INTRODUCTION

In the simplest terms, cloud

computing means storing and
accessing data and programs over
the Internet instead of your computer's
hard drive. The cloud is just a metaphor for
the Internet. It goes back to the days of
flowcharts and presentations that would
represent the gigantic server-farm
infrastructure of the Internet as nothing
but a puffy, white cumulonimbus cloud,
accepting connections and doling out
information as it floats.
Cloud Computing is a service that delivers
computing resources over
a network connection, usually the internet.
Cloud computing delivers three types of
computing resources, and software
development framework aka platform.
Cloud computing metaphor: the group of
networked elements providing services need
not be individually addressed or managed by
users; instead, the entire provider-managed
provider managed
suite of hardware and software can be
thought of as an amorphous cloud.
HISTORY

The term cloud was used to refer to

platforms for distributed computing as early
as 1993, when Apple spin-off General
Magic and AT&T used it in describing their
(paired) Telescript and Personal Link
technologies. In Wired's April 1994 feature
"Bill and Andy's Excellent Adventure
II", Andy Hertzfeld commented on
Telescript, General Magic's distributed
programming language:
"The beauty of Telescript ... is that now,
instead of just having a device to program,
we now have the entire Cloud out there,
where a single program can go and travel to
many different sources of information and
create a sort of a virtual service. No one had
conceived that before. The example Jim
White uses now is a date-arranging service
where a software agent goes to the flower
store and orders flowers and then goes to
the ticket shop and gets the tickets for the
show, and everything is communicated to
both parties."

Early history

During the 1960s, the initial concepts

of time-sharing became popularized via RJE
(Remote Job Entry); this terminology was
mostly associated with large vendors such
as IBM and DEC. Full-time-sharing solutions
were available by the early 1970s on such
platforms as Multics (on GE hardware),
Cambridge CTSS, and the
earliest UNIX ports (on DEC hardware). Yet,
the "data center" model where users
submitted jobs to operators to run on IBM's
mainframes was overwhelmingly predominant.
In the 1990s, telecommunications companies,
who previously offered primarily dedicated
point-to-point data circuits, began
offering virtual private network (VPN)
services with comparable quality of service,
but at a lower cost. By switching traffic as
they saw fit to balance server use, they
could use overall network bandwidth more
effectively. They began to use the cloud
symbol to denote the demarcation point
between what the provider was responsible
for and what users were responsible for.
Cloud computing extended this boundary to
cover all servers as well as the network
infrastructure. As computers became more
diffused, scientists and technologists
explored ways to make large-scale computing
power available to more users through time-
sharing. They experimented
with algorithms to optimize the
infrastructure, platform, and applications, to
prioritize tasks to be executed by CPUs, and
to increase efficiency for end users.
The use of the cloud metaphor for
virtualized services dates at least to General
Magic in 1994, where it was used to describe
the universe of "places" that mobile agents in
the Telescript environment could go. As
described by Andy Hertzfeld:
"The beauty of Telescript," says Andy, "is
that now, instead of just having a device to
program, we now have the entire Cloud out
there, where a single program can go and
travel to many different sources of
information and create a sort of a virtual
service."
The use of the cloud metaphor is credited to
General Magic communications
employee David Hoffman, based on long-
standing use in networking and telecom. In
addition to use by General Magic itself, it
was also used in promoting AT&T's
associated PersonaLink Services.

