Wireless Networks

Sachin Tripathi
IIT(ISM), Dhanbad
 Course Objective

• Study the evolving wireless technologies and standards

• Understand the protocols, architectures and applications of various
wireless networks
• Gain expertise in some specific areas of wireless networking
 Course Outcome

On successful completion of course

• Identify the basic concept and understand the state-of-the-art in

protocols, architectures and applications of wireless networks
• Compare, contrast and analyze wireless networks
• Classify and also develop new protocols in ad-hoc networks.
• Understand how wireless networking research is done.
Unit No. Topics to be Covered
1. Computer Networks
[Overview of Data Communication and Networking, OSI Reference
Model, TCP/IP Protocol Suite, Network
Architecture, Understanding Network and Transport Layer, Multicasting]
2. Introduction to Wireless Networks & Radio wave propagation:
[Issues and Challenges, Data and Signals, Analog and Digital Transmission,
Antennas, Propagation Modes, Fading in the wireless Environment, Energy
consumption and Delay
3. Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communications:
[FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, SDMA, Packet Radio]
4. Mobility Management & GSM:
[Cellular Architecture, Cell splitting and sectoring concept, Frequency
allocation and interference issues, Handoff
techniques, Location Management, HLR-VLR Scheme, Hierarchical Scheme,
Mobile IP, Mobile TCP]
5. Wireless LANs & WANs:
[Issues and Challenges, Wireless LAN technologies, IEEE
802.11, 802.15 & 802.16 Standards – Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
Zigbee, WiMAX]
6. Ad-hoc Networks and Sensor Networks:
[Introduction, Challenges and Issues, AODV, DSR, DSDV
Routing protocols; Architecture and factors influencing the
sensor network design; Concept of MANET and VANET]
7. File System Support for Mobility:
[Distributed file sharing for mobility support, Coda and other
storage manager for mobility support]
8. Publishing & Accessing Data in Air:
[Pull and push based Data Delivery Models, Data Dissemination
by Broadcast, Broadcast Disks, Directory Service in air, Energy
Efficient Indexing Scheme for Push based Data Delivery]
Overview of Data Communication and Networking
Data and Signals
Data Communications
Data Communications
Data Flow
Half Duplex
Full Duplex
Modem
About Voice/Data
Digital Connection
Analog Connection
Types of Modem
Telecommunications
Voice Channels
Data Channels
What is Network?
Big Picture
Breaking Picture ( Local Loop)
LAN
MAN
WAN
Topology
Linear Bus
Star
Star-Wired
Tree
Considerations when choosing topology
Summary Chart
Introduction to ISO-OSI Model
Data Communication Network
Performance
Consistency
Reliability
Recovery
Security
Application
Physical Connection
Serial Vs. Parallel
Communications
Transmission Media (Guided)
Guided
Open Wire
Twisted Pair
Unshielded Twisted Pair
Co-axial Cable
Optical Fiber
Advantages
Disadvantages
Comparison
Unguided
RF Propagation
Ground Wave
Ionospheric Propogation
Line of Sight
Microwave
Disadvantages
Satellite
Networking Devices
Repeaters
Repeaters
Bridges
Purpose of Bridge
Isolate networks by MAC addresses
Manage network traffic by filtering
packets
Translate from one protocol to another
Reasons to use Bridge
Gateways
Protocol IEEE 802.3
Cable Termination and Connector
TCP/IP Protocols
Wireless Networks
Range and Performance
Wireless Adapters
Benefits of Wireless Network
Bandwidth Case-I
Bandwidth Case-II
 Introduction OSI

⚫ The Open System Interconnection Reference Model (OSI

Reference Model or OSI Model) is an abstract description for
layered communications and computer network protocol design.
⚫ It divides network architecture into seven layers which, from top
to bottom, are the Application, Presentation, Session,Transport,
Network, Data Link, and Physical Layers. It is therefore often
referred to as the OSI Seven Layer Model.

