CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that A Y U S H P A L has successfully

completed the project file on " Maths project file on matrices
and determinant and probablity” under my guidance and
supervision.

I am satisfied with their initiative of project file as a

part of curriculum of CBSE Class XII Examination.

Date:
Place: Kanpur

Signature of Internal Signature of External

Examiner Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher

Who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic “Maths project
file on matrices and determinant and probablity”.
It helped me in doing lot of research and I came to know about so many
new things .I am really thankful to them. Secondly I would also like to
thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this
project within the limit time frame.

YoursSincerely,

AYUSH PAL
CLASS:- 12TH-
A
 INDEX

TOPIC:- Maths project file on matrices and

determinant and probablity

1. MATRICES AND DETERMINANT

2. PROBABLITY
Front page

1
 ABSTRACT

We present an approach to basic arithmetic between abstract matrices, i.e., matrices of

symbolic dimension with under specified components. We define a simple basis function that
enables the representation of abstract matrices composed of arbitrary regions in a single term that
supports matrix addition and multiplication by regular arithmetic on terms. This can, be
exploited to obtain general arithmetic closure properties for classes of structured matrices. We
also describe an approach using alternative basis functions that allow more compact expressions
and admit additional arithmetic simplification .

It is everyday mathematical practice to represent matrices in an abstract way with

symbolic dimensions and containing under specified parts described using ellipses. While
reasoning about matrices in this form is mathematically routine, there is very little automated
support for it. In earlier work, we have investigated the problem of representing abstract matrices
with certain entries given by expressions and others given by interpolating ellipses [4, 5]. Their
analysis included determining conditions for boundaries between regions and general
expressions for elements within regions of such matrices and has led to a representation that
made abstract matrices available as a template for concrete matrices with fully specified
dimensions and entries.

2
 INDEX

Sl. No. Contents Page no.

Introduction 4
Types of matrices 5
Properties of matrix 8
Determinant of a matrix 9
Inverse of a matrix 10
Application of matrix in daily life 14
Problem 15
Solution 15
Conclusion and reference 17

3
 INTRODUCTION:-

In mathematics, a matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols or expressions, arranged in

rows and columns. For example, the dimensions of the matrix below are 2x3 (read by two by
three) because there are two rows and three columns. The individual items in an m x n matrix A,
often denoted by aij, where max i=m and max j = n, are called its elements or entries, provided that
they have the same size(each matrix has the same number of rows and the same numbers of
columns as the other), two matrices can be added or subtracted element by element. The rule for
matrix multiplication, however, is that two matrices can be multiplied only when the number of
columns in the first equals the number of rows in the second (i.e., the inner dimensions are the
same, n for Am.n x Bn.p). Any matrix can be multiplied element-wise by a scalar from its
associated field.

Applications of matrices are found in most scientific fields. In every branch of physics, including
classical mechanics, optics, electromagnetism, quantum mechanics and quantum
electromagnetism, they are used to study physical phenomena. In computer graphics, they are
used to manipulate 3D models.

Meaning:-

Rectangular arrangement of numbers or alphabets in rows and columns enclosed by a square

bracket or a common bracket is called a “matrix”. The numbers (parameters or variables) are
called elements of the matrix. The numbers in a horizontal line are called rows while the
numbers in a vertical line are called columns, the number of rows (m) may not be equal to the
number of columns (n). The number of rows and numbers of columns defines the dimension or
order of the matrix.

Definition :-

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or other mathematical objects for which operations
such as addition and multiplication are defined. Most commonly, a matrix over a field is a
rectangular array of scalars each of which is a member of F. Most of this article focuses on real
and complex matrices, that is matrices whose elements are real numbers or complex numbers.

4
The numbers, symbols or expressions in the matrix are called its entries or its elements. The
horizontal and vertical lines of entries in a matrix are called rows and columns.

TYPES OF MATRICES:-

1. Row Matrix:-

A matrix which has exactly one row is called a row matrix. It can have any numbers of columns.

For example – [1 2 3 4]1x4

2. Column Matrix:-

A matrix which has exactly one column is called a column matrix. It can have any number of
rows.

