
Zviv gvwjK c‡¶i fvwMœ, kvjx, wKsev wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mncvVx| GBiKg c«wZK~j cwi‡e‡k wU‡K _vKvi R‡b¨
gvwjK c‡¶i AwZwi³ gb‡hvM `iKvi e‡j A‡b‡KB AwfgZ w`‡q‡Qb|

74
 6.3.3 hvZvqv‡Z Amyweavt

RMG wk‡íi KviLvbv¸‡jv ‡ewki fvM B kn‡ii evwn‡i, ‡Kbbv GB mg¯Í wkí KviLvbvq c«Pyi RvqMvi c«‡qvRb

nq| ‡mB me cªwZôv‡b KvR Ki‡Z n‡j GKRb bvix Kg©KZ©v‡K g~j kn‡ii evB‡i wM‡q KvR Ki‡Z nq,
wKsev Awd‡mi KvQvKvwQ _vK‡Z nq| evsjv‡`‡k kni ‡K›`«xK ¯‹yj K‡jR mn Rxeb hvÎvi my‡hvM myweav
‡ewk| ZvB ‡ewki fvM Kg©KZ©vB cwiev‡ii my‡hvM myweavi K_v ‡f‡e kn‡i _vK‡Z Pvb| wKsev Zvi ¯^vgxi
Kg©‡¶‡Î _vK‡Z Pvb| wb‡Ri cwievi ‡Q‡o GZ `~‡i P¨v‡jwÄs ‡ckvq A‡bK bvixB ¯^v”Q›`¨ ‡eva K‡ib bv|

cjøex ‡_‡K MvRxcyi Awã fqven Lvivc iv¯Ív cvwo w`‡q c«wZw`b Awd‡m hvIqv Gwgœ‡ZB KwVb wQj|
‡c«Mb¨vÝx‡Z Zv Av‡iv KwVb n‡q hvq|

ZvB cwiev‡ii Pv‡c ¯^v¯’¨SywK we‡ePbv K‡i 2008 mv‡j wmwbqi gv‡P©ÛvBRvi Gi c` ‡_‡K B¯Ídv ‡`b Zby|
cieZ©x‡Z ev”Pv eo nevi ci wZwb Avevi ‡ckvq bZyb K‡i ‡hvM‡`b| GB R‡b¨ Zvi wb‡Ri wKQy K‡i
‡`Lv‡bvi B”Qv Zv‡K Zxe«fv‡e ‡cªwlZ K‡i‡Q e‡j wZwb g‡b K‡ib| ‡ewki fvM ‡¶‡ÎB Ggb ch©v‡q G‡m
bvixiv S‡i hvb, Zv‡`i c‡¶ Avi PvKyix ‡¶‡Î mvg‡b AvMv‡bv m¤¢e nq bv|

6.3.4 mvsMVwbK wbqgbxwZt

msMV‡bi eZ©gvb wbqg bxwZ‡K g~j evav g‡b Kiv nq, D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i ¯^í Dcw¯’wZi R‡b¨|

ÒcÖvq mKj Kg©xB msMV‡bi Pjgvb ms¯‹…wZ, cÖewZ©Z bxqgbxwZ‡K bvix evÜe e‡j g‡b K‡ib bv| bvix Kg©x‡`i
AbyK~‡j †Zgb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wbqg †bB ej‡jB P‡j| cvwievwiK I cÖ‡dkbvj Rxe‡bi mvgÄm¨ Kiv GRb¨B
Zv‡`i KwVb g‡b nq|Ó

msMV‡bi cÖvq 10 eQi a‡i KvR Kiv Zby (QÙbvg) Gi g‡Z, msMV‡bi gvZ…Z¡Kvjxb QzwUi †h my‡hvM miKvi
wba©viY K‡i w`‡q‡Q cÖwZôv‡b Zv gvbv nq bv| Mf©Kvjxb mg‡qi QzwU cvi K‡i cÖwZôv‡b †hvM †`qv Kg©KZ©vi
msL¨v `~j©f| kZfvM ißvbxg~Lx cÖwZôvb nIqvq cÖvq cÖwZwU cÖwZôv‡bB ev”P‡`i R‡b¨ †W †Kqv‡ii e¨e¯’v
Av‡Q| wKš‘ ev”Pv‡`i R‡b¨ †W †Kqv‡ii e¨e¯’v _vK‡jI Zvi gvb wb‡q Amš‘wó _vKvq cvwievwiK I cÖ‡dkbvj
jvBd wb‡q Zv‡`i me mg‡q Uvbv †cvo‡b _vK‡Z nq| evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi bvix cyiæ‡li ˆelg¨ †iv‡a Kg©‡ÿ‡Î
mgZvi AvBb K‡i‡Q| †hLv‡b †eZb, Kg©N›Uv, c‡`vbœwZ, Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ I my‡hvM myweav mgvbfv‡e †`qvi

75
K_v ejv n‡q‡Q (BGMEA, 2017) | wKš‘ Lye Kg msL¨K cÖwZôv‡bB c‡`vbœwZ I my‡hvM myweav cÖ`v‡bi
e¨vcv‡i G wbqgbxwZ gvbv n‡q _v‡K| ‰mq`v (QÙbvg) Gi g‡Z,

†h‡nZz miKvix cÖwZôvb/miKv‡ii mivmwi wbqš¿b _v‡K bv GBme cÖwZôv‡b ZvB c‡`vbœwZmn Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvM
myweav cÖ`v‡b cÖwZôv‡bi ¯^”QZv _v‡K bv|

6.3.5 ‡ivj g‡Wjt

evsjv‡`‡k 1970 mvj †_‡K RMG ‡m±i weKwkZ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q| Lye †ewk cyivZb bv n‡jI G wkí GK`g
bZzb bq| MZ cÂvk eQi hveZ G wk‡íi †ewki fvM Kg©x bvix nevi c‡iI GB †m±‡i wm×všÍ MÖnY ch©v‡q
Z_v D”P ch©v‡q me mg‡q cyiæl Kg©xi cÖvavb¨ wQj, hv GL‡bv AcwieZ©bxq| bvix †ivj g‡W‡ji Afve G wk‡í
jÿ¨bxq| hv‡`i †`‡L G wk‡í †g‡qiv AbycÖvbxZ n‡eb| †m iKg bvixi msL¨v nv‡Z ¸bv hv‡e| msL¨vq ej‡Z
†M‡j hv bMb¨ ejv hvq| D‡jøL Kivi g‡Zv bvix AvBWj bv _vKv‡KI AšÍivq wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb A‡b‡K|

we‡kl ‡Kvb e¨vw³‡`i g‡Zv n‡Z PvIqv cÖeYZv gvby‡li ¯^fveRvZ| D”P ch©v‡q _vKv cyiæl e‡mi g‡Zv nevi
B”Qv GKRb bvix‡K AbycÖvbxZ Ki‡e, D”P ch©v‡q _vKv GKRb bvix‡K †`‡L bvix Kg©xiv Zvi PvB‡Z †ewk
AbycÖvbxZ n‡eb| msMVb¸‡jv‡Z Lye †ewk bvix Kg©KZ©v‡K †`Lv hvq bv, hviv Aaxb¯Í Kg©x‡`i R‡b¨ Aby‡cÖiYv
n‡eb| ZvB D”P ch©v‡q hvevi Zxeª B”Qv Zv‡`i g‡a¨ KvR K‡i bv| Zviv a‡iB †bb H mg¯Í c`¸‡jv cyiæl
Kg©x‡`i Rb¨ wbw`©ó| Zv‡`i ZvB D”P ch©v‡q †cŠQvi ZvwM` I _v‡K bv|

