Module 1.

11

HEALTH CARE
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. discuss the importance of proper waste management in health care facilities;
2. examine the laws and regulations governing health care waste management; and
3. describe the proper identification, segregation, collection, storage, transport,
treatment and disposal of health care wastes.
DEFINING HEALTH CARE WASTES
➢ Health care wastes refer to all solid or liquid wastes generated by any of the following activities:
❑ Diagnosis, treatment and immunization of humans;
❑ Research pertaining to diagnosis, treatment and immunization of humans;
❑ Research using laboratory animals geared towards improvement of human health;
❑ Production and testing of biological products; and
❑ Other activities performed by a health care facility that generates wastes.
DEFINING HEALTH CARE WASTES
➢ According to WHO, between 75% and 90% of wastes generated by health care activities on
average are non-hazardous
➢ The remaining 10% to 25% is considered hazardous and may be infectious, toxic or radioactive.
➢ In the Philippines, 30.37% of wastes from health care facilities are hazardous while the remaining
69.63% are general wastes.
➢ Philippine hospitals can generate an average of 0.34 kg of infectious sharps and pathological
wastes and 0.39 kg of general wastes per bed per day.
DEFINING HEALTH CARE WASTES
➢ All health care facilities, institutions, business establishments and other spaces where health care
services are offered with activities or work processes that generate healthcare wastes are called
health care generators. These include:
❑ Hospitals and medical centers
❑ Infirmaries
❑ Birthing homes
❑ Clinics and other health-related facilities (medical, ambulatory, dialysis, health care centers
and dispensaries, surgical, alternative medicine, dental and veterinary)
❑ Laboratories and research centers (medical lab, medical research centers, blood banks and
blood collection services, nuclear medicine, animal research and testing, drug testing, HIV)
❑ Drug manufacturers
❑ Institutions (drug rehabilitation centers, training centers for embalmers, medical technology
training centers, medical schools, nursing homes, dental schools)
❑ Mortuary and autopsy centers
CATEGORIES OF HEALTH CARE WASTES
1. Infectious Wastes
❑ All wastes suspected to contain pathogens or
toxins in sufficient concentration that may
cause diseases to a susceptible host.
❑ Includes discarded material or equipment used
for diagnosis, treatment and management of
patients with infectious diseases
❑ Examples: discarded microbial cultures, solid
wastes with infections such as dressings,
sputum cups, urine containers, and blood bags,
liquid wastes with infections such as blood,
urine, vomitus, and other body secretions and
food wastes coming from patients with highly
infectious diseases.
CATEGORIES OF HEALTH CARE WASTES
2. Pathological and Anatomical Wastes
❑ Tissue sections and body fluids or organs
derived from biopsies, autopsies or surgical
procedures sent to the laboratory for
examination.
❑ Anatomical wastes is a subgroup of
pathological wastes that refers to recognizable
body parts from amputation procedures
❑ Examples: internal organs and tissues used for
histopathological examination.
CATEGORIES OF HEALTH CARE WASTES
3. Sharps
❑ Waste items that can cause cuts, pricks or
puncture wounds
❑ Most dangerous health care waste because of
their potential to cause both injury and
infection
❑ Examples: used syringes, blood lancets, surgical
knives, and broken glasswares
CATEGORIES OF HEALTH CARE WASTES
4. Chemical Wastes
❑ Discarded chemicals (solid, liquid or gaseous)
generated during disinfection and sterilization
procedures.
❑ Includes wastes with high content of heavy
metals
❑ Examples: laboratory reagents, X-ray film
developing solutions, disinfectants and soaking
solutions, used batteries, concentrated
ammonia solutions and hydrogen peroxide,
chlorine and mercury from broken
thermometer
❑ Considered hazardous: toxic, corrosive acid,
flammable, and reactive
CATEGORIES OF HEALTH CARE WASTES
Chemical Waste Examples
Acids Acetic, chromic, hydrochloric, nitric, sulfuric
Alcohols Ethanol, isopropanol, phenols
Aldehydes Formaldehyde, potassium hydroxide, sodium
hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate
Bases Ammonium hydroxide, chlorine dioxide
Halogenated disinfectants Calcium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide
Halogenated solvents Chloroform, methylene chloride
Metals Arsenic, lead, mercury
Non-halogenated solvents Acetone, acetonitrile, ethanol, xylene
Other disinfectants Hydrogen peroxide
Oxidizers Potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate
Reducers Sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite
Miscellaneous Anesthetic gases, paints, pesticides
CATEGORIES OF HEALTH CARE WASTES
5. Pharmaceutical Wastes
❑ Refers to expired, spilt and contaminated
pharmaceutical products, drugs and vaccines
including discarded items
❑ Includes antineoplastic, cytotoxic, and
genotoxic wastes such as drug used in
oncology or radiotherapy
❑ Examples: empty drug vials, medicine bottles
and containers of cytotoxic drugs including
materials used for administration and
preparation such as syringes, needles and vials
CATEGORIES OF HEALTH CARE WASTES
6. Radioactive Wastes
❑ Exposed to radionuclides including radioactive diagnostic materials or radiotherapeutic