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 OSI Feature
⚫ Open system standards over the world
⚫ Rigorously defined structured, hierarchical network model
⚫ Complete description of the function
⚫ Provide standard test procedures

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 OSI Layers
OS I Model
Data unit Layer Function
7.Application Network process to application
Data representation, encryption
Data 6.Presentation
Host and decryption
layers 5.Session Interhost communication
End-to-end connections and
Segments 4.Transport
reliability, Flow control
Path determination and logical
Packet 3.Network
addressing
Media
Frame 2.Data Link Physical addressing
layers
Media, signal and binary
Bit 1.Physical
transmission

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 Layer1: Physical Layer
⚫ The Physical Layer defines the electrical and physical
specifications for devices. In particular, it defines the
relationship between a device and a physical medium.
⚫ This includes the layout of pin, voltages, cable specification,
hubs, repeaters, network adapters, host bus adapters, and
more.

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 Layer1: Physical Layer
⚫ The major functions and services performed by
the Physical Layer are:
⚫ Establishment and termination of a connection to
a communication medium.
⚫ Participation in the process whereby the communication
resources are effectively shared among multiple users. For
example, flow control.
⚫ Modulation, or conversion between the representation
of digital data in user equipment and the corresponding
signals transmitted over a communications channel.These
are signals operating over the physical cabling (such as
copper and optical fiber) or over a radio link.

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 Layer1: Physical Layer con.
⚫ The same applies to local-area networks, such
as Ethernet, token ring , FDDI(Fiber Distributed
Data Interface),
ITU-T( International Telecommunication Union
Telecommunication Standardization Sector) and
IEEE802.1I.
⚫ Personal area networks such as Bluetooth and IEEE
802.15.4.

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 Layer 2: Data Link Layer
⚫ The Data Link Layer provides the functional and
procedural means to transfer data between network
entities and to detect and possibly correct errors that
may occur in the Physical Layer.
⚫ Originally, this layer was intended for point-to-point
and point-to-multipoint media, characteristic of
wide area media in the telephone system.
⚫ The data link layer is divided into two sub-layers by
IEEE.

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 Layer 2: Data Link Layer
⚫ One is MediaAccess Control (MAC) and another is Logical
Link Control (LLC).
⚫ Mac is lower sub-layer, and it defines the way about the
media access transfer, such as CSMA/CD/CA(Carrier
Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection/Collision
Avoidance)
⚫ LLC provides data transmission method in different
network. It will re-package date and add a new header.

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 Layer 3: Network Layer
⚫ The Network Layer provides the functional and procedural
means of transferring variable length data sequences from a
source to a destination via one or more networks, while
maintaining the quality of service requested by theTransport
Layer.

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 Layer 3: Network Layer
⚫ The Network Layer performs
⚫ network routing functions,
⚫ perform fragmentation and reassembly,
⚫ report delivery errors.
⚫ Routers operate at this layer—sending data throughout the
extended network and making the Internet possible.

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 Layer 4: Transport Layer

⚫ TheTransport Layer provides transparent transfer of data

between end users, providing reliable data transfer services
to the upper layers.
⚫ The Transport Layer controls the reliability of a given link
through flow control, segmentation/desegmentation, and
error control.

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 Layer 5: Session Layer
⚫ The Session Layer controls the dialogues (connections)
between computers.
⚫ It establishes, manages and terminates the connections
between the local and remote application.
⚫ It provides for full-duplex, half-duplex, or simplex operation,
and establishescheckpointing, adjournment, termination,
and restart procedures.

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 Layer 5: Session Layer
⚫ The OSI model made this layer responsible for graceful close
of sessions, which is a property of theTransmission Control
Protocol, and also for session check pointing and recovery,
which is not usually used in the Internet Protocol Suite.The
Session Layer is commonly implemented explicitly in
application environments that use remote procedure calls.

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 Layer 6: Presentation Layer
⚫ The Presentation Layer establishes a context between
Application Layer entities, in which the higher-layer
entities can use different syntax and semantics, as long as
the presentation service understands both and the mapping
between them.
⚫ This layer provides independence from differences in data
representation (e.g., encryption) by translating from
application to network format, and vice versa.
⚫ This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a
network, providing freedom from compatibility problems.
⚫ It is sometimes called the syntax layer.