RMG ‡m±‡ii wewfbœ Bmy¨¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk GB †m±‡i KvR Kiv bvix‡`i D™¢z× Kivi Rb¨ Ges wkwÿZ

bvix‡`i GB Lv‡Z AvKl©Y Kivi Rb¨ GB Lv‡Z †Zgb †Kvb †ivj g‡Wj B †bB| Pvi `k‡Ki I †ewk mgq a‡i
M‡o DVv GB wk‡í †ivj g‡Wj ej‡Z i‡q‡Qb BGMEA Gi mv‡eK †cÖwm‡W›U Wt iæevbv nK| whwb 54 eQi
a‡i Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i Avmv cÖwZôv‡bi GKgvÎ bvix ‡cÖwm‡W›U|

6.3.6 mnKg©x‡`i Amn‡hvwMZv t

A‡bK mgq Aaxb¯Í Kg©xiv wb‡RivI bvix Kg©KZ©vi KvQ †_‡K Avmv Kg© wb‡`©k I cyiæl Kg©KZ©vi KvQ †_‡K
Avmv Kg© wb‡`©‡k cv_©K¨ wb‡RivB ˆZix K‡ib| cwj (QÙbvg) Gi g‡Z,

76
GKB Av‡`k KZUv Kvh©Ki fv‡e cvwjZ n‡e Zv A‡bK mg‡qB wbf©i K‡i Av‡`k wK ÒmyjZvbÓ bvwK ÒmyjZvbvÓ
†Kvb ai‡bi e‡mi KvQ †_‡K G‡m‡Q Zvi Dci|

‡h‡nZz D”P ch©v‡q cyiæl Kg©KZ©v‡`i cÖvavb¨ i‡q‡Q Zviv c‡`vbœwZi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡`i mnKg©x wn‡m‡e GKRb
cyiæl Kg©x‡KB cÖvavb¨ w`‡q _v‡Kb e‡j g‡b K‡ib cwj whwb cÖvq 15 eQi a‡i cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ Av‡Qb|
cÖwZôv‡bi wmwbqi cyiæl Kg©xiv cwieZ©b Pvb bv, Zviv GL‡bv wPivPwiZ mvgvwRK wPšÍv fvebv Øviv cÖfvweZ|
Zv‡`i GKUv weivU Ask GL‡bv g‡b K‡ib wm×všÍ MÖnb ÿgZv cyiæl‡`i Zzjbvq †g‡q‡`i Kg|

6.3.7 ¯^Rbc«xwZt

msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡q Kg©iZ bvix‡`i ‡ewki fvMB ‡Kvb bv ‡Kvb fv‡e c«wZôv‡bi gvwjK c‡¶i mv‡_ RwoZ|
wb‡R‡`i AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb ev Kv‡Qi cwiwPZ ¯^Rb‡`ii ga¨ ‡_‡K ‡hvM¨ ‡jvK evQvB K‡i wb‡qvM ‡`evi c«ebZv
j¶¨ Kiv ‡M‡Q|

Ò ‡hûZy Zviv gvwjK c‡¶i ‡jvKRb ZvB Kg©‡¶‡Î bvix‡`i Z_vKw_Z mgm¨v¸‡jv Zv‡`i ‡K ‡Zgb fv‡e
‡gvKvwejv Ki‡Z nqwb| gvwjK c‡¶i Avjv`v gb‡hvM _vKvq Zv‡`i Kg©‡¶‡Î mvifvBf Kiv mnR wQj|Ó

Ges GBR‡b¨ Zviv GB ‡j‡fj Awã mn‡R Avm‡Z ‡c‡i‡Qb e‡j ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb eykiv bv‡gi GKRb
Kg©KZ©v| D‡jøwLZ c«wZôvb mg~‡n mvavib ‡gav wfwËK wb‡qvM I µgvš^‡q c‡`vbœwZi gva¨‡g Dc‡ii ‡j‡f‡j
bvix Kg©KZ©vi Dcw¯’wZ AZ¨š— Kg|

Ò‡g‡qiv Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri c«wZ gb‡hvMx nb| Zviv wb‡R‡`i c«gvY Kivi R‡b¨ wb‡Ri ‡hvM¨Zvi cy‡ivUv ‡`b|
‡UKwbK¨vj wel‡q ‡g‡qiv ‡Q‡j‡`i PvB‡Z A‡bK ‡ewk mveavbx, Zv‡`i ‡K fv‡jv g‡Zv ‡U«BÛ Kiv ‡M‡j
Zviv cªwZôv‡bi me‡P‡q eo m¤ú` n‡q D‡Vb|Ó

cªwZôv‡biwR Gg gv‡P©ÛvBRvi wn‡m‡e GB wQj GKRb bvix Kg©KZ©vi Dcjwä| wZwb wb‡RB ey‡qU ‡_‡K
covïbv ‡kl K‡i R¨vKvW© ‡mKk‡b ‡nW wn‡m‡e R‡qb K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvi c«wZôvb ‡_‡K Zv‡K ‡b`vij¨v‡Û
‡U«Bwbs Gi R‡b¨ cvVv‡bv n‡qwQj| GLb Awã `xN© 13 eQi hveZ AZ¨šÍ ‡hvM¨Zv I mybv‡gi mv‡_ wZwb GB
c«wZôv‡b KvR K‡i hv‡”Qb|

77
 6.3.8 ms¯‹…wZ Ges Zvi cÖfvet

`wÿb Gwkqvi mgv‡R ms¯‹…wZi cÖfve AZ¨šÍ †ewk| hw`I cwðgv mgv‡RI Gi cÖfve †`Lv hvq| mvÿvZKvi
cÖ`vbKvix 80 fvM m`m¨ g‡b K‡ib †h, cyiæ‡li Rb¥B n‡q‡Q †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb Kivi R‡b¨| Zv‡`i ˆRweK MVb
†_‡K ïiæ K‡i Zv‡`i †gav me wKQzB †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb Kivi R‡b¨ h_v_©| (Zahid & Ibarra, 2010) Gi
M‡elYv‡ZI GKB iKg Z_¨ cvIqv hvq|

