After Break [NOV 12] -

Chapter 3

E Sout
of Differentiation
Applications definition Example #1 continued
>
-

A critical number of function + is a number

LED C f'(c) 0 or 'LL) DNE
a critical
=
is a number

either f' (l) DNE numberator = 0

=
0 or . >
-

9(x 3)(x + 3)
0
)
=

f(x)
-

= 0 = -

be defined
let +
9X0x
on 0
0x + 3 =

Example
:
Extrema : - -
3 =

interval I
,
continuous
= -
3

=
some x = 3 x

I
4 No extrema C.
containing
x" 0 =x
= o

when
f(x) undefined /DNE
=

-x

of t I if
① fle) MIN
Cz 0
=
is on
Ly 3
a
C
-
=
3 =

Critical values
: ,
,
XxE I
↓ () 1 f (x)
V > for
-
every/for all

I if
Max off on
② +(c) is a

I
f(l) = +(x) XxE
# 2
y
=
2x - 3x4 - 11x13
Example :
critical number =
mins
>maxs

&
-

113

-) -
aY
GMAX(1)

I
Has MIN(-1) =
a

· Derivative of
* since wave = cosine

- all equivalent [Sety' =

0]

-
I
2
- -

Example critical number

derivative
& numerators
areenominator
:
undefined
=

so

must equal be

i
tanc 1 -

y
=
be
must
(-) x
=
1

= o
x
y'undefined when
1
C
=

C
= 0

Critical values :
,

interval I if it is either increasing

A function f is strictly montonic on

.
Sheet the entire interval
Example decreasing on
Extrema Example
: or

#"

e
e
f(x)
= f(x) =

Example
:

to : i
x

e
y =

- -e

y
= In

l a

ses
① reflection over
y
=x

-"-r = ② composite + (g(x))

: = x
=

g(f(x)

is
simplified
~ In
tacoa
 Home wort
After Break [NOV 12] -
Chapter 3

B 2

absolute
If t [a b] the I has both an
max
EUT :
Example continuous
is on
:
Extrema Sheet ,
Example value +(d) at some

rule] = 2
value + (2)
& an absolute min

derivative
of 2x [chain c de [a , b]
arguement
>
- ,
# 7
f(x) =
2 sinc-cos2x over [0 . 2) the

a4
1- sin 2x)(2)
cos
-

+ (x) = 2

2x
+ 2 Sin
f(x) = 2coS

a
·
t

[ notdealwarguements
do
sinc cos
= 2
Sin 2x1

f (x) =
2 cos + 2 (a since cos)
Cos
since
-
2 Los + 4

↓
v
form
2 coson)1 + I since) -
fully factored
and if f'(l)
Fermat's Theorm : I has a local max or min at c

0 =
2 cos(1 + 2 sinx) exists the f'(l =
0
,

=
1 + 2 sinc is
2 cos
= 0 or min & c then c a

= -1 : Ift has local max or

2 sinc
= 0 - -
LoS
22 critical number of f
x
= sin
-I
= 2
sinc
and differentiable
Rolle's Thorm : let + be a continous function on [a , b]

=
-

exist
2100
on
[a ,
b] . -
there

Critical values .
least one
cla 1 b)
the - at
43308 Ff +(a) +(b)
I ,
·
=
,
-
=

S .
t .
f'(l) = 0

Cy
=
- so that

Example
:

# 2 * - 2x ? (E(-212) St f'() = 0

Find all
f(x)
.

Let +(x) = x

·%
nY
f(x) is continuous on [-2 2] ? ,

is differentiable on
(-2 , 2) .