[
3
For Example – 2
4

3. Square Matrix:-
]
A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns is called a square
matrix.

For Example – [03 52

4. Diagonal Matrix:- ]
A square matrix whose all elements except the leading diagonal elements are zero is termed
as a diagonal matrix. In other words, all of its non-diagonal elements are zero.

Example – 310

[ ]
0 00 0
3
For 013

5. Scalar Matrix:-

A diagonal matrix whose leading diagonal elements are equal is called a scalar matrix.

5
 [
700
For Example – 0 7 0
007

6. Unit Matrix:-
]
A scalar matrix whose diagonal leading elements are unity (1) is termed as a unit matrix and
is denote by ‘I’.

[
100
For Example 010
- 00 1

7. Rectangular Matrix:-
]
When the number of rows is not equal to the number of columns, it is termed as a rectangular
matrix (m is not equal to n).

For Example – [63 1425

8. Null Matrix:- ]
If all the elements of a matrix are zero, it is called a null matrix or zero matrixes.

[
000
For Example – 0 0 0
000

9. Transpose of Matrix:-
]
The transpose of a matrix is obtained by interchanging the rows and columns. In other words,
rows are changed into columns and columns are changed into rows. Transpose of matrix A is
denoted by A’ or AT.

For Example –A= [ ] 23 4 '

, it implies= A = 3 6

[
67 25
5 47

]
6
10.Equal Matrix:-

Two matrices are said to be equal if both are of the same order and their corresponding
elements are equal.

For Example – A= [abcd], B=[625 7]

11.Symmetric Matrix:-

A matrix is termed as asymmetric matrix if it is equal to its transpose. In other words, if A .

A’ the matrix A is called a symmetric one.

[
abe
For Example – be g
e gc

12.Skew-Symmetric Matrix:-
]
A matrix is called a skew-symmetric matrix if its negative is equal to its transpose. In other
words, if A’= -A, the matrix A is termed as skew-symmetric one.

For Example – [−a0 a0]

13.Sub Matrix:-

A matrix obtained from a given matrix by deleting some rows or columns or both is called a
sub- matrix.

If A= 1 4 its sub matrices will be

[ ],
3 2 65
778

[3 2 8] , [2546] ,[7846 ] ,146[325 .] and so on.

7
 14.Singular Matrix:-

A square matrix whose determinant is zero, is called a singular matrix.

[
000
For Example – 1 2 3
345

15.Non-singular Matrix:-
]
A square matrix whose determinant is not equal to zero is called a non-singular matrix.

[3 6 , |A| = 24 – 15 =9 ≠ 0
45
For Example-

16.Orthogonal Matrix:-]

A sqare matrix is which the product of the matrix with its transpose and vice-versa is a unit
matrix it is termed as an orthogonal matrix. In other words, matrix A is called an orthogonal
matrix if,

A’ x A =I and A x A’ = I

PROPERTIES OF MATRIX

PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION:-

1. Associative law A+B = B+A

2. Commutative law A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C

8
 3. If 0 denotes null matrix of the same order as that of A then, A+0 =0+A = A
4. Existence of inverse if A+B=0 , Then B= -A OR A =-B

PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION:-

1. If A and B are two matrices then AB may not be equal to BA

2. If A, B and C are three matrices then (AB) = A(BC)
3. Multiplication is distributive with respect of addition of matrices, i.e. ; A(B+C) =
AB+BC
4. (AB)’ = B’ x A’
5. AI =A = IA, where, I is a unit matrix.
6. ∝ (AB) = (∝A) B = A (∝B)
7. The product of two non-zero matrices may be a zero matrix.

[ ] []
Example A= 1−1 , B= 11
−11 11

then AB= [00 00

]
DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX:-

The standard formula to find the determinant of 3X3 matrix is a breakdown of smaller 2X2
determinant problems which are very easy to handle. If you need a refresher how to find the
determinant of a 2X2.

Suppose we are given a square matrix A, where, A

[
abc
A= def
ghi

]
9
The determinant of Matrix A is calculated as.