Avgv‡`i gvbwmK avibvq GUv cwic° n‡q †M‡Q †h, †Q‡jiv †g‡q‡`i Zzjbvq fv‡jv †bZ…Z¡ w`‡Z cv‡i| d‡j
GKRb bvix e¨e¯’vc‡Ki Zzjbvq cyiæl e¨e¯’vc‡Ki Aax‡b KvR Ki‡Z Kg©xiv †ewk ¯^v”Q›`¨ †eva K‡i| Kvib
Zviv g‡b K‡i bvixiv Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi Pvc †ewk wb‡Z cv‡ib bv| we‡kl we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gyn~‡Z© GKRb cyiæl
e¨e¯’vcK hZ `ªæZ wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡ib , GKRb bvix ZZ `ªæZ wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡ib bv| GBme cÖwZôv‡b
†g‡q‡`i KvR n‡e †Kej cÖ`vb K…Z Av‡`k cvjb Kiv| Zv‡`i c‡ÿ AvšÍRv©wZK cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ †b‡Mvwm‡qkb
K‡i KvR Av`vq Kiv m¤¢e bv|

hLb †hLv‡b `iKvi nq GKRb cyiæl e¨e¯’vcK nvwRi n‡q hvb| GKRb bvix e¨e¯’vc‡Ki R‡b¨ mg‡qi
eva¨evaKZv G mgv‡R cÖPwjZ| wZwb PvB‡jB gvS iv‡Z d¨v±wii cÖWvKkb jvB‡bi Sv‡gjv wgUv‡Z nvwRi
n‡Z cv‡ib bv, †hUv mnv‡RB GKRb cyiæl e¨e¯’vcK cv‡ib| Avi Mv‡g©›Um G Kv‡Ri mg‡qi aivevav wbqg
A‡bK mg‡qB Kvh©Ki nq bv| hv GKRb bvixi R‡b¨ KwVb e‡j Zviv g‡b K‡ib|

GKRb cyiæl Kg©x‡K hLb ZLb †h †Kvb Kv‡R †hLv‡b Lywk ‡mLv‡b cvVv‡bv hvq ev wZwb †h‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘
bvix Kgx©i †ejvq RvqMv, mgq, Ae¯’vb, Kv‡Ri aib we‡ePbvq †i‡L Kvh©wb‡`©k w`‡Z nq ev cvjb Ki‡Z
nq| ZvB Lye ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB gvwë Uvw¯‹s Kg©x wn‡m‡e cyiæl Kg©x‡`i MÖnb †hvM¨Zv GB †m±‡i †ewk|

Aw`wZ Gfv‡eB Zvi gZvgZ Rvwb‡q‡Qb|

‡Kvb cÖwZôv‡b hLb Sv‡gjv nq wKsev ÿwZi m¤§yLxb nq, cyiæl Kg©KZ©v n‡j ÿwZi Kvib wn‡m‡e mgm¨vi
g~j ‡LvuRvi †Póv Kiv nq| †hLv‡b bvix Kg©KZ©vi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Ggb n‡j XvjvIfv‡e A‡bK cÖwZôvb B bvix
e¨e¯’cK‡KB g~j Kvib wn‡m‡e `vqx K‡i †d‡jb| wKsev Zvi †hvM¨Zv wb‡q cÖkœ Zz‡jb|
Zcy Zvi e¨w³MZ AwfÁZv †_‡K GB gšÍe¨ K‡ib| wjwL Zvi gZvgZ Rvbv‡Z wM‡q e‡jb-

78
evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ Abyhvqx †g‡qiv N‡i _vK‡e, N‡ii KvR Ki‡e GB wPšÍvi cÖfve me©Î| m¤¢vebv I ¸b
_vKvi c‡iI ïaygvÎ GB R‡b¨I A‡bK †g‡q wb‡R‡`i †hvM¨Zv GKevi hvPvB I K‡i †`‡L bv, Kvib Zviv
Zv‡`i †hvM¨Zvi Dci AvZ¥wek¦vmB cvq bv|

K‡cv©‡iU RM‡Z †Q‡jiv †hLv‡b P¨v‡jÄ wb‡Z Pvq, †mLv‡b AwaKvsk bvixiv P¨v‡jÄ †K fq cvq| †n‡i hvevi
f‡q Zviv KwVb P¨v‡j‡Äi gy‡LvgywL I n‡Z Pvq bv| cyiæl Kg©KZ©v‡`i P¨v‡jÄ †n‡i hvIqv †hLv‡b wew”Qbœ
NUbv, †mLv‡b bvix Kg©KZ©vi Ae¯’v †RÛvi wfwËK| Zvi ‡n‡i hvIqv gv‡b bvix nevi Kvi‡b †n‡i hvIqv|
‡hLv‡b cyiæl Kg©KZ©vi c‡`vbœwZ Aek¨¤¢vex wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq, †mLv‡b GKRb bvix Kg©KZ©vi c‡`vbœwZ wb‡qI
mgv‡jvPbv nq|

cÖwZôv‡bi †ekxifvM Kg©xB cyiæl Kg©KZ©vi Aax‡b KvR Ki‡Z ¯^v”Q›`¨ †eva K‡ib| bvix cyiæl Dfq Kg©x‡`iB
em wn‡m‡e cyyiæl Kg©x cQ›`| wPivPwiZ a¨vb avibvi d‡j GB wPšÍv Zv‡`i ea¨g~j n‡q †M‡Q, GKRb bvixi
PvB‡Z RMG †m±‡i GKRb cyiæl fv‡jv wm×všÍ MÖnb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| hw`I cÖwZwbqZ G avibvi cwieZ©b
n‡”Q| wKš‘ Zv msL¨vq AZ¨šÍ bMb¨, ZvB GL‡bv RMG †m±‡ii D”P ch©v‡q †g‡q‡`i msL¨v GZ Kg|

GQvov cvwievwiK Amyweav †Zv i‡q‡QB| ev”Pv, ¯^vgx-msmvi mvg‡j †hLv‡b KvR KivB KwVb †mLv‡b D”P
ch©v‡qi `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z †M‡jI cwievi †_‡K cÖvqB evav Av‡m| KviY cwiev‡ii m`m¨iv g‡b K‡ib, Zv‡Z K‡i
bvix Awd‡mi Kv‡R Avi †ewk e¨¯Í n‡q hv‡eb| msmv‡i Zvi gb‡hvM K‡g hv‡e| cwiev‡ii `vwqZ¡ wZwb h_vh_
fv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i hZœ Kg n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î me‡P‡q fz³‡fvwM n‡e msmv‡ii
wkïwU| hZRb Kg©xi mvÿvZKvi wb‡qwQ, Zvi g‡a¨ 95% Kg©x GB mgm¨vi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, Ges cÖvq
mevi gZvgZB wQj GB GKB iKg|

‡mev Lv‡Z bvix‡`i KvR mgv‡R hZUv MÖnb †hvM¨| wkÿv I wPwKrmvi g‡Zv †ckvq GKRb bvix mgv‡R hZUv
MÖnbxq RMG †m±‡i Zvi A‡a©K MÖnb‡hvM¨ZvI †bB| †g‡q‡`i R‡b¨ GB †m±‡ii KvR †K m¤§vbRbK e‡j
†`Lv nq bv e‡j A‡bK mvÿvZKvi cÖ`vbKvix Zv‡`i mvÿvZKv‡i D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|

Avw_©Kfv‡e ¯^”Qj cwievi¸‡jv‡Z bvix‡`i RMG Lv‡Z Re Kiv‡K wbiærmvwnZ Kiv nq| Zv hZ D”P c‡`B
†nvK bv †Kb|

Ò‡Zvgvi wK‡mi Afve! ev”Pv-Kv”Pv, msmvi Gfv‡e †d‡j †i‡L †Zvgv‡K †Kb GB PvKzix Ki‡Z n‡e!Ó