2000s

In July 2002, Amazon created

subsidiary Amazon Web Services, with the
goal to "enable developers to build innovative
and entrepreneurial applications on their
own." In March 2006 Amazon introduced
its Simple Storage Service (S3), followed
by Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) in August of
the same year. These products pioneered the
usage of server virtualization to
deliver IaaS at a cheaper and on-demand
pricing basis.
In April 2008, Google released the beta
version of Google App Engine. The App Engine
was a PaaS (one of the first of its kind)
which provided fully maintained
infrastructure and a deployment platform
for users to create web applications using
common languages/technologies such
as Python, Node.js and PHP. The goal was to
eliminate the need for some administrative
tasks typical of an IaaS model, while creating
a platform where users could easily deploy
such applications and scale them to demand.
In early 2008, NASA's Nebula, enhanced in
the RESERVOIR European Commission-
funded project, became the first open-
source software for deploying private and
hybrid clouds, and for the federation of
clouds.
By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for
cloud computing "to shape the relationship
among consumers of IT services, those who
use IT services and those who sell them" and
observed that "organizations are switching
from company-owned hardware and software
assets to per-use service-based models" so
that the "projected shift to computing ... will
result in dramatic growth in IT products in
some areas and significant reductions in
other areas."
In 2008, the U.S. National Science
Foundation began the Cluster
Exploratory program to fund academic
research using Google-IBM cluster
technology to analyze massive amounts of
data.
In 2009, the government of France
announced Project Andromède to create a
"sovereign cloud" or national cloud computing,
with the government to spend €285
million. The initiative failed badly
and Cloudwatt was shut down on 1 February
2020.
CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS
OF SERVICES
Cloud Computing can be defined as the
practice of using a network of remote
servers hosted on the Internet to store,
manage, and process data, rather than a
local server or a personal computer.
Companies offering such kinds of cloud
computing services are called cloud
providers and typically charge for cloud
computing services based on usage. Grids
and clusters are the foundations for cloud
computing.

Types of Cloud CompuTing

Most cloud computing services fall into five

broad categories:
1) Software-aS-a-Service (SaaS) -
is a way of delivering services and
 applications over the Internet. Instead
of installing and maintaining software,
we simply access it via the Internet,
freeing ourselves from the complex
software and hardware management. It
removes the need to install and run
applications on our own computers or in
the data centers eliminating the
expenses of hardware as well as
software maintenance.

2) Platform aS Service PaaS - is

a category of cloud computing that
provides a platform and environment to
allow developers to build applications
and services over the internet. PaaS
services are hosted in the cloud and
accessed by users simply via their web
browser.
A PaaS provider hosts the hardware
 and software on its own infrastructure.
As a result, PaaS frees users from
having to install in-house hardware and
software to develop or run a new
application. Thus, the development and
deployment of the application take
place independent of the hardware.

3) infraStructure aS a Service (iaaS)

- is a service model that delivers
computer infrastructure on an
outsourced basis to support various
operations. Typically IaaS is a service
where infrastructure is provided as
outsourcing to enterprises such as
networking equipment, devices,
database, and web servers.
It is also known as Hardware as a
Service (HaaS). IaaS customers pay on
a per-user basis, typically by the hour,
week, or month. Some providers also
 charge customers based on the amount
of virtual machine space they use.

4) Anything As A service - It is also

known as Everything as a Service. Most
of the cloud service providers
nowadays offer anything as a service
that is a compilation of all of the above
services including some additional
services.

5) Function As A service FAAs - is a

type of cloud computing service. It
provides a platform for its users or
customers to develop, compute, run and
deploy the code or entire application as
functions. It allows the user to entirely
develop the code and update it at any
time without worrying about the
maintenance of the underlying
infrastructure.
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
DEPLOYMENT

1. PrivAte cloud - Private cloud is cloud

infrastructure operated solely for a
single organization, whether managed
internally or by a third party, and hosted
either internally or
externally.Undertaking a private cloud
project requires significant engagement
to virtualize the business environment,
and requires the organization to
reevaluate decisions about existing
resources. It can improve business, but
every step in the project raises security
issues that must be addressed to prevent
serious vulnerabilities. Self-run data
centers are generally capital intensive.
They have a significant physical
footprint, requiring allocations of space,
hardware, and environmental controls.
These assets have to be refreshed
periodically, resulting in additional capital
expenditures. They have attracted
criticism because users "still have to buy,
build, and manage them" and thus do not
 benefit from less hands-on
management, essentially "[lacking] the
economic model that makes cloud
computing such an intriguing concept".