[eif ] [di f ]c∣ghde∣

|A|= a h -b g

[ ], then the determinant of A or |A| written as 58∣3 4∣ whose value will be

34
If A= 58

(3X8) – (5X4) = 4

The co factors of the element of |A| can be found by applying the formula.

Aij ¿(−1)i+ j X Mij

INVERSE OF A MATRIX

The inverse of a square matrix A exists if |A| ≠0 . in other words, inverse exists if the square
matrix is non-singular. The inverse of a matrix A is denoted by A−1.

The inverse of A is given A−1 = Adj A / |A|

Remarks:-

1. Ax A−1= A−1x A=I

2. B is called the inverse of A if AB=BA=I
3. ( AB)−1=B−1x A−1

Finding Inverse Of Matrix:-

[ ]
2 06
If A = 1 3−1 show that A(Adj A) = I3 ; |A| find inverse of matrix.
4 5−2
10
 STEP-1:-

1) First find all the co-factors

A11 ∣ ∣
3−1
= 5−2 = -1 A21 = ∣5−2
06
∣ = 30 A31 = ∣3−1
06
∣ = -18

A12 = ∣4−2
1−1
∣ = -2 A22 = ∣4−22 6 ∣ =-28 A32 = ∣1−12 6 ∣

= 8 A13
4
= ∣13∣45= -7 A23 = ∣120∣ =
5 3

-10 A33 = ∣2 0∣ =6
STEP-2:-

Write the co-factors in matrix from we get

∣
−1−2−7
30−28−10
−18 86

Then transpose it to get Adj A

Adj A =

[ ]
−130−18
x (Adj A) = 3−1

[ ]
4 5−2 206
A 1
−2−28 8
−7−10 6

[ ]
−130−18
2−28
8
X −
−7−10

11
 [ ]
−2+0−42 60+0−60−36 +0+36
= −1−6+7 30−84+ 10−18+24−6
−4−10+14 120−140+20−72+40−12

[
−44 0 0
= 0−44 0
0 0−44

]
[
100
= -44 0 10
001

]
|A| = a11 . A11+a12 . A12+a13 . A13

=2(-1)+0(-2)+6(-7) = -2+0-42 = -44

So,

A(Adj A) = I 3 |A|

STEP-3:-

Now find A−1= Adj A / |A|

−1 2−28 44)

[ ]
A = −130−18
8
−
−7−10 ÷ (-

= ¿

Procedure of Adjoint of Matrix

The ad joint of a square matrix is the transpose of the matrix of co-

factors STEP-1 : Find all the co-factors

12
STEP-2 : Write them in matrix form

STEP-3 : Then change the columns into rows and vice versa

Examle :

Original Matrix of co-factors Transpose (Adjoint)

[ ] [ ] [ ]
46 =¿ 5−3
35 −
4
6 =¿ 5−6
−
4
3

Remark :-

(Adj A)A = A(Adj A) = |A|I

13
 APPLICATION OF MATRIX IN DAILY LIFE

Matrices are used much more in daily life than people would have thought. In fact it is
front of us every day when going to work, at the university and even at home. Graphic software
such as adobe Photoshop on your personal computer uses matrices to process linear
transformations to render images. A square matrix can represent a linear transformation of
aerometric project. In a video game , this would render the upside-down mirror image of an
assassin reflected in a pond of blood. If the video game has curved reflecting surfaces, such as a
shiny metal shield , the matrix would be more complicated, to stretch or shrink the reflection. In
physics related applications, matrices are used in the study of electrical circuits, quantum
mechanics and optics. Engineers use matrix or model physical systems and perform accurate
calculations needed for complex mechanics to work. Whereas in programming which is taught at
the universality. Matrices are inverse matrices are used for coding and encrypting messages. A
message is made as a sequence of numbers in a binary format for communication and it follows
code theory for solving. Many IT company also use matrices as data structure to track user
information, perform search queries and manage databases. In the world of information, security,
many systems are designed to work with matrices. Matrices are used in the compression of
electronic information, for example in the storage of biometric data in the new identity card in
maturities. In geology, matrices are used for making seismic surveys. They are used for plotting
graphs, statistics and also to do scientific fields. Matrices are also used in representing the real
world data’s like the population of people, infant mortality rate, etc. they are best representation
methods for plotting surveys. In economics very large matrices are used for optimization of
problems, for example in making the best use of assets, whether labor or capital, in the
manufacturing of a product and managing very large supply chains.

