Assignment of Statistics and Probability

PROBABILITY
Random experiment
An experiment whose outcome cannot be predicted can be repeated any number of times is called
random experiment Eg:- tossing a coin , throwing a die , drawing a card from deck of cards
Sample space
The set of all outcomes of a random experiment is called sample space
Eg:- ( a) Tossing a coins , S = { H , T } ( b ) Tossing two coins , S = { HH , HT , TH , TT }
( c ) Tossing 3 coins , S = { HHH , HHT , HTH , THH , HTT , THT , TTH , TTT }
( d ) Throwing a die , S = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 }
( e ) Throwing 2 dice , S = { ( 1 , 1 ) , ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 1 , 3 ) , ( 1 , 4 ) , ( 1 , 5 ) , ( 1 , 6 )
( 2 , 1 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) , ( 2 , 3 ) , ( 2 , 4 ) ,( 2 , 5 ) , ( 2 , 6 )
(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6)
( 4 , 1 ) , ( 4 , 2 ) , ( 4 , 3 ) , ( 4 , 4 ) ,( 4 , 5 ) , ( 4 , 6 )
( 5 , 1 ) , ( 5 , 2 ) ,(5 , 3 ) , ( 5 , 4 ) , ( 5 , 5 ) , ( 5 , 6 )
( 6 , 1 ) , ( 6 , 2 ) , ( 6 , 3 ) , ( 6 , 4 ) ,( 6 , 5 ) , ( 6 , 6 ) }
Sample point
Each element of a sample space is called sample point or an event point
Discrete Sample space
A sample space is said to be discrete if it is a finite set
Event Any subset of a sample space is called event
Simple event An event is said to be simple if it is a singleton set
Mutually exclusive events
Events that cannot occur together are called mutually exclusive
Exhaustive events
Events are said to be exhaustive f their union is sample space
Equally likely events
Events are said to be equally likely when we have no reason to believe that one is more likely to
occur then the other
Probability of occurrence of an event
Let a random experiment be repeated n times and let an event A happens m times , then probability
Number of favourable cases
of happening A denoted as P( A ) is defined as P( A ) =
Total repetetions
Note 0  P(A) 1 2) P( Not happening the event A ) = P( A ) = 1 – P( A ) 3)P( S ) = 1 4)P(  ) = 0

Addition theorem of probability

If A and B are any two events associated with a random experiment then
P( A or B ) = P( A U B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) – P ( A  B )
If A and B are mutually exclusive then P( A U B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B )
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Questions
1. 2 boys , 2 girls are in room X and 3 girls are in room Y. Write the sample space in which a room is
selected and then a person
2. Suppose 3 bulbs are selected at random from a lot . Each bulb is tested and classified as defective(D)
and non-defective(N) . write the sample space of this experiment
3. From 27 tickets numbered 1 , 2 , 3 , … 27 , one ticket is drawn at random . Find the probability that
the ticket is divisible by 3
4. Find the probability that one number selected from first 50 natural numbers is a prime number
5. Two dice are thrown together . What is the probability that the sum of the numbers on the two faces
is divisible by 3 or 4
6. What is the probability that a leap year contains 53 Saturdays
7. A pair of dice is rolled. If the outcome is a doublet , a coin is tossed . Write all outcomes ?
8. If 12 persons are seated at a round table , then what is the probability that two particular persons
always sit together
9. A bag contains 4 white , 5 red and 6 blue balls . Three balls are drawn at random , what is the
probability that ( a ) all are red ( b ) all are white ( c ) 2 red one white ( d ) one red one
white one blue ( e )2 blue one red ( f ) all are non blue
11. From a group of 7 men and 4 ladies , a committee of 6 persons is to be formed . Find the probability
that the committee will consists of
( a ) all men ( b ) 2 men 4 ladies ( c ) exactly 2 ladies ( d ) at most 2 ladies
12. From a deck of cards , three are drawn at random . what is the probability that
( a ) all are black ( b ) all are king ( c ) all are spade ( d ) 2 king one queen
( e ) one black queen and two ace ( f ) one king one jack one queen
( g )all from same suit ( h ) all are face cards
13. A bag contain 50 tickets numbered 1 , 2 , 3 , … , 50 of which five are drawn at random and arranged
in ascending order of magnitude ( x1< x2< x3< x4< x5 ). Find the probability that x3 = 30
14. Out of 12 tickets numbered 1 to 12 , 3 are drawn at random . Find the probability that they are in
arithmetic progression
15. If the letters of the word CLIFTON are arranged at random in a row , that is the probability that two
vowels always comes together ?
16. A box contains 15 electric bulbs , out of which 2 are defective . Two bulbs are selected at random .
find the probability that ( a ) none are defective ( b ) one defective ( c ) both are defective
17. If P( A ) = 2/3 , P( B ) = 4/9 and P( A  B ) = 14/45 , find P( A U B ) and P ( A ‘  B ‘ )
18. The probability that a contractor will get a plumbing contract is 2/3 and the probability that he will
get an electric contract is 5/9. If the probability of getting atleast one contract is 4/5 , find the
probability that he will get both the contracts ?
19. In a class of 60 students , 30 opted for NCC , 32 opted for NSS and 24 opted for both NCC and NSS.
If one of the student is selected at random , then find the probability that ( a ) student opted for NCC
or NSS ( b ) student opted for neither NCC nor NSS ( c ) student opted for NSS but not NCC