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 Layer 7: Application Layer
⚫ The application layer is the OSI layer closest to the end user,
which means that both the OSI application layer and the user
interact directly with the software application.
⚫ Application layer functions typically include:
⚫ identifying communication partners,
⚫ determining resource availability,
⚫ synchronizing communication.

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 Layer 7: Application Layer
⚫ Identifying communication partners
⚫ Determines the identity and availability of communication
partners for an application with data to transmit.
⚫ Determining resource availability
⚫ Decide whether sufficient network or the requested
communication exist.
⚫ Synchronizing communication
⚫ All communication between applications requires
cooperation that is managed by the application layer.

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 Layer 7: Application Layer
⚫ Some examples of application layer implementations include
⚫ HypertextTransfer Protocol (HTTP)
⚫ FileTransfer Protocol (FTP)
⚫ Simple MailTransfer Protocol (SMTP)

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 Introduction TCP/IP
⚫ The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known
as TCP/IP) is the set of communications
protocols used for the Internet and other similar
networks.
⚫ It is named from two of the most important
protocols in it:
⚫ theTransmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
⚫ the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two
networking protocols defined in this standard.

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 TCP/IP Layers
OSI TCP/IP
Application Layer
Application Layer
Presentation Layer TELNET, FTP, SMTP, POP3, SNMP,
NNTP, DNS,NIS, NFS, HTTP, ...
Session Layer

Transport Layer Transport Layer

TCP , UDP , ...

Network Layer Internet Layer

IP , ICMP, ARP, RARP, ...

Data Link Layer Link Layer

Physical Layer FDDI, Ethernet, ISDN, X.25,...

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 TCP/IP Stack

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 TCP/IP Encapsulation

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 TCP/IP Some Protocol
Layer Protocol
DNS,TFTP,TLS/SSL, FTP,Gopher, HTTP, IMAP, IRC, NNTP, POP3,
SIP,SMTP, SMPP, SNMP, SSH,Telnet, Echo, RTP,PNRP, rlogin, ENRP
Application
Routing protocols like BGP and RIP which run over TCP/UDP,
may also be considered part of the Internet Layer.
Transport TCP, UDP, DCCP, SCTP, IL, RUDP, RSVP
IP (IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, IGMP, and ICMPv6

Internet OSPF for IPv4 was initially considered IP layer protocol since it
runs per IP-subnet, but has been placed on the Link since RFC
2740.
Link ARP, RARP, OSPF (IPv4/IPv6), IS-IS, NDP

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Protocol: TCP/IP

Network Layer and Routing Concept

 NETWORK LAYER - BASICS

 NETWORK LAYER - FUNCTIONS
 CONNECTION MODEL
 ADDRESSING
 ROUTING
 ROLE OF NETWORK LAYER

The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.
 NETWORK LAYER FUNCTIONS

• Host addressing
• Connection model
• Message forwarding
 NETWORK ADDRESSES

• Every device on the internet has address

• Concept of address helps in distinguishing
source, destination and intermediate
nodes
• Network entities can easily communicate if
they are able to make reference to
different addresses
TYPE OF ADDRESSES
LAYER
WISE
ADDRESSES
 NETWORK LAYER
FUNCTIONS

• Host addressing
• Connection model
• Message forwarding
34
 SWITCHING

• Switching is a technique that connects the

sender and the receiver for communication
• The need arises when you have multiple
links between sender and receiver
TYPES OF SWITCHING
 CIRCUIT SWITCHING

• Circuit switching is a technique that

connects the sender and the receiver by a
single path for the duration of a
conversation
• A complete end-to-end connection must
exist before communication can take place
 CIRCUIT SWITCHING

C E
A B H
G

MSG 1
D F
MSG 2
 CIRCUIT SWITCHING -
BENEFITS

• Once a circuit is established, there is

virtually no channel access delay
• Dedicated transmission channel with
guaranteed data rate
 CIRCUIT SWITCHING -
CONSIDERATIONS

