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Ch1-8 Lecture slides

The document outlines the differences between deductive and inductive reasoning, explaining that deductive arguments provide conclusions that logically follow from premises with certainty, while inductive arguments suggest conclusions based on probability. It provides examples of each reasoning type, along with indicators for premises and conclusions. Additionally, it includes practice exercises to identify reasoning types and assignments for applying these concepts.

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3 views

Ch1-8 Lecture slides

The document outlines the differences between deductive and inductive reasoning, explaining that deductive arguments provide conclusions that logically follow from premises with certainty, while inductive arguments suggest conclusions based on probability. It provides examples of each reasoning type, along with indicators for premises and conclusions. Additionally, it includes practice exercises to identify reasoning types and assignments for applying these concepts.

Uploaded by

hubercoello
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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10/10/2018

Inductive vs.
Deductive
Reasoning
Approaches for
creating conclusions

Video

Deductive arguments
Is an argument whose conclusion logically follows from its premises with
absolute certainty, thus leaving no possibility that the conclusion
doesn’t follow from its premises.
• Universal generalization – word such as “all” or “every” in the premise, mean the
conclusion is going to be true.
• ‘Top-down’ logic - the reasoner begins with an accepted premise and seeks to
prove another statement based on previously “known” information.

All computers require a hard drive, and my Mac is a computer.


Therefore, my Mac has to have a hard drive.

Inductive Arguments
Is an argument whose conclusion follows its premises with a
high level of probability.
• Although it is possible that the conclusion doesn’t follow from its
premises, it is unlikely that this is the case.

Brina is a hard-working student and since ‘A’ students are


hard-working students, Brina is probably an ‘A’ student.
Conclusion: Briana is probably an ‘A’ student
Premises: (1) Brina is a hard working student and (2) ‘A’
students are [usually] hard-working students.

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10/10/2018

Deduction vs. Induction

DEDUCTIVE REASONING DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS

Premises guarantee the Try to prove their conclusions


with rigorous, inescapable
truth of the conclusion / logic. Example:
claim
• All humans are mortal.
• Assessed in terms of • Socrates is a human.
validity • Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT EXAMPLE

 One in which it is impossible for the  All men are mortal. (premise)
premises to be true but the conclusion
false.  Socrates was a man. (premise)
 Conclusion follows necessarily from
the premises and inferences.  Socrates was mortal. (conclusion)
 Supposed to be a definitive proof of the
truth of the claim (conclusion).

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10/10/2018

INDUCTIVE REASONING INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS

-Reason from past instances to Try to show that their conclusion


future predictions are plausible (likely or probable),
given their premises:
-Making inferences
• So far, in every class, the
• If truth of premise possibly or professor has worn a tie.
probably establishes truth of
• Therefore, next class, the
conclusion = argument is
professor will wear a tie.
cogent

INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT EXAMPLE

 The premises are supposed to support  Socrates was Greek. (premise)


the conclusion in such a way that if
the premises are true, it is  Most Greeks eat fish. (premise)
improbable that the conclusion would
be false.  Socrates ate fish. (conclusion)

 Conclusion follows probably from the


premises and inferences.

Premise indicators:
• since, for, seeing that, inasmuch as, in view of the fact that,
because, as, given that

Conclusion indicators:
• therefore, hence, so, it follows that, wherefore, thus,
consequently.

NOTE: Indicators are not flawless!


• Can be absent
• May be misleading

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10/10/2018

DEDUCTIVE INDUCTIVE

• Certainly • Probably
• Definitely • Likely
• Absolutely • It is plausible to suppose that…
• Conclusively • It is reasonable to assume that…
• It logically follows that • One would expect that…
• It is logical to conclude that • It is a good bet that…
• This logically implies that • Chances are that…
• This entails that • Odds are that…

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10/10/2018

Let’s Practice! Inductive or Deductive?


A. I never win the lottery, even a few dollars. I have never won a raffle. I will
never win anything.
B. Nobody tells the truth all the time. Therefore, I suggest that although you
can trust what I say most of the time, there are occasions when you can’t
C. The life span of human beings has never reached 200 years. It might
reach 125 or even 150, but never 200. People’s bodies just wear out,
internally and externally.
D. If you drop out of school, you will regret it. People who drop out don’t
come back and finish their degrees.
E. I think, therefore, I am.

Let’s Practice! Inductive or Deductive?


A. I never win the lottery, even a few dollars. I have never won a raffle. I will
never win anything. Deductive - never
B. Nobody tells the truth all the time. Therefore, I suggest that although you can
trust what I say most of the time, there are occasions when you can’t.
Deductive - nobody
C. The life span of human beings has never reached 200 years. It might reach
125 or even 150, but never 200. People’s bodies just wear out, internally and
externally. Deductive - never
D. If you drop out of school, you will regret it. People who drop out don’t come
back and finish their degrees. Inductive – if
E. I think, therefore, I am. Deductive – implied always

Assignments:

1) Application of Deductive & Inductive reasoning


2) Deductive & Inductive reasoning using HOTS

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