79
GB cÖ‡kœi mvg‡b cÖvq cÖwZwU Kg©KZ©v GKevi n‡jI c‡i‡Qb| Kg© evQvB‡qi ¯^vaxbZv GL‡bv G‡`‡ki ‡g‡qiv
cvb bv| Kg© evQvB‡q cÖwZwU cwiev‡ii AwfgZ we‡ePbvq †i‡L KvR evQvB Kiv nq| ZvQvov m½x I cwiev‡ii
gvbwmK I kvwiixK mnvqZv Qvov RMG †m±‡ii g‡Zv P¨v‡jwÄs LvZ KvR Kiv bvix‡`i R‡b¨ A‡bK
KwVb|ZvB bvix Kg©x‡`i cQ›`mB Ab¨ KvR ‡c‡j Zviv GB KvR ‡Q‡o ‡`b| Kg©‡¶‡Î avivevwnKZv bv _vKvq
Zviv c‡`vbœwZi gva¨‡g Dc‡ii ‡j‡fj Awã Avi ‡cŠQv‡Z cv‡ib bv|

6.3.9 c«wk¶bt

Ab¨vb¨ ‡ckvi mv‡_ GB ‡ckvi cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b A‡bK ‡UKwbK¨vj Bm¨y wb‡q Kg©KZ©v‡`i wWj Ki‡Z
nq| hvi R‡b¨ GB me wel‡q ¯úó avibvi weKí ‡bB| GBR‡b¨ `iKvi h_vh_ c«wk¶b|A‡bK c«wZôvb
bvix‡`i c«wk¶‡bi R‡b¨ evQvB Ki‡Z Pvb bv| Zviv a‡iB ‡bb GKRb bvix Kg©x `xN© mgq GB c«wZôv‡b KvR
Ki‡eb bv| Zv‡K c«wk¶b w`‡q ‰Zix Kivi ci wZwb nqZ gvZ…Z¡Kvjxb QywU‡Z P‡j hv‡eb, PvKyix e`‡j
‡dj‡eb wKsev PvKyix ‡Q‡o w`‡eb| ‡m‡¶‡Î c«wk¶b e…_v| ‡mBR‡b¨ GB me c‡` c«wk¶‡bi R‡b¨ cyiæl
Kg©KZ©v‡K ‡e‡Q ‡bqvi c«ebZv j¶bxq| wVK GKB Kvi‡b ‡U«wbs G wbe©vwPZ bvix Kg©KZ©vi eo GKUv Ask
evQvB Kiv nq gvwjK c‡¶i wb‡Ri AvZ¥xq‡`i ga¨ ‡_‡K wb‡qvM cªv߇`i ga¨ ‡_‡K| hv‡`i Dci gvwjK
c¶ Av¯’v ivL‡Z cv‡ib, hviv mn‡R KvR ‡Q‡o P‡j hv‡eb bv|

6.3.10 mvsMVwbK ms¯‹…wZt

mvÿvZKvi cÖ`vbKvix Kg©KZ©v‡`i g‡a¨ 90% g‡b K‡ib msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡q _vKv ev bv _vKv msMV‡bi
aib I B”Qvi Dci wbf©ikxj| D”P ch©v‡q ev bxwZ wba©vibx ch©v‡q ch©vß bvix Kg©KZ©v‡`i Abycw¯’wZ‡K GKUv
P‡µi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| cvwcqvi g‡Z

D”P ch©v‡q bvix Kg©KZ©vi Afve gv‡bB n‡”Q cÖwZôv‡b bvix evÜe wbqgbxwZ‡Z gb‡hv‡Mi NvUwZ| Avi bvix
evÜe Ae¯’v bv _vK‡j †mB cÖwZôv‡b bvix Kg©xi h_vh_ †e‡o DVv ev wb‡qvM †KvbUvB mnR bq|

A_©vr bvix e¨e¯’vc‡Ki wb‡qvM †bB, †bB bvix evÜe bxwZ, djkÖæwZ‡Z †bB D”P ch©v‡q bvix Kg©x| mKj Ask
MÖnbKvix Av‡iv g‡b K‡ib †h, mKj cÖwZôv‡b bvix evÜe †hme bxwZ i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jvI h_vh_ fv‡e ev¯ÍevwqZ
nq bv|

80
w`b †k‡l wPivPwiZ mgvR e¨e¯’v †K `vqx K‡i `xN©k¦vm †d‡j‡Qb A‡b‡KB| bvg cÖKv‡k Awb”QzK GKRb
Kg©x‡K hLb Zvi AwfÁZv †kqvi Ki‡Z ejv n‡qwQj, wZwb Zvi fvlvq Zvi Ae¯’vb e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb|

mKv‡j †hB mgqUv Avwg N‡ii ‡Kvbvi gqjv cwi®‹vi Kwi, †mB mgqUv f`ª‡jvK Lei †`‡Lb| Avgvi †P‡q
`ywbqvi Lei †mBB †ewk ‡R‡b e‡m _vK‡e ZvB bq wK?

mܨvq Awdm †k‡l Avwg cwogwo K‡i evwo QzwU| KviY N‡i Avgvi †QvU wkï Av‡Q| Avgvi Avkvq mvivw`b
c_ †P‡q ïwK‡q _v‡K| Gici †Kvb I †Kvbw`b †gngvb _v‡Kb, Amy¯’ AvZ¥xqiv wPwKrmv Ki‡Z †eov‡Z
Av‡mb| Zv‡`i Rb¨ wKQz mgq evi Ki‡Z nq| Avwg D×k¦v‡m Devi g‡Uv aivi Rb¨ QzwU, ïaygvÎ mgq evuPv‡bi
ZvwM‡`| IB mgq Avgvi cyiæl mnKg©x e‡mi gy‡Li wmMv‡iU R¡vwj‡q †`q| wb‡RI GKUv myLUvb †`q| GKUv
†KvqvwjwU UvBg KvUvq Zviv GKmv‡_| Awd‡m Kvi DbœwZi m¤¢vebv †e‡o hv‡”Q ejyb? †KvbI †KvbI cyiæl
mnKg©x‡K †`wL Awdm †k‡l 40 wgwbU †_‡K GK N›Uv †dv‡b K_v e‡j, †bUIqvwK©s K‡i| Avgv‡`i gv‡S Kvi
cÖ‡dkbvj †bUIqvK© AviI kw³kvjx n‡”Q ejyb †Zv? Kvi AviI fv‡jv PvKwii m¤¢vebv †e‡o hv‡”Q?