STATISTICS
Dispersion
It is the measure of variation . It measures the spread of the observed values of distribution around
the central value

Measures of Dispersion
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( 1 ) Range ( 2 ) Quartile deviation or Inter quartile range( 3 ) Mean deviation( 4 ) Standard deviation
Mean Deviation
Mean deviation of a distribution is the arithmetic mean of the absolute deviations of the terms of the
distribution from its statistical mean ( A.M , Median or Mode )
Mean deviation about mean
Case 1 :- ( for an ungrouped data )
x i −x
If x1 , x2 , x3 , … , xn are n observations then mean deviation about mean =
n
Case 2 :- ( for a frequency distribution )
If x1 , x2 , x3 , … , xn are n observations and f1 , f2 , f3 , … , fn are the corresponding frequencies
 f i xi − x
Then mean deviation about mean = Coefficient of mean deviation =
N
fx
Where x = f mean deviation
i i
and N = i
N mean
Mean deviation about median
Case 1 :- ( for an ungrouped data )

If x1 , x2 , x3 , … , xn are n observations then mean deviation about median =

x i −M
n
Where M = median and n is the number of observations
Procedure for find the median(ungroued )
Case 2 :- ( for a frequency distribution )
If x1 , x2 , x3 , … , xn are n observations Step1 – Arrange the data in ascending or
and f1 , f2 , f3 , … , fn are the corresponding frequencies

then mean deviation about median =

 f i xi − M descending order

N Step2 – Count number of observations ( n )

N =  fi
n +1
th

Variance and Standard Deviation Step3 – If n is odd Median is obsrvtn

2
The variance of a variate is the arithmetic mean of the
Squares of all deviations of the values of the variate x from If n is even then Median =
the Arithmetic mean of the observations and is denoted as
2( var x ) n n 
th observation +  + 1th observation
Note 2 2 
The positive square root of variance is called standard 2
Procedure for find the median
Deviation denoted as 
( freq. distribution)
Case 1 :- ( for an ungrouped data )
If x1 , x2 , x3 , … , xn are n observations N 
 − m c
M= l+
2 
x   xi 
2 2

−  f
1
Then standard deviation =
n  n 
 
l = lower limit of median class
Case 2 :- ( for a frequency distribution )
If x1 , x2 , x3 , … , xn are n observations and m = cumulative frequency just above
f1 , f2 , f3 , … , fn are the corresponding frequencies median class

c – class interval of median class

f – frequency of the median class

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 f   f i xi 
2 2
x1
−  where N is the sum of all frequencies
i
standard deviation =
N  N 
 