materials
❑ Residues from shipment of radioactive materials and unwanted solutions of radionuclides
intended for diagnostic or therapeutic use are examples of radioactive wastes as well as
liquids, gases, and solids contaminated with radionuclides whose ionizing radiations have
genotoxic effects.
❑ radioactive wastes include cobalt (Co 90), technetium (99 Tc), iodine (131 I) and iridium
(192 Ir), irradiated blood products and contaminated waste, patient's excretion, and all
materials used by patients exposed to radionuclides within 48 hours.
CATEGORIES OF HEALTH CARE WASTES
7. Non-hazardous or General Wastes
❑ Wastes that have not been in contact with communicable or infectious agents, hazardous
chemicals or radioactive substances and do not pose a hazard
❑ Examples: plastic bottles, used paper products, office wastes, scrap wood, and food
waste of non-infectious patients
▪ Recyclable wastes
▪ Biodegradable wastes
▪ Non-recyclable/Non-biodegradable wastes
IMPACT OF HEALTH CARE WASTES
➢ Individuals exposed to health care wastes such as medical staff (doctors, nurses,
medtechs, etc), in and out-patients, visitors, caregivers, support staff, waste haulers,
garbage pickers and the general public are potentially at risk of being injured or infected
➢ Other potential hazards: drug-resistant microorganisms
➢ Adverse health outcomes associated with health care wastes and by-products include:
❑ sharps-inflicted injuries
❑ toxic exposure to pharmaceutical products, in particular, antibiotics and cytotoxic
drugs released into the surrounding environment, and to substances such as
mercury or dioxins, during the handling or incineration of health care wastes
❑ chemical burns from disinfection, sterilization, or waste treatment activities
❑ Air pollution arising as a result of the release of particulate matter during medical
waste incineration
❑ thermal injuries occurring in conjunction with open burning and the operation of
medical waste incinerators
❑ radiation burns
IMPACT OF HEALTH CARE WASTES
➢ Guidelines in the treatment and disposal of health care wastes:
❑ The disposal of untreated health care wastes in landfills can lead to the
contamination of drinking, surface, and ground waters if those landfills are not
properly constructed.
❑ The treatment of health care wastes with chemical disinfectants can result in the
release of chemical substances into the environment if those substances are not
handled, stored, and disposed in an environmentally-sound manner.
❑ Incineration of waste is widely practiced, but inadequate incineration or the
incineration of unsuitable materials results in the release of pollutants into the air
Incinerated materials containing or treated with chlorine can generate dioxins and
furans, which are human carcinogens and have been associated with a range of
adverse health effects. Incineration of heavy metal or materials with high metal
content (in particular lead, mercury, and cadmium) can lead to the spread of toxic
metals in the environment.
IMPACT OF HEALTH CARE WASTES
➢ Guidelines in the treatment and disposal of health care wastes:
❑ Only modern incinerators operating at 850°C to 1100"C and fitted with special
gas- cleaning equipment are able to comply with the international emission
standards for dioxins and furans. It should be noted that disposal of health care
wastes by incineration is not allowed in the Philippines.
❑ Alternatives to incineration such as autoclaving, microwaving, and steam treatment
integrated with internal mixing, which minimize the formation and release of
chemicals or hazardous emissions should be given consideration in settings where
there are sufficient resources to operate and maintain such systems and disposal
of the treated waste.
IMPACT OF HEALTH CARE WASTES
The following are the benefits achieved through proper and strict compliance with standards on
the management of health care wastes:
❑ protection of patients, health workers, and the general population from the adverse
effects of health care wastes to human health
❑ contribution to the collaborative efforts around the world to protect the environment
from pollution and contamination caused by health care wastes;
❑ increased compliance of health care institutions to the laws, regulations, and guidelines
on health care wastes; and
❑ prevention of long-term liabilities and loss of reputation caused by violations to the laws,
regulations, and guidelines on health care wastes.
LEGISLATION, POLICIES, AND GUIDELINES
GOVERNING HEALTH CARE WASTES
➢ International agreements pertaining to health care waste management
❑ The Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer (1987)
❑ The Basel Convention on the Control of the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous
Wastes and their Disposal (1989)
❑ The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992)
❑ The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001)
❑ The ASEAN Framework Agreement on the Facilitation of Goods in Transit (1998)
LEGISLATION, POLICIES, AND GUIDELINES
GOVERNING HEALTH CARE WASTES
➢ National laws and policies on health care waste management
1. Republic Act No. 4226 “Hospital Licensure Act” (1965) – an act that requires the registration and
licensure of all hospitals in the country and mandates the DOH to provide guidelines for hospital
technical standards as to personnel, equipment, and physical facilities.