Gw`‡K Avwg ZLb †Kv_vq? Awd‡m DbœwZi iv¯Ív KvUwQ? AviI fv‡jv PvKwi LyuRwQ? †kv‡bb Avwg †Kv_vq| wVK
IB mg‡q Avwg Ni-mgvR-evwn‡ii `vwqZ¡-ev”Pvi kxZKvc‡oi gv‡ci wjw÷m‡gZ e¨vM wb‡q Devi g‡Uv‡Z
D‡V e‡mwQ| A¯^w¯Í‡K †Rvi K‡i QzwU w`‡qwQ, ïaygvÎ 30/40 wgwbU evuPv‡bvi Avkvq| Avgv‡K GKUz Av‡M
†cŠuQv‡Z n‡e| Avgvi †KvbI wekÖvg †bB| e¨v_vq Avgvi e„°, kix‡ii wb¤œvsk Aek, ZeyI Avwg Aviv‡g K¨v‡e
†njvb w`‡q e‡m †h‡Z cviwQbv| KviY K¨v‡e mgq †ewk ‡bq|

G‡Zv K¬vwšÍKi G‡Zv cwikÖ‡ki GKUv iæwU‡bi c‡iI Rv‡bb †KD Avgv‡K cyi®‹vi †`‡ebv| †KvbI wj‡÷ Avgvi
bvg DV‡e bv| KviY Avwg †mB AR©‡bi wj‡÷ †cŠuQv‡Z cviwQbv|

gvby‡li ˆZwi Kiv mgv‡R Ò‡gBj wcÖwf‡jRÓ GKUv P~ovšÍ ev¯ÍeZv| †hUv‡K cyiælZvwš¿KZv Ggbfv‡e Dc¯’vcb
K‡i‡Q †h, GUv‡K wPivqZ mZ¨ e‡j åg nq| wKš‘, GUv †gv‡UI wPivqZ wKQz bq| bvix‡`i Rxe‡bi †m‡KÛ
wgwbU Pzwi K‡i K‡i †mB †gBj wcÖwf‡jR wU‡K _v‡K|

mšÍvb Rb¥`v‡b bvixi kixi jv‡M, cÖwZcvj‡b h‡ZvUv bv jv‡M Zvi‡PI †ewk LvwU‡q †bIqv nq bvix‡K| cÖwZwU
†QvU ‡QvU KvRI Pvwc‡q †`q| ïay mšÍvb jvjb cvjbB bv, Ggb AviI k Lv‡bK wi‡cÖvWvw±K `vq `vwqZ¡ meB
bvixi Nv‡o Pvwc‡q bvix‡K wQe‡o K‡i †djv nq| mgq, kw³i mewKQz wb‡q †bIqv nq| Gici kLv‡bK Kv‡R

81
bvix nveyWzey Lvq| †KvbIUvB m‡e©v”P DrK‡l© wb‡q hvIqvi mgq †Zvi Avi bvB| Av‡Mi g‡Zv wKQzB myPviæ n‡”Q
bv| mevB †Zv‡K Bw½‡Z, K_vq eywS‡q †`q †h †m cvi‡Qbv| Zvi †KvbI wKQzB myPviæ n‡”Q bv|

Zvici bvix `vuwo‡q _v‡K Rey_ey Ab¯§vU© n‡q, ÿgvcÖv_©x n‡q|

6.4 Av‡jvPbv I Zvrch©

GB M‡elbv Avi Gg wR Lv‡Zi D”P ch©v‡q †g‡q‡`i msL¨v Kg nevi KviY wn‡m‡e wZb ai‡bi cÖwZeÜKZv
†K wPwýZ K‡i‡Q| †hgbt mvsMVwbK, e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK| mvÿvrKvi cÖ`vbKvix msMV‡bi bvix Kg©xiv
msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡q †cŠQv‡bi †ÿ‡Î wKsev †cŠu‡Q cÖwZwbqZ mvgbvmvgwb †h mg¯Í cÖwZeÜKZv †`L‡Qb, wKsev
gy‡LvgywL n‡”Qb, Zv‡`i AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K †m¸‡jv‡K evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q| cvwievwiK e¨emv nIqvq Avf¨šÍixb
wb‡qvM cÖ_v, Kv‡Ri Pvc ev aib, AvZ¥ wek¦v‡mi Afve, cÖwZôv‡bi Ae¯’vb, mn Avi wewfbœ wKQz Kvib †K
RMG Lv‡Zi D”P ch©v‡q †g‡q‡`i Ae¯’vb Kg nevi Kvib wn‡m‡e †`Lvbv n‡q‡Q| The Gender

Organization Systems (GOS) ‡d«gIqvK© Abyhvqx †g‡qiv GB mg¯Í cÖwZeÜKZvi gy‡LvgywL nq KviY

 msMV‡bi we`¨gvb ms¯‹…wZ bvix‡`i cÖwZôv‡bi D”P ch©v‡q hvIqvi AbyK~‡j bq|
 mvgvwRK ms¯‹…wZ †g‡q‡`i PvB‡Z †Q‡j‡`i †K †bZ…Z¡ ¯’vbxq c‡` †`L‡Z †ewk cQ›` K‡i|
 mgvR Ges cwievi `yB RvqMv‡ZB Lye Kg msL¨K gvbyl Av‡Q hviv †g‡q‡`i †K †bZ…Z¡ wb‡Z Z_v
D”P ch©v‡q †h‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

`~e©j mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv hv cvwievwiK e¨emv wn‡m‡e Avf¨šÍixb wb‡qvM cÖ_v‡K mg_©b K‡i ZvB g~jZ GB
‡m±‡ii D”P ch©v‡q †g‡q‡`i bv _vKvi Ab¨Zg KviY| mvÿvrKvi †_‡K cÖvß d‡jI GB dj D‡V G‡m‡Q|
msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡q †g‡q‡`i Ae¯’vb evov‡Z PvB‡j evsjv‡`‡ki RMG cÖwZôv‡bi ¸‡jv‡Z c‡`vbœwZ Ges

82
wb‡qvM G gb‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e| Gi R‡b¨ msMV‡bi wb‡qvMbxwZ Ges c‡`vbœwZ †Z me wefv‡Mi mgZv Avb‡Z
n‡e, †hb mvaviY c‡`vbœwZi gva¨‡g Zviv wb‡R‡`i †hvM¨Zvi cÖgvb w`‡q D”P ch©v‡q †h‡Z cv‡ib|

mvgvwRK ms¯‹zwZ wn‡m‡e †g‡q‡`i †K cyiæl‡`i Zzjbvq A`ÿ fvev, bvix Kg©x‡`i m¤ú‡K© ‡bwZevPK avibv
ivLvi †h PP©v Kg©x‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Zv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e| D”P ch©v‡q †h mg¯Í bvix Kg©x BwZg‡a¨ fv‡jv K‡i‡Qb,
Zv‡`i f~wgKv‡K mvg‡b Zz‡j ai‡Z n‡e| †hb mevB DrmvwnZ nq, Ges Zv‡K †`‡L †bZ…Z¡ m¤ú‡K© Ab¨‡`i
fzj avibv †f‡O hvq|

GB M‡elbvq †`Lv †M‡Q e¨w³MZ Ges cÖkvmwbK Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB bvix‡`i AbyrmvwnZ Kiv nq| †hgb-
¯^vgx/cwiev‡ii m`m¨iv GB wbw`©ó †m±‡ii D”P ch©v‡q †h‡Z bvix‡`i wbiærmvwnZ K‡i| †Kbbv Zviv g‡b
K‡ib, D”P ch©v‡q †M‡j bvix †M‡j bvix Kg©xi Kv‡Ri Pvc †e‡o hv‡e| wZwb msmv‡i Av‡iv Kg mgq w`‡Z
ïiæ Ki‡eb| ZvB ¯^vgx/cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i †K GB c‡` KvR Kivi m¤§vb, my‡hvM myweav D‡jøL K‡i Zv‡`i
†K †gvwU‡fU Ki‡Z n‡e, †hb Zviv bvix Kg©x‡`i D”P ch©v‡q †h‡Z evav cÖ`v‡bi e`‡j Drmvn †`b|

