STUDY GUIDE OVERVIEW

The results and discussion serve to interpret and

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 describe the significance of the research findings in
relation to what was already known about the
2ND QUARTER research problem being investigated and to explain
1ST Semester any new understanding or insights that emerged as a
result of the research.
By
RESULTS vs DISCUSSION
ROMMEL G. SORIANO
LPT, MA-EADM RESULTS presents the findings conducted from the
Teacher-Researcher analyses, whereas in the DISCUSSION section it explains
Teacher-Trainer what the results mean and connect them to prior
Curricularist research studies.

PRESENTATION OF DATA TECHNIQUES:

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(CHAPTER 4) presentation of results are - TEXTUAL PRESENTATION
based on your chosen data
- PRESENTATION OF DATA collection in the completion - TABULAR PRESENTATION
- ANALYSIS AND OF INTERPRETATION OF DATA of the final quantitative
research paper. This may - TABULAR WITH TEXTUAL
also be useful to achieve a ANALYSIS
creative organized visual
image of the results. - GRAPHICAL METHODS

1. TEXTUAL PRESENTATION Example:

Textual presentations use In April 2020, the total population 15 years old and over
words, statements or was estimated at 73.7 million wherein the number of
paragraphs with numerals, persons who were in the labor force was reported at 41.1
numbers or measurements million according to the Labor Force Survey (LFS) results.
to describe data. They can This placed the labor force participation rate (LFPR) at
be used independently to 55.7 percent, which means that three in every five of the
describe the data when population aged 15 years and over were either employed
there are very few or unemployed. This is the lowest in the history of the
quantities or numbers. Philippine labor market due to the Coronavirus disease
They can also be used to 2019 (COVID-19). (psa.gov.ph)
compare data using
paragraphs for the
discussion.
2. TABULAR A good table should include the following parts:
PRESENTATION
- Table number and title - which should be placed above the table and the title is usually
Tables present clear and written right after the table number.
organized data. A table - Caption subheading refers to columns and rows.
must be clear and simple - Body contains all the information under each subheading.
but comprehensible. - Source indicates if the data is secondary or it should be acknowledged.

Example:

3. TABULAR WITH TEXTUAL ANALYSIS

STUDY GUIDE A table facilitates representation of even large amounts of

data in an attractive, easy to read and organized manner.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 The data is organized in rows and columns. This is one of
the most widely used forms of presentation of data since
2ND QUARTER data tables are easy to construct and read.
1ST Semester

Example:
4. GRAPHICAL METHODS TYPES: 1. LINE GRAPH

A graph or chart portrays - LINE GRAPH is a graphical presentation of data that shows a
the visual presentation of - DOUBLE LINE GRAPH continuous change or trend. It may show an ascending or
data using symbols such as - BAR GRAPH/BAR CHART descending trend.
lines, dots, bars or slices. It HORIZONTAL
depicts the trend of a VERTICAL
certain set of - PIE CHART
measurements or shows
comparison.

Example:

2. DOUBLE LINE GRAPH Example:

is a line graph with two

STUDY GUIDE lines connecting points to
show continuous change.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

2ND QUARTER
1ST Semester

3. BAR GRAPH/BAR CHART Example:

uses bars to compare

categories of data. It may
be drawn vertically or
horizontally.
* TYPES: Example:

HORIZONTAL/VERTICAL
GRAPHS

A Horizontal Bar Graph may contain more than five (5) categories. A bar graph is plotted
on either the x-axis or y-axis.

A Vertical Bar Graph is best to use when comparing means or percentages between
distinct categories. The categories are measured independently and compared with one
another.

5. PIE CHART Example:

is usually used to show how

parts of a whole compare
to each other and to the
whole. The entire circle
represents the total and the
parts are proportional to
the amount of the total
they represent.

ANALYSIS/INTERPRETATION OF DATA Example:

Generally, refers to making sense and - SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social
communicating of the responses.
Sciences)
DATA ANALYSIS also makes use of - SQL (Structured Query Language)
statistical software to analyze data
elements such as; - ETL (Extract, Transform, Load)
- BI (Business Intelligence)
- population
- sample - Data Modelling
- variable - Statistical Analysis Tools
- value
ANALYSIS AND INTREPRETATION OF DATA

A. STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES IN DATA ANALYSIS/INTERPRETATION:

1. CODING SYSTEM

Analyze data means to quantify or change the verbally expressed data into numerical information. Converting the
words, images, or pictures into numbers, they become fit for any analytical procedures requiring knowledge of
arithmetic and mathematical computations. But it is not possible for the researcher to do the mathematical operations
such as division, multiplication, or subtraction in the word level, unless you code the verbal responses and observation
categories.

2. TABULATION

For easy classification and distribution of numbers based on a certain criterion, you have to collate them with the help
of a graph called Table. Used for frequency and percentage distribution, this kind of graph is an excellent data
organizer that researchers find indispensable.

a. Frequency of Distribution
b. Measure of Central Tendency
c. Standard Deviation

3. ADVANCED QUANTITATIVE ANALYTICAL METHODS

Analysis of quantitative data that involves the use of more complex statistical methods needing computer software like
the SPSS, STATA, or MINITAB, among others, occurs for graduate-level students taking their MA or PhD degrees. Some
of the advanced method of quantitative data analysis are the following (Argyous 2011; Levin & Fox 2014; Godwin 2014;
as cited by Baraceros 2016)

a. Correlation
b. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
c. Regression
B. ANALYZING DIFFERENCES AND RELATIONSHIPS:

1. CORRELATION ANALYSIS
- Simple Correlation
Linear Correlation
- Direct
- Inverse
- Multiple Correlation
- Non-Linear Correlation
- Joint Correlation
- Partial Correlation
* Coefficient Correlation

To obtain the quantitative value of the extent of the relationship between two sets of items, it is necessary to calculate
the correlation coefficient. The values of the coefficient of correlation ranges between +1 to -1. Zero represents no
relationship.

- The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (Pearson r)

- The Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient (Spearman Rho)

2. LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS

Linear regression is the simplest and commonly used statistical measure for prediction studies. It is concerned with
finding an equation that used the known values of one or more variables, called the independent or predictor
variables, to estimate the unknown value of a quantitative variable called the dependent or criterion. It is a prediction
when a variable (Y) is dependent on a second variable (X) based on the regression equation of a given set of data.
3. CHI-SQUARE (X2)

The chi-square (Greek letter chi, X2 ) is the most commonly used method of comparing proportions. It is particularly
useful in tests evaluating a relationship between nominal or ordinal data. Typical situations or settings are cases where
persons, events or objects are grouped in two or more nominal categories such as “Yes-No” responses, “Favor-Against-
Undecided” or class “A, B, C or D”.
CONSTRUCTIVE ACTIVITIES

1. Written Task
(Individual)

2. Performance Task
(Group)

State one observation during

the conduct of your group’s
CONCEPT APPLICATION:
pilot testing of your survey
questionnaire.
Using the information
from the lesson. Describe
the situation/condition
WRITTEN TASK _________________________
during the data collection
procedure focusing on the
pilot testing. Provide
detail/s stated in the next
column. Write on ½ sheet
of paper crosswise.

COLLABORATIVE WORK

Work with your respective group members. Provide the

results of the pilot testing of your survey questionnaire.
GROUP TASK
Tabulate the initial results from your respondents. Write
on one (1) whole sheet of paper.