▪ DOH Administrative Order No. 70-A series of 2002 “Revised Rules and Regulations Governing
the Registration, Licensure, and Operation of Hospitals and Other Health Facilities in the
Philippines”

▪ DOH Administrative Order No. 2005-0029 dated December 12, 2005 “Amendment to
Administrative Order No. 70-A series of 2002 re: Revised Rules and Regulations, Licensures,
and Operations of Hospitals and Other Health Facilities in the Philippines

▪ DOH Administrative Order No. 2007-0027 dated August 22, 2007 “Revised Rules and
Regulations, Governing the Licensure and Regulation of Clinical Laboratories in the Philippines”
LEGISLATION, POLICIES, AND GUIDELINES
GOVERNING HEALTH CARE WASTES
➢ National laws and policies on health care waste management
2. Republic Act No. 6969 “An Act to Control Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes” (1990)

▪ DENR Administrative Order No. 36, series of 2004 “Revising DENR Administrative Order No.
29, series of 1992, to Further Strengthen the Implementation of Republic Act 6969 and
Prescribing the Use of the Procedural Manual”

▪ DOH-DENR Joint Administrative Order No. 02 series of 2005 dated August 24, 2005 entitled
“Policies and Guidelines on Effective and Proper Handling, Collection, Transport, Treatment,
Storage and Disposal of HCW”

▪ DOH Administrative Order 2007-2014 “Guidelines on the Issuance of Certificate of Product

Registration for Equipment or Devices Used for Treating Sharps, Pathological and Infectious
Waste”
LEGISLATION, POLICIES, AND GUIDELINES
GOVERNING HEALTH CARE WASTES
➢ National laws and policies on health care waste management

3. Republic Act No. 8749 “The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999”
4. Republic Act No. 9003 “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000”
5. Republic Act 9275 “The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004”
6. Presidential Decree 813 (1975) and Executive Order 927 (1983) “Strengthening the Functions of
Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA)”
LEGISLATION, POLICIES, AND GUIDELINES
GOVERNING HEALTH CARE WASTES
➢ National laws and policies on health care waste management

7. Presidential Decree 856 “The Code on Sanitation of the Philippines – Chapter XVII on Sewage
Collection and Excrete Disposal” (1998)

▪ Rules and Regulations Governing the Collection, Handling, Transport, Treatment, and Disposal of
Domestic Sludge and Septage (2004), a “Supplement to the IRR of Chapter XVII on Sewage Collection
and Disposal and Excreta Disposal and Drainage of 1998”

▪ Chapter XVIII of Presidential Decree 856 “The Code on Sanitation of the Philippines” on Refuse Disposal
(1998)

▪ Operation Manual on the Rules and Regulations Governing Domestic Sludge and Septage (June 2008)