14
 PROBLEM

A supplier supplies coffee beans to SHOP A, SHOP B and SHOP C in bags of 5 kgs,10 kg and
15 kg as shown in the table.

SL NO SHOP NAME 5kG 10 KG 15 KG

1 SHOP A 50 100 30
2 SHOP B 60 150 40
3 SHOP C 80 200 70

The cost price of 5 kg, 10 kg and 15 kg bags are Rs.10.60, Rs.17.20 and Rs.22.50 respectively.

(a) Write down two matrices P and Q , such that the elements of the matrix product PQ give
the total cost price of the beans delivered to each SHOP. Find the product of PQ.
(b) In June, SHOP A,B and C received 15,10 and 5 such delivers respectively. By using a
matrix multiplication ,find the total number of 5 kg , 10 kg and 15 kg bags delivered in
June. Hence; find the total number of bags delivered in June by further matrix
multiplication.

SOLUTION

[
A
(A) [A B C] B
C

]
[
50 ×10 . 60+100 ×17 . 20+30 ×22 .5
= 60 ×10 .60+ 150× 17 .20+ 40 ×22 . 5
80 ×10 . 60+200 ×17 . 20+70 ×22 .5

]
[ [
50 10030 10 .60
= 60 150 40 17 .20
× 22 .50
80 200 70

] ]
15
 [
2925
= 4116
5863

2925
∴ PQ = 4116
5863
][
]
[ ]
15 × 50+60 ×10+80 ×5
(B) = 100× 15+150 ×10+200 ×10
30 × 15+ 40 ×15+70 × 15

=[ 15 105 150

[ ]
] 40 10030
50
60 200
80

= [ 1750 4000 1200 ]

[
1
=[ 1750 4000 1200] 1
1

= [ 1750 +4000+1200] = [6950]

]
 CONCLUSION

Matrices are very easy to add the data together, like we do with matrices in mathematics. Like in
some problems of our homework, matrices could be useful to figuring out things like price and
quantitative, like with the foods and prices in our homework. As we can see, there are many and
very useful ways matrices could be applied in our everyday lives and even in the future.

REFERENCE:-

1. NPH Publisher: Business mathematics and statistics:2016

2. https://www.ukessays.com> mathematics

17
 INDEX

Ser No Topic Page Nos

1. Introduction 1-3
2. Conditional Probability 4
3. Independent event 5-6
4. Baye’s theorem 7
5. Random Variables and 8
Probability Distribution
6. Bernoulli Trials 9
7. Binomial Distribution 10
8. Conclusion 11 - 13
9. References 14
 INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS PROBABAILITY?

Probability means possibility. It is a branch

of mathematics that deals with the occurrence of a random
event. The value is expressed from zero to
one. Probability has been introduced in Maths to predict how
likely events are to happen.

Probability is a measure of the likelihood of an event to

occur. Many events cannot be predicted with total certainty.
We can predict only the chance of an event to occur i.e. how
likely they are to happen, using it. Probability can range in
from 0 to 1, where 0 means the event to be an impossible
one and 1 indicates a certain event. The probability of all the
events in a sample space adds up to 1.

1|Page
For example, when we toss a coin, either we get Head or
Tail, only two possible outcomes are possible (H, T). But if
we toss two coins in the air, there could be three possibilities
of events to occur, such as both the coins show heads or both
shows tails or one shows heads and one tail, i.e. (H, H),
(H, T), (T, T).
Probability theory is widely used in the area of studies such
as statistics, finance, gambling artificial intelligence,
machine learning, computer science, game theory, and
philosophy.

PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT
Assume an event ‘E’ can occur in ‘r’ ways out of a sum of
‘n’ probable or possible equally likely ways. Then the
probability of happening of the event or its success is
expressed as-
P(E) = r/n

2|Page
The probability that the event will not occur or known as its
failure is expressed as:
P(E’) = (n-r)/n = 1-(r/n)
E’ represents that the event will not occur.
Therefore, now we can say,
P(E) + P(E’) = 1
This means that the total of all the probabilities in any
random test or experiment is equal to 1.