I
S :
Rolle's theorm
-

By
. Since f(-2) = 8 = +(2)
(2 , 2)
point
in
~ at least one

S .
tf' (c) = 0

21 IC

=
-
2

·
- z
g
2

f'(x) = 4x3 -
4x

#
= 4x(x2 - 1)

1)
↑ '(x) =
4x(x 1)(x + -

4x(x 1)(x - + 1) = 0

0x + 1 = 0
0 x 1 =
4x = -

cannot be o

f'(x) is never undefined as i

x
= 0 x =
1 x
=

-
1

4(x 1)(x 1) 0
(-1 , -2)
=

=-1
+
Global Mine
-
-

:
1
-1
(2
=

C 0
C
=
=

Critical Numbers
: ,
,

:
Global Max & (1 , 2)
+ 1
= 0x -
1 = 0
= 1
4 0x
-Global/Absolute Myi
=

left
end
-

=
x
=

- 1 x
=
1 f) -2) Global/Absolute Min
t

Y
↓ (x) is
increasing on
interval f(-1)
- 1 -
such that
So in (2 2) there
=

are three a values

(-8 -1) U (1 8) ,

+ (x) decreasing + (c)

on , 0
is . 0 =

(0) Local/relative
=

↑
-

f(x) =
0e(x = 1
,
x
= -

1] & Max
f(.)
1
do not
= -

>
- critical values include
-
1 or 1
>
-
Global/Absolute Min
↑ord + ]-
Righted
because not at

that point Global/Absolute

>
-
Max
interval
 %3
+

Find the
open
intervals on which f(x) =

x"-exh is increasing
or
decreasing
y = Since + cos 10 24] ,

f (x) =
3x2 - 3x y = cosc-since

Sins-COSC
f
'
(x) 3x(x 1) y"
-

= =

y "to
-

set zero
>
-

0
1)
=

3x(x -
= 0 - sinc-cos

-coS

o
Sinc =

critical values -I
fanc =

numberstoranumbers
x
3x

-
1
-

- -
+ ↓

t
# , = critical

o
! " -
Sinx-coss( -

↑
↑ "(x)
=
+ -

increasing

·
↓ (x) increasing decreasing
:

10 1)
I
in
8) and decreasing
.

S +(x) is
increasing
in (-5 0) and (1
,
,

f((x) = - + -

Example 8 :

f'(x) decreasing increasing decreasing

y
Recall
=

#8

f(x) concave concave

=

concave

down down
up

of inflection

"I
4

& 10) <(10) points

are
x -
1
even number of +
y -
= + -
change in curvature

-
odd number of +
y
-
=

↓
-

+ 1 concave
up
-

x
line

~
-
> tangent

I
derivative
1st
>
-

f(x) =
x
"
- x* find all intervals where is
increasing/decreasing
t down

increasing decreasing
concave
f' (x( & Where + is concave
up
or

derivative
+ (a)
increasing >
- and
f'(x) =
4x" - 18x2
=
2x2(2x a) -

2x2 + t t
Example :

(0 2) 2x2(2x q) =
0
↓
1x - sinc
-

f(x)
-

= ,
2x -
9 -

I
q I
0x
=
I I I
x =

-
I
5
↓ 9
f'(x) cos O
t
-
=

t
-cos -
z
f() -
- t
rox
=
o

I
-

f(x)
decreasing decreasing increasing
-
= c
& ↓ is
increasing in t
(918)
and +
'
(x) - + -
and t is
decreasing
in xt(-0 0)U(0 , ,
5)
f(x) decreasing increasing decreasing

f"(x) =
12x2 - 36x

12x(x -
3)
12x
It
-

x 3 -
t
-

(2x((x -
3) = 0

21 ↓ ↓ I I S

= 3 S
x 0x I 2 3
-
=
O

t
f"(x) +
-

increase
decrease
f'(x) increase

f(x) concave concave

concrete down
up
↓ <+(-0 , 0) U
(3 8)
is concave
up ,

and concave
down (2t(0 ,
3)
 + 3 . 6

Use the "guide to analysis" sheet "holes"

of :
f) Identify the coordinates any

()
have factor(s) .
+ None numeratory denominator no common

the domain
9)
:
Determine

a) IdentifyY Classify all discontinuities :