▪ Administrative Order 2010-0033 “Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations of PD 856 Code on
Sanitation of the Philippines, Chapter XXI on Disposal of Dead Persons” (December 2010)
LEGISLATION, POLICIES, AND GUIDELINES
GOVERNING HEALTH CARE WASTES
➢ National laws and policies on health care waste management

8. Presidential Decree No. 984 “Providing for the Revision of Republic Act No. 3931, Commonly known
as the Pollution Control Law and for Other Purposes” (1976)

▪ DENR Administrative Order No. 34, series of 1990 “Revised Water Usage and
Classification/Water Quality Criteria Amending Section Nos. 68 and 69, Chapter III of the 1978
National Pollution Control Commission (NPCC now EMB) Rules and Regulations

▪ DENR Administrative Order No. 35, series of 1990 “Effluent Regulations”

▪ DENR Administrative Order No. 26, series of 1992, “Amending Memorandum Circular No. 02,
series of 1981: Appointment/Designation of Pollution Control Officers”
LEGISLATION, POLICIES, AND GUIDELINES
GOVERNING HEALTH CARE WASTES
➢ National laws and policies on health care waste management

9. Presidential Decree No. 1586 “Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System”

10. Executive Order No. 301 “Establishing a Green Procurement Program for All Departments, Bureaus,
Offices and Agencies of the Executive Branch of Government” (2004)
11. DOH Administrative Order No. 2008-0021 dated July 30, 2008 “Gradual Phaseout of Mercury in all
Philippine Health Care Facilities and Institutions”

▪ Department Memorandum No. 2011-0145, “Guidelines for the Temporary Storage of Mercury
Wastes in HCF in Accordance with AO No. 0021, s. 2008 on the Gradual Phaseout of Mercury
in all Philippine health care facilities and institutions”
LEGISLATION, POLICIES, AND GUIDELINES
GOVERNING HEALTH CARE WASTES
➢ National laws and policies on health care waste management

12. DOH Administrative Order No. 2008-0023 dated July 30, 2008 “National Policy on Patient Safety”
13. DOH “Manual on Health Care Waste Management” in 2011 (Revising the 2007 Health Care Waste
Management Manual)
14. Philhealth Benchbook for Quality Assurance in health care (2006)
15. BFAD Memorandum Circular No. 22, series of 1994, “Inventory, Proper Disposal, and/or Destruction
of Used Vials or Bottles” and BFAD Bureau Circular No. 16, series of 1999: “Amending BFAD MC No.
22 dated September 8, 1994, Regarding Inventory, Proper Disposal and/or Destruction of Used Vials
or Bottles”
HEALTH CARE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
➢ Highly preferable to prevent the
generation of wastes and to reduce the
quantity of generated wastes by using
different methods of reusing, recycling,
and recovering wastes.
HEALTH CARE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

➢ Green Procurement Policy

❑ Involves two aspects: waste prevention and waste reduction.

❑ Waste reduction from the source is implemented by encouraging proper

waste segregation to determine the nature and volume of generated

wastes to allow efficient waste management at the least cost.
HEALTH CARE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
➢ Reusing
❑ refers to either finding a new application for a used material or using the sum product
for the same application repeatedly.
❑ Example: laboratory glassware like glass culture tubes can be used repeatedly after
decontamination.
➢ Recycling
❑ refers to the processing of used materials into new products.
❑ Example: Computer printouts from the hospital, can be sold and recycled into new
paper products.
➢ Recovery of waste
❑ (1) energy recovery - waste is converted to fuel generating electricity or for direct
heating of premises and
❑ (2) a term used to encompass three subsets of waste recovery: recycling composting,
and energy recovery.
HEALTH CARE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
➢ For wastes that cannot be safely reused, recycled, or recovered, the end of pipe approach is
implemented.
❑ Two aspects:
▪ Waste treatment - the process of changing the biological and chemical
characteristics of waste to minimize its potential to cause harm.
▪ Waste disposal - refers to discharging, depositing, placing, or releasing any
health care waste into air, land, or water.
➢ Not all types of wastes require treatment.
❑ Example: Food wastes from in-patients can be disposed of through composting
without the need for treatment. However, some materials need to be treated first
before disposal. Effluent wastewater from hospitals, for example, needs to undergo
sewage treatment prior to its release to the environment.
SEGREGATION, COLLECTION, STORAGE AND
TRANSPORT OF HEALTH CARE WASTES
➢ Hazardous wastes must never be mixed with general wastes
➢ There must be a waste management officer responsible for the management of the health
care wastes of a facility
➢ Effective management of health care wastes considers the basic elements of waste
minimization, identification, and segregation.
❑ Segregation – process of separating different types of waste at the point of generation
until their final disposal
❑ Proper placement, labelling of waste bins and use of color-coded plastic liners must be
strictly implemented.
▪ Purpose – make it easier for personnel in a health care facility to put waste into
correct bins and maintain segregation during collection, storage, transport,
treatment and disposal.
 GUIDELINES FOR THE PROPER LABELLING, MARKING, AND
COLOR CODING FOR WASTE SEGREGATION IN HEALTH CARE
FACILITIES