What are Equally Likely Events?

When the events have the same theoretical probability of
happening, then they are called equally likely events. The
results of a sample space are called equally likely if all of
them have the same probability of occurring. For example, if
you throw a die, then the probability of getting 1 is 1/6.

Complementary Events
The possibility that there will be only two outcomes which
states that an event will occur or not. Like a person will
come or not come to your house. Basically, the complement
of an event occurring in the exact opposite that the
probability of it is not occurring.

3|Page
 CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY

The conditional probability of ‘A’ given ‘B’ is the

probability that event ‘A’ has occurred in a trial of a random
experiment for which it is known that event ‘B’ has
definitely occurred.
It may be computed by means of the following formula:
P(A|B)=P(A∩B)/P(B)
Suppose a fair die has been rolled and you are asked to give
the probability that it was a five. There are six equally likely
outcomes, so your answer is 1/6. But suppose that before
you give your answer you are given the extra information
that the number rolled was odd. Since there are only three
odd numbers that are possible, one of which is five, you
would certainly revise your estimate of the likelihood that a
five was rolled from 1/6 to 1/3.

4|Page
 INDEPENDENT EVENT

In probability, two events are independent if the incidence of

one event does not affect the probability of the other event.
If the incidence of one event does affect the probability of
the other event, then the events are dependent.
There is a red 6-sided fair die and a blue 6-sided fair die.
Both dice are rolled at the same time. Let A be the event that
the red die's result is even. Let B be the event that the blue
die's result is odd. The outcome of the red die has no impact
on the outcome of the blue die. Likewise, the outcome of the
blue die does not affect the outcome of the red die.
P(A)= 1/2 regardless of whether B happens or not.
P(B)=1/2 regardless of whether A happens or not.
Therefore, the events are independent.
There are 3 green marbles and 5 blue marbles in a bag. Two
marbles are drawn from the bag at random. Let G be the
event that the first marble drawn is green. Let B be the event
that the second marble drawn is blue.

5|Page
Case 1: G happens
When the first marble drawn is green, there are 7 marbles
left in the bag, and 5 of them are blue. In this case, P(B)=
5/7

Case 2: G does not happen

When the first marble drawn is blue, there are 7 marbles left
in the bag, and 4 of them are blue. In this case, P(B)= 4/7
The incidence of G affects the probability of B. Therefore,
these events are not independent. In other words, they are
dependent.

6|Page
 BAYE’S THEOREM

Baye’s Theorem Statement:

Let E1, E2,…,En be a set of events associated with a sample
space S, where all the events E1, E2,…, En have nonzero
probability of occurrence and they form a partition of S. Let
A be any event associated with S, then according to Bayes
theorem,
P(Ei│A) = P(Ei)P(A│Ei)/n∑k=1P(Ek)P(A|Ek)
for any k = 1, 2, 3, …., n
Baye’s Theorem Proof:
According to the conditional probability formula,
P(Ei│A) = P(Ei∩A)P(A) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯(1)
Using the multiplication rule of probability,
P(Ei∩A) = P(Ei)P(A│Ei)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯(2)
Using total probability theorem,
P(A) = n∑k=1P(Ek)P(A|Ek)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯(3)
Putting the values from equations (2) and (3) in equation 1,
we get
P(Ei│A) = P(Ei)P(A│Ei)/n∑k=1 P(Ek)P(A|Ek)

7|Page
RANDOM VARIABLES AND PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION

A random variable is a real valued function whose domain is

the sample space of a random experiment.
The probability distribution for a random variable describes
how the probabilities are distributed over the values of the
random variable. This function provides the probability for
each value of the random variable. The probability
distribution of a random variable X is the system of numbers
X: x1 x2 … xn
P(X): p1 p2 … pn
Where, pi>0, ∑𝑛
𝑖= 𝑝𝑖 = 1, i=1, 2, …, n
1
Let X be a random variable whose possible values x 1, x2, …,
xk occur with probabilities p1, p2, …, pk respectively, the
mean of X is denoted by

The variance of a discrete random variable X measures the

spread, or variability, of the distribution, and is defined by

The standard deviation is the square root of the variance.