) 8) +m 2 1 3
)u(l orx
-

= - ,,
rational function
,

f(x) is a

denominator is 0 : (x-1)" = o

undefined when
the
is
f(x) : x = 1
:

n) Determine the range

x = 0
vertical AsymptoteDiscon)
#
~ horizontal
(Non-removable 10 87
as
ymptote ,

of all vertical
asymptotes
:

6) Determine the equations

i) of
y-intercept
:

Coordinates the
1
3 los
=
x
ret

)
= 0 =
x =

of each VA as limits :

both sides
6) State the behavior on

j Coordinates

s
of the
x-intercept

an
lim f(x) = Let 0

=
&
=
o
y
x-1-

0
=
4(x + 3)2
↑ lim f(x) =i => ( -
3 ,
0

o x40 k 3)2

E
x -it = +
+
x
= -
3

+ (2)
= k) Identify
I "
intervals where
1
the
"
function
"
ispositive
"negative
m Determine of ful
all critical numbers /points
d) Determine the
equation of
any
HA : 1) Intervals where the function is increasing
1111 decreasing
o

0m
lim

m
Thorm : let rec ER derivative of f(x) :
Find the

=imO
lin
med

Is
f(x)
-
=
then
when<O ,

0
lim
t
=

S
x+
-

↑ thuc(c
) (4x2 35) 4x7 36(x 1)
=
+ m + + 24x + -
24x + -
xx +

30
x

lim

36)(2x 2)
2
+ 24x +
-

-12 3) .

+3) Tx(x
0( .
+

asymptote
:

of the oblique
e) Determine the
equation

i
There is no oblique asymptote -

[
the

for
numerator has to have

asymptote
an
higher degree
to be present
than the

. denomination
an
oblique

=
Critical Numbers occur where f(x) = 0 or (l) is undefined :

f'(x) + 0
= -
32x -
96 = 0 = 3
64 + t t

+ ()
=) (x 13
-
= 0
= = 1
x + S
>
t *

(x -

1)4 +
t t

i
2
-
18
-
S I

(x 13

1.
-
-

t
t "(x) :
- t

neg pos pos

&
increase increase
f'(x)

pos
+ '(x) decrease
as
-

neg

concave
concave
f(x)
:
concave

f(x) decease es decrease up

relative
Y
minimum (3 0) ,
no min
undefined
or max

at
,
f(x)
x
= (
down/ f is

(not
undefined
a inflection point
f (x) is
increasing on
xt(-3 , 1) Entlections
- (1) is
decreasing on , t( -
S -3)u(1 , 6)
points
:
,
inflection
2) Determine any

& (-s ,
f) S))-
=
( - 5
,)
+ "()
= 1) concave
up

1) & (-5 1) and ( 9)

(x-1)3 · (32x 96] (x 3x2 , ,
( 32)(x + 3) + 3
-
-

- - - +
=

-32 5) concave down

& ( -

d ,
-
s)
(x-
=
(-32)
1-3(3)
-

f'(x) = 0 at x -
3

+"(-3)
=
Now test

-
minimum
=)
relatively
50 + "(-3)) + (3)
(3 36)

-Determine
,

↑3
* 14 21 778)

i
so

"
.

I
the a
a (5 , 16)
# 10 87 ,
(7 , 11 . 11)

·
&

20 -

-
-I
10 -

21 I ball
-
7
I' is

& "
(x) = 0 when 0

·
=

64o
34( + 5)
·
!
=
x + 3

-s
& "(x) is undefined when o
=

(x -
1)4
= 1

Does the function intersect w/ the HA ?