6.5 msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i cª‡qvRbxqZv

Grant Thornton International Ltd. Gi wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx hw` ejv nq, msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i ‡Kb

`iKvi? Kvib, wPšÍvi RM‡Zi ‰ewPÎZvi R‡b¨| GKUv msMV‡b hw` ‡Kej GKB ai‡bi Kg©xevwnbx _v‡K,
hviv GKB ms¯‹…wZ, GKB covïbv, GKB my‡hvM myweav ‡_‡K D‡V G‡m‡Q Z‡e Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri aib I _vK‡e
GKB iKg| ‡mB msMV‡b mgv‡Ri A‡a©K gvby‡li c«wZwbwaZ¡ _vK‡e bv, _vK‡e bv Zv‡`i wPšÍvi ‰ewPÎgq
c«wZdjb| hv ‡Kvb msMV‡bi R‡b¨ fv‡jv n‡Z cv‡i bv (Grant Thornton International Ltd., 2020) |
RMG LvZ , ‡hLv‡b 80% Kg©x bvix, Zv‡`i cwiPvjbv, wbqš¿‡b, e¨ve¯’vcbvq bvix Kg©KZ©vi Dcw¯’wZ Lye

¯^vfvweK fv‡eB djcªm~ n‡e|

6.6 ‡KvwfW 19 cwiw¯’wZi cªfve

GB K‡ivbvKvjxb mg‡qi Av‡M A_©vr 2020 Gi Av‡M PvKzixPz¨Z bvix I cyiæ‡li msL¨v wQj ¯^vfvweK nv‡i|
wKš‘ K‡ivbvKvjxb mg‡q bvix‡`i PvKzixPy¨Z Kivi nvi A‡bK †ekx| ‡hvM¨Zv I cÖ‡qvR‡bi gvcKvwV‡Z †g‡qiv

83
A‡bK wcwQ‡q c‡ib| LiP Kgv‡Z wM‡q msMVb †mBme Kg©x‡`i cÖvavb¨ †`q, hv‡`i †K w`‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi
KvR Kiv‡bv †K KwVb g‡b K‡i| hÎZÎ hLb ZLb Kv‡Ri R‡b¨ cyiæl Kg©x‡`i B AMÖvwaKvi wfwˇZ †e‡Q
†bqv nq| †m R‡b¨ bvix Kg©x‡`i S‡i civi nvi †Q‡j‡`i PvB‡Z †ewk|

‡h‡nZz †g‡q Kg©xi nvi msMV‡b K‡g †M‡Q, Lye ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i msL¨vI K‡g
†M‡Q| hv †g‡q‡`i D”P ch©v‡q †cŠQv‡bi nvi †K GK `kK wcQ‡b wb‡q †M‡Q|

84
 6.7 bvix Kg©x‡`i nvi µgvš^‡q Kg‡Q

eZ©gvb mg‡q GB Lv‡Z bvix Kg©x‡`i nvi cªwZwbqZ K‡g hv‡”Q| 2015 mv‡j 65% bvix Kg©x _vK‡jI ACD
cªKvwkZ wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx 2020 mv‡j GB nvi `vwo‡qwQj 59 kZvs‡k| hw`I RMG Lv‡Z Kg©ms¯’vb evo‡Q,
evo‡Q Kg©xi msL¨v I| wKš‘ bvix Kg©x e„w×i nvi †hLv‡b 2-4 kZvsk †mLv‡b cyiæl Kg©x e„w×i nvi 7-10
kZvsk| Gi Kvib wn‡m‡e ejv nq ms‡kvwaZ †eZb KvVv‡gvi K_v| Av‡Mi Zyjbvq GB †m±‡i Kg©iZ Kg©x‡`i
†eZb I Rxeb gv‡bi Dbœqb n‡q‡Q| GKB mv‡_ Ab¨ Kvib wn‡m‡e RvZxq RbmsL¨vq cyiæ‡li AbycvZ e„w×i
K_vI ejv n‡q‡Q| ACD wi‡cv‡U© GB `yB Kvi‡bi cvkvcvwk Av‡iv GKwU Kvib †K wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q,
†mLv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q GB Lv‡Z cªPyi AZ¨vaywbK cªhyw³i e¨envi n‡”Q| RvqMv K‡i wb‡”Q AvaywbK me
†gwkbvwiR| Ges GB mg¯Í †gwkbvwiR wbqš¿b, cwiPvjbv Kivi R‡b¨ msMV‡bi gvwjKc‡¶i cyiæl Kg©xB †ewk
cQ›`| (Haque and Bari ,2021)

6.8 M‡elYvi mxgve×Zv Ges fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ w`Kwb‡`©kbv

GB M‡elbvq gvÎ 20 Rb Kg©xi mvÿvrKvi †bqv n‡q‡Q| GB ¯^í msL¨K Kg©xi gZvgZ w`‡q GZ eo RMG
LvZ †K mvaviYxKib Kiv hvq bv| ZvQvov M‡elbv PjvKvjxb mg‡q K‡ivbv cwiw¯’wZi D™¢e nIqvq, M‡elbvi
Dci Kg©x‡`i gvbwmK wPšÍv fvebvi Dci I Gi cÖfve wQj, hv mvÿvrKv‡i D‡V G‡m‡Q| K‡ivbvKvjxb mg‡q
mvsMVwbK wbqg Kvby‡b e¨cK cwieZ©Y Avbv nq| K‡ivbv Kvjxb mg‡qi M‡elbvi mv‡_ mvaviY mg‡qi
M‡elbvi cÖvß djvd‡j cv_©K¨ _vKv UvB ¯^vfvweK| ZvB fwel¨Z M‡elbvi my‡hvM GLv‡b †_‡KB hv‡”Q| Avi
wekvj cwim‡i, A‡bK¸‡jv cÖwZôvb Ges Kg©x wb‡q ¯^vfvweK mg‡q GB M‡elbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Zv‡Z Av‡iv
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ dj cvIqv hv‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq|

ZvQvov †`kxq cÖwZôvb ¸‡jvi mv‡_ AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©x‡`i Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbvq Av‡iv A‡bK
cÖwZeÜKZv, my‡hvM Lyu‡R †ei Kiv m¤¢e|

85
 6.9 Dcmsnvi

Dcmsnv‡i wimv‡P©i g~j cÖkœ¸‡jv c~bivq D‡jøLc~e©K †`Lv n‡e wimv‡P©i g~j cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi cvIqv †M‡Q wKbv|
M‡el‡Ki wbR¯^ we‡kølb ÿgZv Øviv cÖvß Z_¨ we‡kølb Kiv n‡q‡Q, ZvB GB Z‡_¨i mv‡_ Ab¨ Kv‡iv gZ
cv_©K¨ nevi my‡hvM †_‡KB hv‡”Q| wb‡¤œv³ †Uwe‡i GK bR‡i Avgiv cÖkœ Ges DËi ¸‡jv ‡`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
‡Uwejt wimv‡P©i g~j cÖkœ I cÖvß DËi|