1. Public cloud -Cloud services are

considered "public" when they are
delivered over the public Internet, and
they may be offered as a paid
subscription, or free of charge.
Architectury, there are few differences
between public- and private-cloud
services, but security concerns increase
substantially when services (applications,
storage, and other resources) are shared
by multiple customers. Most public-cloud
providers offer direct-connection
services that allow customers to securely
link their legacy data centers to their
cloud-resident applications.
2. hybrid cloud - Hybrid cloud is a
composition of a public cloud and a
private environment, such as a private
cloud or on-premises resources, that
remain distinct entities but are bound
together, offering the benefits of
multiple deployment models. Hybrid cloud
can also mean the ability to connect
collocation, managed and/or dedicated
services with cloud
resources. Gartner defines a hybrid cloud
service as a cloud computing service that
is composed of some combination of
private, public and community cloud
services, from different service
providers.
Advantages and Disadvantages
of Cloud Computing
Advantages of Cloud Computing
Almost As we all know that Cloud computing
is trending technology. every company
switched their services on the cloud to rise
the company growth.

Here, we are going to discuss some important

advantages of Cloud Computing-
Computing
1) Back-up and restore data
Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is
easier to get back-up and restore that data
using the cloud.

2) Improved collaboration
Cloud applications improve collaboration by
allowing groups of people to quickly and easily
share information in the cloud via shared
storage.

3) Excellent accessibility
Cloud allows us to quickly and easily access
store information anywhere, anytime in the
whole world, using an internet connection. An
internet cloud infrastructure increases
organization productivity and efficiency by
ensuring that our data is always accessible.

4) Low maintenance cost

Cloud computing reduces both hardware and
software maintenance costs for
organizations.

5) Mobility
Cloud computing allows us to easily access all
cloud data via mobile.

6) IServices in the pay-per-use model

Cloud computing offers Application
Programming Interfaces (APIs) to the users
for access services on the cloud and pays the
charges as per the usage of service.

7) Unlimited storage capacity

Cloud offers us a huge amount of storing
capacity for storing our important data such
as documents, images, audio, video, etc. in
one place.
8) Data Security

Data security is one of the biggest

advantages of cloud computing. Cloud offers
many advanced features related to security
and ensures that data is securely stored and
handled.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

A list of the disadvantage of cloud computing
is given below -

1) Internet Connectivity
As you know, in cloud computing, every data
(image, audio, video, etc.) is stored on the
cloud, and we access these data through the
cloud by using the internet connection. If you
do not have good internet connectivity, you
cannot access these data. However, we have
no any other way to access data from the
cloud.

2) Vendor lock-in
Vendor lock-in is the biggest disadvantage of
cloud computing. Organizations may face
problems when transferring their services
from one vendor to another. As different
vendors provide different platforms, that
can cause difficulty moving from one cloud to
another.

3) Limited Control
As we know, cloud infrastructure is
completely owned, managed, and monitored
by the service provider, so the cloud users
have less control over the function and
execution of services within a cloud
infrastructure.
4) Security
Although cloud service providers implement
the best security standards to store
important information. But, before adopting
cloud technology, you should be aware that
you will be sending all your organization's
sensitive information to a third party, i.e., a
cloud computing service provider. While
sending the data on the cloud, there may be
a chance that your organization's information
is hacked by Hackers.
 CONCLUTION
In conclusion, cloud computing is recently new
technological development that has the potential to
have a great impact on the world. It has many
benefits that it provides to it users and businesses.
For example, some of the benefits that it provides to
businesses, is that it reduces operating cost by
spending less on maintenance and software upgrades
and focus more on the businesses it self. But there
are other challenges the cloud computing must
overcome. People are very skeptical about whether
their data is secure and private. There are no
standards or regulations worldwide provided data
through cloud computing. Europe has data
protection laws but the US, being one of the most
technological advance nation, does not have any data
protection laws. Users also worry about who can
disclose their data and have ownership of their data.
But once, there are standards and regulation
worldwide, cloud computing will revolutionize the
future.
CLOUD COMPUTING
name – annweSHa DHara
claSS – viii
Section – B
roll no – 12
SuBJect - comPuter