=
4
-
8 = 8x

x = -
1

↑ (x -

1) =
4(x + 3)2
xh -
2x + 1 = x4 + bx + 9
 #
Side Bar 2a
f continuous fxEIR
fl- s) = 0

fl decrease

a)im
increase

denominator by gives f concave

up
concaveto

al

i
-
: q
-x

# 2b + is continuous FCEIR

write-
f'(l =
03 +( -
3) = 0

him
.
20
wher
,

- decreasing
increasing
concave
concave
f

-
lim
up
·

in
~
#6

Example Sheet 3 . 6 :
Curve Sketching

N
# 1

:.
*

for I

·
t
 -
Optimization :

Chapter
Integration 4
:

adjacent rectangular
sordinary
to enclose two
A farmer has 160 feet of fencing that involves , y
,
used for each pig per equation that
so
should be is an
What dimensions in c) and y
pig pers .

calculus] A differential equation

maximized (use
?
-
the enclosed area is - of y
the
derivatives
and

l l
deviative itself is function of
(the
a

+x)
:
it literally =

Taking
integrand
w w w e
both sides by do

l l
(a) de (multiply

integrate variables of integration

them]
Perimeter the side separating the 2
pers
.
(you can't
integrate who
The
fencing used is the
, plus
:
Bar

~
Side
160 =
41 + 3

forSitt
solve

for
equation

cl() =
:
This becomes
A
=

"

y
=

F (2) +
Pe constant of integration
A =

- ~
-
family
of functions

Factored A
= (20-1)
&
A
=A = ↑ (12dx =

k(dx
= 1x + c

x*
Al
(x
>
- Now Set 0
:
c

& (xt] 4x
=
+
= so dx =

= -
0

# 20 feet ↑
fic" di
= Sn

>
- first derivative test
((x" dx =

fdx
=

1(x) +
]e calculus # problem

Example
:

=
t t
-
S + 1

20-1 +
-

1 dx =

4/xd -
4

-19

I
20 21
Ente
~
A :

decreasing

at l
= 20ft
maximum
-
-

the area
>
-
Find the width - Find

ol
w
= A =
2 lw
A =
2
(20)(*)
w

= #
#so
tee
 Example
:

?
solution b) When does the ball hit the ground
of F'(x) x" and the
particular
solution
=

Find the general F(1) = 4 >

-
maximum height
is
if the initial condition

T
solution Aft
general
-

-
-

-
-

x4 -
-

F'(x) =

- turn the roofs]

c
(find answer

(x
+
F(x) =

+
und zero
dx #
=

2 sees
>
-

0
=
s(t) = - 16th + 64t + so

(1 , 4)
Now
,
"consult the family" - use F(1) =
4 or
=
- 16 (t2 - 4t - 5)
1)
16(t 3)(t
+

=
-

C -

F(x) +
=

1t = 5 ssees
+ the
ball hits ground
= -

X
~ the
4
= + c after launch

C
=
So
,
F(x)
= 1) When does the ball reach maximum height
?

L
solution
S
particular s(t) concaves down
s"(t) < 0 so
,

get critical #s]

-

[Set s'+ ) to
- = 0
32t + 64 = 0
5 (t) = -

of 80 feet E2sees
from initial height
felsec
an
Toss ball
up
with V=64
at time to
a) function giving the height
Find
position d) Maximum
height ?

16(2)2 64(2)
gravity a
s
(2) =
+ + co

s"(t) 32
feet acceleration due to
-

#(2)
=
=
a
=
144 feet
+
yay(t) =
s(t)

one
shows
+
+se
-

s'(0)
initions (10)
=
=
34

80 feet e) Find
vf
:

scol =
· - s = 0 (origin]
~ (t)
=
s'(t)
=

fa(t)dt 32(t) + 44
Y(t)
-
=

s(t)
f 32t + 4
32dt (5) 32(s) + 64
=

v(t)
-
=
V
= - = -

(5)
96
v
end
-
=
+

64
family v(ol
=
:
Now consult the

32t + C
(t)
=
v
64
-

=)c
=

(4 32(b) + c
v(o)
=
= -

u( + ) = -

36 + 64

32( + dt
+
64(at
fr( (( 64]d+
= -

Now s(t) =
+ )dt
=
-
32t +

ta gara

16 (o) + 64(0) + c
(0) so
-
= =
s

c = so

&21 s(t) = - 16th + but +

particular

~t
Position Function :