 1. †Kb evsjv‡`‡ki e¨emvwqK msMVb Z_v  1. cÖvß Z_¨ I Z‡Ëi wfwˇZ ejv hvq ,
†iwW‡gU Mv‡g©›Um wk‡íi cÖkvmwbK As‡ki evsjv‡`‡ki Mv‡g©›Um wk‡íi D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i
D”P ch©v‡q bvix Kg©xi msL¨v Kg? msL¨v Kg nevi Kvib¸‡jv n‡”Q,cvwievwiK
e¨emv, A¯^vfvweK Kg©N›Uv Z_v Mv‡g©›Um e¨emvi
Kv‡Ri aib, wPiPwiZ †RÛvi †iv‡ji cÖfve,
†g‡q‡`i AvMÖ‡ni Afve|

 2. †Kvb †Kvb d¨v±i/Kvib †g‡q‡`i D”P  2. †g‡q‡`i D”P ch©v‡qi Ae¯’vb‡K me‡P‡q

ch©v‡qi Ae¯’vb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i? †ewk cÖfvweZ K‡i mvsMVwbK d¨v±i| GQvov
e¨vw³MZ I mvgvwRK cÖfve‡Ki cÖfve I
jÿYxq|

D‡jøwLZ cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi †K M‡elK wZbwU fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb, †h¸‡jvB g~jZ †g‡q‡`i D”P ch©v‡q Ae¯’v‡bi
cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| †m¸‡jv n‡jv mvgvwRK, mvsMVwbK I e¨vw³MZ cÖfveK| GLv‡b wZbfv‡M fvM
K‡i Kvib¸‡jv we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q, †Kbbv †Kvb GKK Kvib †K wbw`©ófv‡e cÖfveK wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bvi †Kvb
my‡hvM †bB| GB Ae¯’v‡bi wcQ‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi welq cÖfveK wn‡m‡e f~wgKv iv‡L| mvgvwRK cÖfveK g~jZ
c‡ivÿ cÖfveK, hvi mivmwi cÖfve i‡q‡Q mvsMVwbK I e¨vw³MZ cÖfve‡Ki Dci| †m wn‡m‡e mvsMVwbK
cÖfveK cÖZ¨ÿ cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| hv cÖwZwbqZ cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q| e¨vw³MZ cÖfveK mivmwi mvsMVwbK
ms¯‹…wZ I mvgvwRK ms¯‹…wZ Øviv mivmwi cÖfvweZ nq| GQvov Ab¨vb¨ †h mg¯Í cÖfveK¸‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki RMG
‡m±‡i †g‡q‡`i D”P ch©v‡qi Ae¯’vb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i, †m¸‡jv g~j cÖfve‡Ki AšÍf~©³ K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv

86
n‡q‡Q| †hgb mvgvwRK d¨v±‡ii AšÍf©~³ wPivPwiZ †RÛvi †ivj| GLv‡b wPivPwiZ †RÛvi †ivj ej‡Z eySv‡bv
n‡q‡Q-mgvR bvix I cyiæ‡li Kv‡Q †h AvPiY Avkv K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U †Q‡j Ges †g‡q `y c‡ÿiB
Kv‡Ri ai‡bi cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| G‡`‡ki mgvR e¨e¯’v cyiælZvwš¿K| cyiæl Zvwš¿K mgvR e¨e¯’vq cyiæ‡li R‡b¨
†h mg¯Í KvR¸‡jv wba©vwiZ g‡b Kiv nq, †mB KvR¸‡jv‡Z †g‡q‡`i Ae¯’vb ˆZix‡K eo P¨v‡jÄ wn‡m‡e †`Lv
nq| hvi djkÖæwZ‡Z Kg©‡ÿ‡Î ˆZix nq AmgZv, gRywi ˆelg¨| Ges Gi Aek¨¤¢vex cÖfve c‡i D”P ch©v‡q
†g‡q‡`i Ae¯’v‡bi Dci| ZvQviv evsjv‡`‡k †emiKvix Lv‡Z miKvix h_vh_ bRi`vixi Afve, wbqgbxwZi
h_vh_ ev¯Íevq‡bi Afve I Ab¨Zg f~wgKv iv‡L|

mvsMVwbK cÖfveK wn‡m‡e msMV‡bi ms¯‹…wZ, Kg©x wb‡qv‡M msMV‡bi fzwgKvi Dc‡i D”P ch©v‡q bvix‡`i
Ae¯’vb wbf©i K‡i|

cvwievwiK e¨emv nIqvq cwiev‡ii Af¨šÍixb wb‡qvM cÖwZôv‡b †gavex bvix Kg©KZ©vi my‡hvM Kwg‡q †`q|
m¤úwËi fve ev‡Uvqvivi cÖfv‡eI cwiev‡ii †hvM¨ bvixwU `ÿ Kg©x wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv‡b †hvM w`‡Z cv‡ib bv|
†Kbbv evsjv‡`‡ki cvwievwiK KvVv‡gv‡Z GL‡bv m¤úwËi `Lj`vwiZ¡ cwiev‡ii cyiæl m`m¨‡`i Dci| Zviv
Zv‡`i cQ›` g‡Zv †evW© Ae wW‡i±i evQvB K‡ib| GKB mv‡_ Kviv cÖwZôv‡b mwµq fzwgKv ivL‡eb, †mB
wm×všÍ I wb‡q _v‡Kb|

evsjv‡`‡ki mgvR KvVv‡gvi g‡Zv †iwW‡gW Mv‡g©›Um wkí I cyiælZvwš¿K| GLv‡b †g‡q‡`i wb‡Ri †hvM¨Zv
cÖgvb Kivi R‡b¨ cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq wظY cwikÖg Ki‡Z nq| nvm¨Ki ‡kvbv‡j I GUvB mwZ¨ †h cyiæ‡li
cÖ‡dkbvj †bUIqvK© †g‡q‡`i cÖ‡e‡ki my‡hvM GL‡bv mxwgZ| A_P GB cÖ‡dkbvj ‡bUIqvK© †K Kg©‡ÿ‡Î
c‡`vbœwZ mn wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb ˆZwii Ab¨Zg Dcvq wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq|

GKwU msMV‡b cyiæl Kg©xi wb‡qvM n‡e bvwK bvix Kg©x wb‡qvMcÖvß n‡eb, †mB wm×všÍ cy‡ivUvB cÖwZôv‡bi Dci
mivmwi wbf©i K‡i| †Kvb †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi †Zv bvix Kg©xi wb‡qvM †K wbiærmvwnZ Ki‡Z, wb‡qvM weÁwß †`qvi
mgq mivmwi D‡jøL K‡i †`b Òcyiæl Kg©x Avek¨KÓ e‡j| msMVb wb‡RB Zvi PwP©Z mvsMVwbK ms¯‹…wZ ˆZix
K‡i| Ges msMV‡bi D”P ch©v‡qi Ae¯’vb‡K mivmwi Zv cÖfvweZ K‡i| msMV‡bi Kg©x evQvB Kivi Dci
msMV‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv A‡bKvs‡kB wbf©ikxj| evsjv‡`‡ki RMG ‡m±‡ii D”P ch©v‡q bvix Kg©x‡`i msL¨v
w`‡b w`‡b e„w× cv‡”Q, wKš‘ GL‡bv Zv cwieZ©‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb ivLvi gZ bq|

