Instructions: Listen to your TA’s instructions.

There are substantially more problems on this worksheet than we expect

to be done in discussion, and your TA might not have you do problems in order. The worksheets are intentionally longer
than will be covered in discussion in order to give students additional practice problems they may use to study. Do not
worry if you do not finish the worksheet :).

dP
1. Suppose a population P (t) satisfies dt = 0.8P − 0.001P 2 , with P (0) = 50, where t is measured in years.
dP
(a) What is the carrying capacity? The carrying capcity occurs when dt = 0. Hence, we set

0 = 0.8P − 0.001P 2
Solving gives P = 0 or P = 800. The larger value is the carrying capacity.

(b) What is P 0 (0)?

When t = 0, P (0) = 50. Hence

75
P 0 (0) = 0.8 ∗ 50 − 0.001 ∗ 502 = .
2

(c) When will the population reach 50% of the carrying capacity? (You do not need to simplify your answer).

We need to actually solve the differential equation. Seperating variables yields

1
4 1 2
dP = dt.
5P − 1000 P

Integrating gives us
5 5
ln(P ) − ln(800 − P ) = t + C.
4 4
Plugging in P (0) = 50 gives us
5 5
C= ln(50) − ln(750)
4 4
so
5 5 5 5
ln(P ) − ln(800 − P ) = t + ln(50) − ln(750).
4 4 4 4
Now plugging in P = 400 gives us
5 5
0 = t + ln(50) − ln(750)
4 4
So
5 5
t = ln(750) − ln(50) ≈ 3.38506.
4 4

1
2. Suppose the population of a certain species is modeled by the differential equation y 0 = ky 1.1 .
(a) Find a solution to this equation if the original population is y(0) = 1000.

We can seperate variables

dy
= ky 11/10
dx
1 −11/10
y dy = dx.
k
Integrating gives
10
− = x + C.
ky 1/10
Plugging in y(0) = 1000 we get
10
C=−
k ∗ 10001/10
so
10 10
− =x− .
ky 1/10 k ∗ 10001/10
Solving for y gives us
10
( )1 0.
107/10 − kx

(b) Show that there is a finite time t = T such that lim− y(t) = ∞.
t→T

7/10
107/10
As x → 10 k , the denominator 107/10 − kx approaches zero. Moreover, when x < k , y(x) > 0, hence the
limit from the left is positive ∞.

3. Write down an equation P (t) for the size of a bacterial colony if the growth rate is proportional to the size of the
population, the initial population at time t = 0 is 10,000, and after one hour (t = 1) the population has doubled.

The growth rate is proportional to the population, so the population function will be exponential:

P (t) = a ∗ bt .

The population doubles in one hour, so b = 2. The population at time 0 is 10000, so a = 1. Hence P (t) = 10000 ∗ 2t .

4. Find the general solution to the differential equation

dy 2
− 2xy = 2xex .
dx

This is a linear differential equation. It is already in standard form. Hence, we compute the integrating factor
2
R
−2xdx
m(x) = e = e−x .

2
 Hence,
2
2xex m(x)dx
R
y=
m(x)
R
2xdx
= −x2
e
x2 + C
= −x2 .
e

√
5. Solve the differential equation xy 0 = 56 x − y.

This is again a linear differential equation. We can rearrange it to get it in standard form:
√
0 1 x
y + y = 56 .
x x
Hence R 1
m(x) = e x dx = x.
Hence, √
R x
56 x m(x)dx
y=
m(x)
√
R
56 xdx
=
x
112 3/2
x +C
= 3 .
x

6. Find the solution to the initial value problem

dy cos(x)
x + 2y =
dx x
y(π) = 1

This is again a linear differential equation. To get it in standard form, we divide by x to get
dy 2 cos(x)
+ y=
dx x x2
Now we get
2
R
m(x) = e x dx = e2 ln(x) = (eln(x) )2 = x2 .
Hence,
m(x) ∗ cos(x)
R R
x2 dx cos(x)dx sin(x) + C
y= = = .
m(x) x2 x2
Plugging in our initial value gives
sin(π) + C C
1= 2
= 2
π π
so C = π 2 . Plugging that value back into the general solution gives us
sin(x) + π 2
y= .
x2

3
7. Find the solution to the initial value problem
dy
cos(x) = 1 − sin(x)y
dx
y(0) = 1

We rearrange the equation to get it into standard form:

dy sin(x) 1
+ y=
dx cos(x) cos(x)

Which simplifies to
dy
+ tan(x)y = sec(x).
dx
R
Hence m(x) = e tan(x)dx
= e− ln(cos(x)) = 1
eln(cos(x))
= sec(x). Hence

sec(x)2 dx
R
y=
sec(x)

tan(x) + C
= .
sec(x)
Plugging in our initial value gives
tan(0) + C
1= = C.
sec(0)
Hence
tan(x) + 1
y= .
sec(x)

8. The three following problems are different than the mixing problems you studied in Section 9.3, since the volume of
liquid in the tank is not constant. To solve these problems, first write an expression for V (t), the volume of liquid
in the tank at time t.