9th vot s
+
+

where the
ball is
-

at a certain time
Example : Second-order
Cordinary) differential equation
Chapter
Integral 4 .
2 :
Theory
differential equation (D . E (
to the
.

solution
Find the general & particular
to

sc
definition :
An
integral , by

height
=

:
+(c) If
you
broke up
an area
a
into rectangular
Sidote
d that
&

pieces
of width /All ("norm") such

~
small (that is
,

1191) becomes incredibly

2) calling
each rectangle
11911-0 or n- ,

mea
a subinterval ,
then the sum

of ith rectang a

[ i =
1 -
neigth width ] ,
whereiis anypoital
-

>
-
Riemann Sum of f

y -2
/sind da + 3
fros deo
=

3 sinc a Definite
Entegral
f'(x)
=y
:
=
2coS +

then is
If + is defined on [a , b] and lim Ef(vi)/lAll exists

Il All - o

+ () = 45
integratable on
[a b], ,
and the limit denoted by
,

2 cos() 3 sin
%"
c

+(vi) /19/1
+
4) E +
=
lim + (0) do

2(z) 3(z)
= + c
PE + 115110 i = 1

cos
Theorm : 1 + I

integrable
on
f b] then + is
function f continuous on
is ,
# a
,

+ sinx
+ [a ,
b] .

b] then the of
Do it
again . . . Theorm : If is continuous Inonnegative on
[a , ,
area

off the axis the

the
region bounded by the
graph ,

b is
given by
vertical lines b
=
c =
a e

f(x) =

( + ' (x)dx
=

(2 cosx + 3 sinc
+ Jda
=
d
Area
+
=
2
fros do + 3
/since do
+ Ja
f(x) to the ODE

+ solution
=
2 sinc
general
-3 CoS + C -

DefiniteEntegra
encal
f(u) =
5

+
O

= sin(o)-3cos() + c =-
3

5 3 + L 2) If t is
integrable on [a b)
then de =

- f(x) dx
~
=
-
, ,

+(x) 2 since
3
So = -
bros +
,

my
-
particular solution

Transitive Postulate postulatea

if a
= b \b
= c
Reflexive
c
then a
=

Symmetic Postulate
>
- Side Note
b then b = a
if a =
 December 3 2024 Lecture
,
-
Integral Property
-Additive
:

determined by a b >C then

integrals
, ,
closed
If is
integrable on the 3
Integration Examples :

de (I (ada =
+

1 + x)d O
fac + 1]da

(dx (1dx +
=

(dx
*

(x
=

dx +

++ +x +

③
/ 2e
*

+ +cos] do ~
frosdx =
+

Je"
using
=
a 4
dx +

with It (a , b) ; neR
. If
③ Let f(x) [a b] m
be
integrable
on , ,

of

1
value

Jf(x)dx
the
and n determine
+do =m
=
,

1 =(2) de +

2f could i

+ (x)dx - (xdx
of
The
integral = = -n

If(x)dx m -n
=

-
=
n + 2(m n) -
=
-
n + 2m
- 2n = 2n

①Matt =o
= th +

cost( =

(E) +
cos/) -
(10 + opi01

E
 Examples :

③-I + d
What about
J3 s 32 do

a
transforming fromVariable
- J
Let u
=
3x ~
dx =

3 dx)dx &
=

=
du =

= once you
have u 7dx ,
substitute completely

- ($csn - Jos
he
=

du = Sinn
u
u

↓
=

with
replace u
number
the original
--E = to sin
1

=+ 3x +

+0-25 ⑨ (4x* 3)3 (12x2)do

+

a
the axis
=

by f(x)
x

Find the area of the region bounded , ,

Let u =
4x3 + 3

and x
= - . Sketch each
region .....