Note :-
xi − A
If we make a substitution u i =
f
where A is the assumed mean
h i ui
Mean = A + h
N
f   f i ui 
2 2
u1
The standard deviation of u is −  and x = h u
i

N  N 
 
Analysis of frequency distribution
 
Coefficient of standard deviation = Coefficient of variation =
x 100
x x
Given two data , the data with least coefficient of variation is considered to be more consistent

Questions
1. Find the mean deviation about mean for the following data
4 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 17
2. Find the mean deviation about mean for the following data
49 , 68 , 21 , 32 , 54 , 38 , 41 , 66 , 59
3. Find the mean deviation about median for the following data
50 , 40 , 22 , 35 , 45 , 60, 50 , 78 , 70 , 50
4. Find the mean deviation about median for the following data
22 , 24 , 30 , 27 , 42 , 41 , 25 , 31 , 29
5. Find the mean deviation about median for the following data
3 , 9 , 21 , 12 , 5 , 3 , 18 , 4 , 7 , 10 , 19
6. Calculate the mean deviation about mean and the coefficient of mean deviation
xi 10 11 12 13 14

fi 3 12 18 12 3

7. Calculate the mean deviation from the mean and the coefficient of mean deviation
xi 5 7 9 10 12 15

fi 8 6 2 2 2 6

8. Calculate the mean deviation from the median

xi 10 12 15 18 21 23

fi 3 5 4 10 8 4

9. Calculate the mean deviation from the median

xi 15 21 27 30 35

fi 3 5 6 7 8

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10. Calculate the mean deviation from the mean
Class 0-100 100-200 200-300 300-400 400-500 500-600 600-700 700-800

Frqncy 4 8 9 10 7 5 4 3

11. Calculate the mean deviation from the mean

Class 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80

Frqncy 2 3 8 14 8 3 2

12. Calculate the mean deviation from the median

Class 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80

Frqncy 4 6 10 20 10 6 4

13. Calculate the mean deviation from the median

Class 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25

Frqncy 8 5 20 7 16

14. Find the variance of first 12 natural numbers

15. Calculate the standard deviation of 40 , 62 , 58 , 73 , 86 , 83 , 50 , 54 , 71 , 75
16. Calculate the variance and standard deviation
Class 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100

Frqncy 3 7 12 15 8 3 2

17. Calculate the mean and standard deviation

Class 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100

Frqncy 3 4 7 7 15 9 6 6 3

18. Calculate the mean and standard deviation

Class 0-30 30-60 60-90 90-120 120-150 150-180 180-210

Frqncy 2 3 5 10 3 5 2

19. The mean and variance of 5 observations are 4.4 and 8.24 respectively . If 3 of the observations are
1 , 2 and 6 . Find the remaining two observations

20. The mean and standard deviations of 20 observations are found to be 10 and 2 respectively . on
rechecking , it was found that an observation 12 was mis read as 8 . Find the correct mean and correct
standard deviation

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 21. The mean and standard deviations of 200 items are found to be 60 and 20 respectively . But at the
time of calculation , two items were wrongly taken as 3 and 67 instead of 18 and 17 respectively
.Find the correct mean and correct standard deviation

22. Following table gives the scores of two batsmen A and B in 20 innings . Whose play is more
consistent
No.of runs 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

No.of innings A 1 0 0 4 3 6 3 3

B 1 2 2 6 3 4 2 0

23. Coefficient of variation of two distributions are 60% and 70% and their standard deviations are
21 and 16 respectively . what are their arithmetic means
24. The sum and sum of squares corresponding to length x ( in cm ) and weight y ( in cm ) of 50 plant
products are given below. Find which one us more varying , length or weight
50 50 50 50

x = 212 , x = 902 , y = 261 , y = 14576

2 2
i i i i
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1

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