8|Page
 BERNOULLI TRIALS

A random experiment whose outcomes are only of two

types, say success S and failure F, is a Bernoulli trial. The
probability of success is taken as p while that of failure is
q=1− p. A random variable X will have Bernoulli
distribution with probability p if its probability distribution
is
P(X = x) = px (1 – p)1−x, for x = 0, 1 and P(X = x) = 0 for
other values of x.
Here, 0 is failure and 1 is the success.

Conditions for Bernoulli Trials:

1. A finite number of trials.
2. Each trial should have exactly two outcomes: success or
failure.
3. Trials should be independent.
4. The probability of success or failure should be the same
in each trial.

9|Page
 BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

Suppose a random experiment with exactly two outcomes is

repeated n times independently. The probability of success is
p and that of failure is q. Assume that out of these n times,
we get success for x times and failure for the remaining i.e.,
n−x times. The total number of ways in which we can have
success is nCx. A random variable X will have a binomial
distribution if-
P(X = x) = p(x) = nCx px qn-x,
for x = 0, 1, … , n and P(X = x) = 0 otherwise. Here, q=1– p.
Any such random variable X is binomial variate. A binomial
trial is a set of n independent Bernoullian trials.

Conditions for Binomial Distribution:

1. Each trial results in only two outcomes i.e., success and
failure.
2. The number of trials ‘n’ is finite.
3. The trials are independent of each other.
4. The probability of success, p or that of failure, q is
constant for each trial.

10 | P a g e
 CONCLUSION
Applications of Probability

Some of the applications of probability are predicting the

outcome when you:

 Flipping a coin.
 Choosing a card from the deck.
 Throwing a dice.
 Pulling a green candy from a bag of red candies.
 Winning a lottery 1 in many millions

Examples of Real-Life probability

Weather Planning:
A probability forecast is an assessment of how likely an
event can occur in terms of percentage and record the risks
associated with weather. Meteorologists around the world
use different instruments and tools to predict weather
changes. They collect the weather forecast database from
around the world to estimate the temperature changes and
probable weather conditions for a particular hour, day, week,
and month.
Example

11 | P a g e
if there are 40 % chances of raining then the weather
condition is such that 40 out of 100 days it has rained.
Sports Strategies:
In sports, analyses are conducted with the help of probability
to understand the strengths and weaknesses of a particular
team or player. Analysts use probability and odds to foretell
outcomes regarding the team’s performance and members in
the sport.
Coaches use probability as a tool to determine in what areas
their team is strong enough and in which all areas they have
to work to attain victory. Trainers even use probability to
gauge the capacity of a particular player in his team and
when to allow him to play and against whom.
Example

A cricket coach evaluates a player's batting and bowling

capability by taking his average performances in previous
matches before placing him in the line-up.
Insurance:
Insurance companies use the theory of probability or
theoretical probability for framing a policy or completing at
a premium rate. The theory of probability is a statistical
method used to predict the possibility of future outcomes.
Example

Issuing health insurance for an alcoholic person is likely to

be more expensive compared to the one issued to a healthy
12 | P a g e
person. Statistical analysis shows high health risks for a
regular alcoholic person, ensuring them is a great financial
risk given a higher probability of serious illness and hence
filing a claim of premium money.
In Games:
Blackjack, poker, gambling, all sports, board games, video
games use probability to know how likely a team or person
has chances to win.
Example

When two dices are rolled simultaneously, the outcomes will

be as given below

Summary

Probability plays a vital role in the day-to-day life. In the

weather forecast, sports and gaming strategies, buying or
selling insurance, online shopping, and online games,
determining blood groups, and analysing political strategies.

13 | P a g e
 REFERENCES

1. NCERT Mathematics – Textbook Class XII (Part – II)

2. Mathematics for Class XII - R S Aggarwal

3. Mathematics for Class XII – R D Sharma

4. Google Scholar Articles on Probability

5. Wikipedia

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