• Single, dedicated channel makes

inefficient use of media
• Dedicated channels are relatively
expensive in terms of time, money and
bandwidth used
• Subjected to long connection delays
 CIRCUIT SWITCHING –
SHORTCOMINGS

• Inefficient when channel utilized for a

small percent of the total time for which
connection is maintained
• Transmission and Receiving rate of the
communicating devices must be same
which is difficult to achieve for devices
supplied by different vendors or having
different standards
 MESSAGE SWITCHING

• No dedicated path between two stations

for an entire conversation
• Conversation is divided into messages
• Each message has its destination
• Also known as store-and-forward network
• Support services as E-mail. Workflow,
groupware
 MESSAGE SWITCHING

C E
A B H
G

MSG 1
MSG 2 D F
 MESSAGE SWITCHING

C E
A B H
G

MSG 1
MSG 2 D F
 MESSAGE SWITCHING
- BENEFITS

• Accommodate more devices by sharing

bandwidth
• Reduce network congestion by storing or
by prioritizing the messages
• Single message can be sent to multiple
devices
• Offline communication possible as in E-
mail
 MESSAGE SWITCHING
- CONSIDERATIONS

• Not suitable, where real time

communication required like audio / video
communications
• Large and costly storage disks for
potentially long messages
 PACKET SWITCHING

• Messages are divided into smaller parts,

called PACKETS
• Each packet is tagged with source,
destination and intermediary node
addresses
• Packet is small in size; when compared to
a message, so can be stored in RAM
instead of hard disks
TYPES OF PACKET
SWITCHING
 DATAGRAM PACKET
SWITCHING

• Very Similar to message switching

• Each message is divided into uniform
length information size called PACKET
• Each packet is transmitted independently
and carries full source and destination
address
 DATAGRAM PACKET
SWITCHING

• Packets arrive randomly and chose

different paths
• A sequencing number is added to each
packet
• This helps in re-ordering the packets at
destination and reconstruct the original
message
 PACKET SWITCHING

C E
A B H
G

D F
5 4 3 2 1
 PACKET SWITCHING

C E
3
A B H
G

D F
1 2 4 5
 PACKET SWITCHING

C E
A B H
G

D F
1 2 4 5 3
 PACKET SWITCHING

C E
A B H
G

D F 5 4 3 2 1
 DATAGRAM PACKET
SWITCHING - BENEFITS
• Cost effective as storage requirements are
minimum and inexpensive
• Less transmission delay
• Packets can be routed around problem
links
• Optimal use of communication link (or
bandwidth)
DATAGRAM PACKET SWITCHING -
CONSIDERATIONS

• High implementation costs as complex

protocols are used
• Loss of packet
• Retransmission required
 VIRTUAL CIRCUIT
PACKET SWITCHING
• Virtual Circuit communication is a
combination of circuit switching &
packet switching
• The term ‘virtual’ signifies that the channel
appears to be dedicated to the user for a
conversation
 VIRTUAL CIRCUIT
PACKET SWITCHING
• However; in actual, the devices over the
dedicated channel can be shared/used by
other devices also for packet forwarding
• Priority may be associated with the
packets belonging to the virtual circuit
communication
• Examples of virtual circuit switching are
X.25 and Frame Relay
 VIRTUAL CIRCUIT
PACKET SWITCHING

• Circuit switching provides constant bit rate

and latency, while these may vary in a
virtual circuit service because of reasons
such as:
• varying packet queue lengths
• varying bit rate
• varying load
 VIRTUAL CIRCUIT
SWITCHING
C E
X H
1 B G

A Y
D F
5 4 3 2 1
 VIRTUAL CIRCUIT PACKET
SWITCHING - BENEFITS

• Packets are delivered in order since

they all take the same route
• The overhead in the packets is smaller,
since there is no need for each packet to
contain the full address
 VIRTUAL CIRCUIT PACKET
SWITCHING - BENEFITS

• The connection is more reliable, network

resources are allocated at call setup so
that even during times of
congestion, provided that a call has been
setup, the subsequent packets should get
through
• Billing is easier, since billing records need
only be generated per call and not per
packet.
 VIRTUAL CIRCUIT PACKET
SWITCHING - CONSIDERATIONS