Type of Waste Specifications

Infectious Waste BIN
• Strong leak-proof bin with cover labelled
“Infectious” with biohazard symbol

LINER
• Yellow plastic that can withstand
autoclaving with 0.009 mm thickness and
labelled "infectious Waste" with a tag
indicating source and weight of waste
INFECTIOUS
WASTE
INFECTIOUS
WASTE and date of collection, may or may not
have biohazard symbol
 GUIDELINES FOR THE PROPER LABELLING, MARKING, AND
COLOR CODING FOR WASTE SEGREGATION IN HEALTH CARE
FACILITIES

Type of Waste Specifications

Pathological and Anatomical Waste BIN
• Strong leak-proof bin with cover labelled
“Pathological/Anatomical Waste” with
biohazard symbol

LINER
• Yellow plastic that can withstand
autoclaving with 0.009 mm thickness and
labelled “Pathological/Anatomical Waste"
with a tag indicating source and weight of
PATHOLOGICAL/ PATHOLOGICAL/
ANATOMICAL
WASTE
ANATOMICAL
WASTE
waste and date of collection, may or may
not have biohazard symbol
 GUIDELINES FOR THE PROPER LABELLING, MARKING, AND
COLOR CODING FOR WASTE SEGREGATION IN HEALTH CARE
FACILITIES

Type of Waste Specifications

Sharps BIN
• Puncture-proof container with wide mouth
and cover labelled “Sharps”

LINER
• Not applicable
 GUIDELINES FOR THE PROPER LABELLING, MARKING, AND
COLOR CODING FOR WASTE SEGREGATION IN HEALTH CARE
FACILITIES

Type of Waste Specifications

Chemical Waste BIN
• Labelled “Chemical Waste”; for liquid
chemical waste, inside the bin is a
disposal bottle made of amber-colored
glass with at least 4 liters capacity that is
strong, chemical-resistant, and leak-
proof.

LINER
• Yellow with black band plastic with 0.009
CHEMICAL
WASTE
CHEMICAL
WASTE thickness and labelled “Chemical Waste”
with a tag indicating source and weight of
waste and date of collection
 GUIDELINES FOR THE PROPER LABELLING, MARKING, AND
COLOR CODING FOR WASTE SEGREGATION IN HEALTH CARE
FACILITIES

Type of Waste Specifications

Pharmaceutical Waste BIN
• Strong leak-proof bin with cover labelled
“Pharmaceutical Waste” for expired drugs
containers and “Cytotoxic Waste” for
cytotoxic, genotoxic and antineoplastic
waste.

