Name: Samantha Bellaire Date: 10/4/2024

Student Exploration: Golf Range

Vocabulary: acceleration, air resistance, gravity, hang time, launch angle, projectile motion,
trajectory, vector, velocity

Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)

1. You are in a contest with your friends to see who can drive a golf ball the farthest. Should
you hit a “line drive” (low to the ground) or a shot with a very high angle? Explain.

You should hit the shot with a very high angle because the golf ball will drive further with a
higher shot (accelerate more).

2. Golf drives travel much farther than Major League home runs. Why might this be?

The golf ball can travel further as it can stay airborne longer since it has lower gravity and less
air resistance because of its mass.

Gizmo Warm-up
Have you ever hit a hole-in-one? You will have a chance to do
that in the Golf Range Gizmo, where you will see how a variety of
factors affect the path of a golf ball. The movement of objects
such as a ball through space is called projectile motion.

1. Press Play ( ). Did the ball go too far, the right distance,

or not far enough? Not far enough.

2. Click Reset ( ). Move the vinitial and θ sliders to adjust the velocity and launch angle until
you get a hole-in-one. (With the Gizmo sound on ( ) you will hear “Hole in one!”)

What were the velocity and launch angle values? The velocity was 64 (or 65) m/s and the
launch angle 45 degrees. I also got it at 68 m/s and 30 degrees.

3. Can you get holes-in-one using other combinations of vinitial and θ? If so, give an example.
Yes, I got it at 68 m/s and 30 degrees and 100 m/s and 72 degrees.

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 Get the Gizmo ready:
Activity A:
• Click Reset and check that Atmosphere: Air is
Maximum
selected.
distance
• Set vinitial to 75 m/s and θ to 45.0 degrees.

Question: What launch angle will produce the longest drive?

1. Form hypothesis: What launch angle do you think will yield the longest drive? 45 degrees

2. Experiment: Turn on the Show grid checkbox. With the velocity set to 75 m/s, experiment
with a variety of launch angles until you find the one that yields the longest driving distance.

A. What launch angle produced the longest drive? 45 degrees

B. How far did the ball travel? 380 meters (the 42 degrees also produced a similar
drive).

3. Observe: Click Reset and turn on Show paths. Click Clear paths. Take a swing with the
optimum launch angle. The curved path the ball takes through the air is its trajectory.

Look closely at the trajectory. Does it appear symmetrical? No.

The curve is slightly steeper on the right than on the left as a result of air resistance.

4. Experiment: Click Reset, then select Atmosphere: None. As before, use trial and error until
you find the launch angle that produces the longest drive.

A. What launch angle produced the longest drive? 45 degrees

B. How far did the ball travel? 570 m

C. Why do you think the ball traveled farther in this situation? It traveled further since
there was no air resistance.

5. Extend your thinking: The Moon has much less gravity than Earth and has an extremely thin
atmosphere. How would these factors affect the trajectory of a golf ball on the Moon?
They would affect the trajectory of the golf ball on the moon because there is much lower gravity
and air resistance, causing the ball to stay in the air longer and travel further.

Get the Gizmo ready:

Activity B:
• Click Clear paths and select Atmosphere: None.
Physics of
• Turn off Show grid and Show paths.
projectile motion
• You will need a scientific calculator for this activity.

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Introduction: Velocity is an example of a vector quantity because it describes the speed and
direction of an object. The velocity of an object through space can be shown by two
components: a horizontal component (vx) and a vertical component (vy).

Question: How does the velocity of an object change as it flies through space?

1. Observe: Click Reset. Turn on Show velocity vector and Show velocity components. Set
vinitial to 50 m/s and set θ to 45.0 degrees. Click Play. Focus on the blue and red arrows that
represent the vertical and horizontal components of the golf ball’s velocity.

A. As the ball flies through the air, what do you notice about the blue (vertical) arrow?

The arrow changes position.

B. As the ball flies through the air, what do you notice about the red (horizontal) arrow?

It doesn’t change position.

C. Try other velocities and launch angles. Do these results hold up? Yes.

2. Calculate: You can use trigonometry to find the initial horizontal and vertical components of
the ball’s velocity. Take out your calculator now. Click Reset, and turn off Show velocity
vector and Show velocity components. Set vinitial to 50.0 m/s and θ to 60.0 degrees.

A. To calculate vx, multiply vinitial by the cosine of the angle: vx = vinitial • cos(θ): 25

B. To calculate vy, multiply vinitial by the sine of the angle: vy = vinitial • sin(θ): 43

C. Turn on Show velocity components. Were you correct? Yes.

3. Analyze: An object flying through the air is said to be in free fall. As you observed, the
horizontal component of velocity (vx) does not change as the object moves, but the vertical
component (vy) decreases over time. (Note: Air resistance is not included in this model.)

A. What force causes vy to change as the golf ball travels? The force of gravity causes
the ball to accelerate, changing its velocity.

B. Why doesn’t vx change as the object travels? (Hint: Are there any horizontal forces

acting on the ball?) There are no horizontal forces like air resistance acting on the

ball.

(Activity B continued on next page)

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Activity B (continued from previous page)

4. Set up Gizmo: Acceleration is a change in velocity. As the ball moves through its trajectory,
it undergoes a downward acceleration due to the force of gravity. To calculate the
acceleration of a falling object, divide the velocity change by the time interval.

a = (vcurrent – vinitial) / t

Set vinitial to 75.0 m/s and θ to 60.0 degrees. Record the initial vertical velocity of the golf ball
in the first row of the table below. Include all units.