(a) A tank with a capacity of 800 L is full of a mixture of water and chlorine with a concentration of 0.025 g of
chlorine per liter. In order to reduce the concentration of chlorine, fresh water is pumped into the tank at a
rate of 8 L/s. The mixture is kept stirred and is pumped out at a rate of 20 L/s. Find the amount of chlorine
in the tank as a function of time.

The tank gains 8L of water per second, and loses 20L per second. Hence, the amount of water in the tank
at time t is 800 − 12t liters. Let cl(t) be the amount of chlorine in the tank at time t. We want to write a
differential equation for cl(t).
The tank is not gaining any chlorine. However, it is losing some chlorine every second. Hence,

totalchlorine cl(t)
cl0 (t) = −chlorinelostpersecond = −20 ∗ chlorinein1liter = −20 ∗ = −20 .
totalwater 800 − 12t
Now, we have a linear differential equation for cl(t). We can rearrange it to get it into standard form:
1
cl0 (t) + 20 cl(t) = 0.
800 − 12t
Hence,
R 1
800−12t dt
1
m(t) = e = eln(800−12t)/12 = 12
√ .
800 − 12t
Hence, R
0 ∗ m(t)dt C C
cl(t) = = √
= 12 .
m(t) √ 1
12 800 − 12t
800−12t

4
 Plugging in cl(0) = 0.025 gives us
C
√
0.025 = 12
800
So C ≈ 0.047, and
0.047
√
cl(t) ≈ 12 .
800 − 12t

(b) A tank begins with 100 litres of salt water in it. Salt water containing five kilograms per liter of salt is pumped
in at a rate of twenty litres per minute, and the mixed water is pumped out at a rate of ten litres per minute.
If the tank initially has ten kilograms of salt in it, find an equation for the amount of salt left in the tank in
kilograms as a function of time.

The amount of water in the tank is 100 + 10t. Let s(t) be the amount of salt at time t. Every minute, the
tank gains 20L ∗ 5kg/L = 100kg of salt. In the same time, the tank loses however much salt there is in 10L.
Hence,
s0 (t) = Saltgainedperminute − Saltlostperminute
s(t)
= 100 − 10 ∗ saltinoneliter = 100 − 10 ∗ .
100 + 10t
Simplifying we get
s(t)
s0 (t) = 100 − .
10 + t
Rearranging to get it in standard form yields
1
s0 (t) + s(t) = 100.
10 + t
1
R
So m(t) = e 10+t dt = 10 + t.
Hence R
100(10 + t)dt 50t2 + 1000t + C
s(t) = = .
10 + t 10 + t
C
Plugging in s(0) = 10 gives 10 = 10 so C = 100. Hence

50t2 + 1000t + 100

s(t) = .
10 + t

(c) A tank with a capacity of 1500 gals originally contains 1000 gals of fresh water. A pipe containing 12 lb of
salt per gallon is entering at a rate of 4 gal/min. A second pipe containing 13 lb of salt per gallon is entering
at a rate of 6 gal/min. The mixture is allowed to flow out of the tank at a rate of 5 gal/min. Find the amount
of salt in the tank at any time prior to the instant when the solution begins to overflow.

The total amount of water in the tank at time t is

1000 + 4 ∗ t + 6 ∗ t − 5 ∗ t = 1000 + 5t.

Let s(t) be the amount of salt at time t. The amount of salt entering the tank per minute is 12∗4+13∗6 = 126
pounds per minute. The amount of salt leaving the tank is however much is in five gallons:
s(t) s(t)
saltinfivegallonsofwater = 5 ∗ = .
1000 + 5t 200 + t
Hence,
s0 (t) = Saltgainedperminute − Saltlostperminute
s(t)
= 126 − .
200 + t

5
Putting it in standard form gives us
1
s0 (t) + s(t) = 126.
200 + t
Hence m(t) = 200 + t, so R
126(200 + t)dt 63t3 + 25200t + C
s(t) = = .
200 + t 200 + t
Plugging in s(0) = 0 gives us 0 = C/200, so C = 0.
We want to know s(t) at the time just before the tank overflows:

1500 = 1000 + 5t

100 = t
So s(100) = 10500.