LINER
• Yellow with black band plastic with 0.009
thickness and labelled “Pharmaceutical
PHARMACEUTICAL
WASTE
PHARMACEUTICAL
WASTE Waste” with a tag indicating source and
weight of waste and date of collection
 GUIDELINES FOR THE PROPER LABELLING, MARKING, AND
COLOR CODING FOR WASTE SEGREGATION IN HEALTH CARE
FACILITIES

Type of Waste Specifications

Radioactive Waste BIN
• Radiation proof repositories, leak-proof
and lead-lined container labelled with
name of radionuclide and date of
deposition with radioactive symbol

LINER
• Orange plastic with 0.009 mm thickness
and labelled “Radioactive” with a tag
indicating name of radionuclide and date
of deposition.
 GUIDELINES FOR THE PROPER LABELLING, MARKING, AND
COLOR CODING FOR WASTE SEGREGATION IN HEALTH CARE
FACILITIES

Type of Waste Specifications

General Waste BIN
• Optional recycle symbol for recyclable
non-hazardous wastes; varying sized
depending on the volume of waste

LINER
• Black or colorless plastic for non-
biodegradable and green for
biodegradable with a thickness of 0.009
mm with a tag indicating source, weight
of waste, and date of collection
SEGREGATION, COLLECTION, STORAGE AND
TRANSPORT OF HEALTH CARE WASTES
➢ Highly infectious waste must be disinfected at source
➢ Anatomical waste including recognizable body parts, placenta waste
and organs should be disposed through safe burial or cremation
➢ Pathological waste must be refrigerated if not collected or treated
within 24 hours
➢ Sharps must be shredded or crushed before they are transported to the
landfill
➢ Chemical and pharmaceutical waste shall be segregated and collected
separately
➢ Radioactive waste has to be decayed to background radiation levels
➢ All waste bins must be properly covered to prevent cross
contamination
SEGREGATION, COLLECTION, STORAGE AND
TRANSPORT OF HEALTH CARE WASTES
➢ Health care facilities should have storage areas:
❑ Cytotoxic waste must be stored separately from other wastes in a
designated secured location
❑ Radioactive wastes must be stored in containers that can prevent
dispersion of radiation
➢ There must be a regular on-site collection of wastes, and these must be
transported using designated trolleys to the facility’s waste treatment area or
waste storage facility
❑ During on-site collection and transport, the personnel handling the waste
must be properly trained and should wear appropriate PPEs
❑ For off-site transport of health care wastes, only accredited DENR
transporters and official waste collectors are allowed to transport waste
from the health care facility to a TSD (Treatment/Storage/Disposal) facility
or to the final disposal site.
TREATMENT OF DISPOSAL OF HEALTH
CARE WASTES
1. Pyrolysis
▪ thermal decomposition of health care wastes in the absence of supplied
molecular oxygen in the destruction chamber where the said waste is
converted into gaseous, liquid or solid form.
2. Autoclave
▪ use of steam sterilization to render waste harmless and is an efficient wet
thermal disinfection process.
▪ usual setting of 121ºC with a pressure of 15 psi for 15 to 30 minutes.
3. Microwave
▪ incorporates some type of size reduction device.
▪ Waste is exposed to microwaves that raise the temperatures to 100ºC for
at least 30 minutes.
▪ Microorganisms are destroyed by moist heat which irreversibly coagulates
and denatures enzymes and structured proteins
TREATMENT OF DISPOSAL OF HEALTH
CARE WASTES
4. Chemical disinfection
▪ sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, peroxyacetic acid and heated
alkali are added to health care wastes to kill or inactivate present pathogen
5. Biological process
▪ uses an enzyme mixture to decontaminate health care wastes.
▪ The resulting by-product is put through an extruder to remove water for
wastewater disposal
6. Encapsulation
▪ involves the filling of containers with waste, adding and immobilizing
material, and sealing the containers
▪ Process uses either cubic boxes made of high-density polyethylene or
metallic drums that are three-quarters filled with sharps, chemicals or
pharmaceutical residues.
7. Inertization
▪ suitable for pharmaceutical waste that involves the mixing of waste with
cement and other substances before disposal.
TREATMENT OF DISPOSAL OF HEALTH
CARE WASTES
➢ Landfill
❑ an engineered site designed to keep waste isolated from the environment
❑ Must secure proper permit from DENR
❑ For health care facilities in far-flung areas with no access to landfills,
disposal is usually through safe burial.
▪ Only applicable to treated infectious wastes, sharps, pathological and
anatomical wastes, small quantities of encapsulated/inertisized solid
chemical and pharmaceutical wastes and only allowed in health care
facilities located in remote areas.
▪ Used sharps and syringes can also be disposed using septic/concrete
vaults if the health care facility has no access to TSD facility.
THANK YOU!