(b(x)dx = Area

=
du =
d
① f(x) =
4 on [1 3]
,

-
24 doc. units = Area
=

(lu)3 .
1x
= Jun

is -
⑦ f(x) [0 3]
1)=3
+ 2 on

(192
=
x .

+
di

y = x + 2 Regular Geometry

·
A =

zh(b +
ba)
,
Let u
=
axh + 1

A =

+(3)(2
+ 3)
10 du = 10 de dx
A =
10 ·
5 units
?
=

1
o

= x) =
(m) % - =
x +
2]dx +
-
d

=2(01)
-
+

+ a

12
Es
+

units = Area

da
=
+

⑧ f(x) on [-2 2] .

-y =
x +
2dx
((xx 1)
2 =
+
y2 =
4
- x

(x" y2 +
=
4] circle
Let u
=
4x + 1

&
)dx
2112
=

=
4dx
&u )du
-

4 =

Regular Geometry
: =

Ir2 = T units
2
A =

Ju Luk
=

= . d

1 dry CANN + 002]

=

#
 0 Sh + 0 .
3333H or 0 . Sc + 0 .

3333H + 0
.

1667 F
-

0 . 8333

Example :

da
&
f(5x3 + 302)5(5x4 + 2x)do

Let u
= 5x3 +
3x
=
Let u
=
4x + 1
=> se 3
=
+ b =

3u -
1
=
x

T )dx =2x)
3(5x2 + 2x)dx
=
du
=
3(5x" +

Sau &
*

(x(4x
=

= + 1) d

jus esta) .
=

2)

-I (()(nk)du
=

+ (n (u 1) du

+
-

= (45 .
du
=
- Sub12]du = [

# (
he+ u
+

=
3)

x2 +
da

du 2xdx
Ydx
=
&=
= =

2x

Isin" 3 os 32 da omitted when integrating u

>
-
Limits are

S . Jud
&
2
da
(sin 3x) wos 3

= 200
sin 3x
Let u
=

=
3
=
du = 30s3xdx]dx = 3

#
=

Ju . us
· Another Method

3)
m u

u(gx n

3(ex
=
=
0
)3 + 1
= ,

x 3

=
= =

+
= 3
n+

-
n =

+
n +

du 2xdx
Ydx
=
&=
= =

2x

==
ch
1) "dx
(x( +
Let u =
+ 1

x4 + 2x + 1
=
d
=
dx

(x" 120-
=
+ 22 + 1 =

Six u2

+
Ap
=
. ·

= Ju . du

=
 Example
(sec
:

(5x) tan (5x) do

15 cos to d Let u
=
5c

Let u
=
-x &
= 5
= )dx
=

&= d
= =

/Sec u tan u
.
u
= Secutan a

(5 #See (ix) + c

.d
=

cos u

Esinn 1

=it
-
+

/ do
far
(x sin (3x2) da
Let u
=
1 -r2

=- - dr
Let u
= 3x -
2r

= => dx
= Jar u -quick
-fudu
b =
.

=
=

Ea +

(x - = /sin n
=

Sin u

=
.

du

Es 3
I= ((z) d

Let u
=
7x

(() cos(E))"sin (E) at

=) d
⑲ -

1 - was (2)
Let =

Juan= =but
u
=

&= sin() du in
du

dt =
2d4
↓ +
Sin(E)

/
sinho cosa do

ret = sin [ ,
n =
sin =
1 =

sin
=
w
do

I'v -
-

- H =
Example :

"Sya( + ]y tan (40)dQ

Ssec (49) sec (40)
Jse"(va) ( + a) da =

tan
*
or Let u
=
tan 4Q

Let u = Sec 40

= 4 Sec(t) tan (49)

dataltan (a)
du
= dy dy
=

Su sextant
=

= -de (d =
.

= Stan (a)

= -
-(n-du = a
(5-

Let u 5 -+ cost
[ @M=5,S 7
=

sintdt
= 4

= int

= sin. du

Su -
=

=
4(3) -
4(1) =