Time (s) vy (m/s)

0.00 s 64.95 m/s
4.60 s 19.87 m/s

5. Gather data: Click Play, and then click Pause ( ) at some point before the ball reaches its
peak height. Record the time and vy in the table.

6. Calculate: Compute the velocity difference by subtracting the initial velocity from the current
velocity (your answer should be a negative number). Then divide this number by the time to
find the acceleration. (Units of acceleration are meters per second per second, or m/s2.)

Velocity difference: 45.08 Time: 4.6 s Acceleration: -9.8 m/s^2

7. Compare: Turn on Advanced features and observe the value of g, a measure of

gravitational acceleration. Gravitational acceleration is the negative of g: a = – g.

Is the value of g equal to the negative of the acceleration you measured? Yes

8. Experiment: Click Reset. Try launching the ball with different values of g. How does the
value of g affect the flight of the ball?
Gravity is inversely proportional to the flight distance of the ball: less gravity allows it to travel
further, whereas more gravity causes it to travel less.

9. Extend your thinking: One of the problems aeronautical engineers face is building rockets
that generate enough thrust to escape Earth’s gravitational field. How would this problem be
affected if the rocket was launched from the Moon? From a massive planet such as Jupiter?
Since there is less gravity on the moon, it would be easier to launch. Since there is more gravity
on Jupiter, it would be harder to launch.

Get the Gizmo ready:

Activity C:
• Set vinitial to 75 m/s, θ to 50.0 degrees, and g to
Hang time 9.8 m/s2. (Be sure Advanced features is on.)
• Check that Atmosphere: None is selected.

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Question: How can you calculate the distance a golf ball travels?

1. Think about it: Suppose you know a golf ball’s horizontal velocity (vx) and the time it had
traveled through the air (t). How could you calculate how far the ball traveled?

You can calculate the distance using one of the kinematics equations: (initial velocity)(time) =
1/2 (at^2) = D

2. Observe: What is the initial value of vy? 57.45 m/s

3. Calculate: The vertical velocity of a projectile is found with the equation: vy = vy(initial) – gt.

A. What will be the value of vy when the ball is at the top of its trajectory? -1.35 m/s

B. Using the equation above, solve for t when vy = 0.0 m/s, vy(initial) = 57.45 m/s, and

g = 9.81 m/s2. 5.87 seconds

C. Now use the same method to determine how long it will take the ball to fall from its

maximum height to the ground: 5.87 seconds

D. Based on your answers to B and C, how long will the ball spend in the air? 11.72
seconds

This is the hang time of the ball.

4. Check: Now press Play and observe the total time the ball spends in the air.

Were your calculations correct? Yes

5. Evaluate: Click Reset. If the ball has a horizontal velocity (vx) and a hang time (t), you can
find the horizontal distance the ball travels using d = vx • t (distance = velocity × time).

A. What is the horizontal velocity of the golf ball? 48.21 m/s

B. What is the hang time of the ball? 11.72 s

C. How far will the ball travel before it hits the ground? 565 m

D. Turn on Show grid and click Play. About how far did the ball travel? 565 m

(Activity C continued on next page)

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Activity C (continued from previous page)

6. Calculate: Click Reset. Set vinitial to 50 m/s and θ to 40 degrees. Use what you have learned
to calculate vx, vy, the hang time of the ball, and the horizontal distance the ball will travel.

vx 38.3 m/s vy 32.14 m/s Hang time 6.56 s Distance 245 m

7. Test: Check your answers using the Gizmo. Were your calculations correct? Yes

8. Apply: Complete the following table, first calculating the answers and then verifying them
with the Gizmo. Include all units.

vinitial θ vx (m/s) vy(initial) (m/s) Hang time (s) Distance (m)

60 m/s 30° 51.96 30.0 6.12 320
30 m/s 45° 21.21 21.21 4.33 100
80 m/s 60° 40.00 69.28 14.14 560
50 m/s 75° 12.94 49.30 9.85 120

9. Challenge yourself: A classic problem in projectile motion is how far a projectile will travel if
launched from a cliff. To solve this problem, you need to use the free-fall equation: h = gt 2/2.

Click Reset. Check that the selected atmosphere is None. With the Advanced features
checkbox turned on, set the height of the person (hperson) to 200.0 m. Set vinitial to 50.0 m/s,
θ to 0.0 degrees, and g to 9.8 m/s2.

A. Solve the free-fall equation (h = gt 2/2) for t. 31 s

B. Calculate the time it will take the ball to fall to the ground from a height of 200 meters

and acceleration (g) of 9.81 m/s2. 6.39 s

C. Based on the time and the horizontal velocity, how far will the ball travel horizontally?

184.5 m

D. Press Play. What were the actual hang time and distance? 6.39 s and 320 m

10. Advanced challenge: Click Reset. Change θ to 30°. Calculate the hang time and distance
traveled. (Hint: Use vy = vy(initial) – gt for the time to apex, h = hinitial + gt 2/2 for the height of
the apex, and h = gt 2/2 for the time from apex to ground.)

Predicted hang time:9.5 s Predicted distance traveled: 425 m

Check your answers: Actual hang time: 9.43 s Actual distance: 400 m

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