87
GKRb bvix Kg©x D”P c‡` DVvi wcQ‡b Zvi e¨vw³MZ ¯^w`”Qv, cÖZ¨vkv Abyhvqx cwikÖg Kivi gvbwmKZv
cÖ‡qvRb| bvixiv mgv‡RiB Ask| ZvivI cyiæl‡`i g‡Zv K‡i mvgvwRK ms¯‹…wZ Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| Zviv
wPivPwiZ U¨vey Abyhvqx cyiæ‡li KvR Avi bvixi KvR Avjv`v e‡j g‡b K‡ib| †mB R‡b¨B A‡bK c‡` wb‡R‡K
cÖgv‡bi b~b¨Zg †PóvUzKzI K‡ib bv| mvgvwRK ms¯‹…wZi g‡Zv e¨emvwqK ms¯‹…wZi cÖfve I Zv‡`i Dc‡i
mgvbfv‡e c‡i| Zviv ZvB SzuwKc~Y© I P¨v‡jwÄs Kv‡R AvMÖnx nq bv| wKsev wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ †m AvZ¥wek¦vm ˆZix
Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| wb‡RivB wb‡R‡`i †hvM¨Zv wb‡q mw›`nvb _v‡K| hw`I mvÿvrKv‡i †`Lv ‡M‡Q, GB
AvZ¥wek¦v‡mi Afve `~i Kiv m¤¢e| ZvB †g‡q‡`i D”P ch©v‡q Ae¯’v‡bi Ab¨Zg evav wn‡m‡e AvZ¥wek¦v‡mi
Afve †K †`Lvi my‡hvM †bB| †g‡qiv Kg©‡ÿ‡Î evQvB‡q wb‡R‡`i gZvgZ cÖwZôv Kivi wel‡q GL‡bv ¯^vaxb
bq| GL‡bv m½x wKsev cwiev‡ii gZvgZ Zv‡`i Kg©‡ÿÎ evQvB‡q f~wgKv iv‡L| evsjv‡`wk ms¯‹…wZ‡Z cwiev‡i
wkï, ev‡qv‰Rômn mevi †`Lvïbvi `vwqZ¡ †g‡q‡`i| GB wPivPwiZ a¨vb avibvi Rb¨ †g‡q‡`i †K cwievi
Ges K¨vwiqvi `y RvqMvq mgš^q K‡i Pj‡Z nq| hv Zv‡`i D”P ch©v‡qi Ae¯’vb‡K evav MÖ¯’ K‡i| g‡b Kiv
nq, D”P c` gv‡bB Kv‡Ri Pvc, Ges Kv‡Ri Pvc evo‡j msmv‡i mgq †`qv K‡g hv‡e, ZvB cwievi A‡bK
mg‡qB bvix Kg©x‡K Zvi K¨vwiqv‡ii AMÖMwZ‡Z wbiæZmvwnZ K‡i|

GB M‡elYvq wewfbœ iK‡gi welq mvg‡b G‡m‡Q| Aek¨ G¸‡jvi Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB Kivi my‡hvM nqwb, ‡hgb
bvix‡`i Kg©‡ÿ‡Î †bUIqvK© I †g›Uwis Gi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| cyiæl Kg©x‡`i gZ cÖ‡dkbvj †bUIqvK© _vK‡j
bvixiv DbœwZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e| †bUIqvwK©s Kg©x‡`i AMÖMwZ‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| GKBfv‡e bvix Kg©x‡`i D”P c‡`
DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z ‡g›Uwis ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fzwgKv cvjb K‡i| Ab¨ Kg©xiv D”P ch©v‡q Ae¯’vbiZ bvix Kg©x‡`i †`‡L
mn‡RB AbycÖvwbZ, DrmvwnZ †eva K‡i, Zv‡`i g‡Zv n‡Z Pvq|

msMV‡bi Kg©x‡`i g‡a¨ mgZv ivLv I cvwievwiK wb‡qv‡Mi evB‡iI c‡`vbœwZi gva¨‡g †hvM¨Zvbyhvqx wb‡qvM
‡`qv mn, †eZb KvVv‡gv, c‡`vbœwZ, BZ¨vw` wel‡q ¯úó I ¯^”Q wb‡`©wkKv _vKv cª‡qvRb| Ges GB me
wb‡`©wkKvi h_vh_ ev¯Íevqb msMV‡b nIqv cª‡qvRb | Kg©x I Kg© ¸‡b ˆewPÎZv Avbq‡b msMV‡b bvix Ges
cyiæl Dfq ai‡bi Kg©xi wb‡qv‡Mi my‡hv‡Mi e¨e¯’v Kiv| †mB j‡ÿ¨ miKvix cÖwZôv‡bi g‡Zv †emiKvix
cÖwZôv‡bI †KvUv wfwËK bvix Kg©x wb‡qvM ‡`qv ‡h‡Z cv‡i| hw`I †KvUv cØwZ A‡bKUvB weZwK©Z| wKš‘ G‡Z
K‡i cÖwZôv‡b bvix Kg©xi msL¨v evo‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq| Avm‡e Kv‡Ri aib I gv‡b cwieZ©b |

88
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Tahmina Dilshad
March, 2021
INTERVIEW

Introduction

We deal with the roles of femalewho are working in top management position and are particularly
interested in the reasons why this position is rarely occupied by women. Therefore, I am trying to
shed light on this issueby looking at the careers of those women who hold a top-level management
position with managerial responsibilities. I am especially interested in your personal and individual
experiences. For this reason, I would like to hear how you came to hold your current position as....

Standardized Questionnaire

Name of position

In current position since:

Personnel responsible for how many

employees:

Highest completed education:

Name of prior position:

Relationship status:

Number of children:

Table: Research Questions & Answers

Open-ended questions

101
(1) Which aspects or factors helped you reach this leading position? (What would you say was the
reason why you made it? What would you consider to be your factors for success?)

(2) Which factors would you, however, describe as destructive?

(3) Based on your private life, your work environment and the interaction between these two parts,
where would you identify difficulties and what were the sources of support? Was "work-
lifebalance” for you explicitly an issue, and if so, how? Was it a topic in conversations with
superiors? Or at job negotiations?

(4) The company, as an organization: What aspects according to you may have facilitated your
advancement and where were the obstacles?

(5) In which area (private, personal or professional) would you say you have had the most support
or you would have needed additional support make it easier to reach your current position?

(6) Would you say that there have been certain personality characteristics that have helped you
obtain your current position in particular?

(7) Is gender relevant, or should only professional skills be emphasized when considering
leadership and managers?

(8) What would your advice be for a female in management who aspires to reach a managerial
position?

(9) What do you think are the best tools to increase the number of women in top management
position?

(10) What benefits or advantages do women bring to leadership and organizations, in your
opinion? Or are there even any special advantages?

102