• The switching equipment needs to be

more powerful, since each switch needs
to store details of all the calls that are
passing through it and to allocate capacity
for any traffic that each call could
generate
 VIRTUAL CIRCUIT PACKET
SWITCHING - CONSIDERATIONS

• Resilience (Flexibilty) to the loss of a

trunk is more difficult, since if there is a
failure all the calls must be dynamically
re-established over a different route.
 NETWORK SERVICE
MODEL

All services provided on the internet

are broadly classified
RELIABLE DATAGRAM (non-reliable)
/ Best Effort)
CONNECTION CONNECTION LESS
ORIENTED
 LAYER-WISE SWITCHING

SWITCHING TYPE LAYER WISE

IMPLEMENTED ON
Circuit Switching Physical Layer

Virtual Circuit Switching Data Link Layer

Datagram Switching Network Layer

 NETWORK LAYER
FUNCTIONS

• Host addressing
• Connection model
• Message forwarding
ROUTING SCHEMES
 ROUTING SCHEMES

• UNICAST - delivers a message to a single

specific node
 ROUTING SCHEMES

• BROADCAST - delivers a message to all

nodes in the network
 ROUTING SCHEMES

• MULTICAST - delivers a message to a

group of nodes that have expressed
interest in receiving the message
 ROUTING SCHEMES

• ANYCAST - delivers a message to any

one out of a group of nodes, typically the
one nearest to the source
 ROUTING SCHEMES
• GEOCAST - delivers a message to a
geographic area
 WHAT IS ROUTING

• Routing is the task of selecting paths in a

network along which to send network
traffic or information
• Routing enables us to connect two or
more networks using different network
addresses i.e. Internetworking
 WHAT IS ROUTER

• A computer or a device that specialize in

sending packets over the data network
• Responsible for interconnecting networks
• Forwards packets to their destination by
selecting the best path for a packet to
travel
 ROUTING TABLES

• The routing process usually directs

forwarding on the basis of routing tables
which maintain a record of the routes to
various network destinations
 ROUTING ACTIVITIES

• Routing involves the following two

activities:
– Path determination
– Packet forwarding
 PATH DETERMINATION

• The process of obtaining path in routing

table is called path determination
• Path selection involves applying a routing
metric to multiple routes, in order to select
(or predict) the best route
 PATH DETERMINATION

• There are three different methods to which

router can learn path.
– Automatic detection of directly
connected network.
– Static & Default routing
– Dynamic routing
 PACKET FORWARDING

• If a path is established using the

information from the routing table/s, then
the concerned router sends the packet to
the next device on the selected path
• The router will perform packet forwarding
only if route is available in the routing table
 ROUTERS AND OSI
MODEL

• Routing is; in general, associated with the

Third Layer in OSI Model i.e. Network
Layer
• Routers; however are designed to have
Network as well as Data Link and Physical
Layer Protocols also
 ROUTERS AND OSI
MODEL

PC 1
Routers Operate at Layer 1,2 & 3 PC 2

7 APPLICATION APPLICATION 7
6 PRESENTATION PRESENTATION 6
5 SESSION SESSION 5
4 TRANSPORT TRANSPORT 4
3 NETWORK NETWORK NETWORK NETWORK 3
2 DATA LINK DATA LINK DATALINK DATA LINK 2
1 PHYSICAL PHYSICAL PHYSICAL PHYSICAL 1
 ROUTERS AND OSI
MODEL

• Routers use destination IP address to

forward packets
• Router determines the best path using the
routing table
• Packet is encapsulated into a frame
• Frame is placed on network medium in
form of Bits
 ROUTING ALGORITHM

• A router with the help of certain algorithms

calculates the best path for the packet to
reach the destination
• These algorithms are called routing
algorithms
• This is the way in which a router finds the
correct entry in its routing table and
updates the same
 ATTRIBUTES OF A
ROUTING ALGORITHM
• Optimality
– capability of the routing algorithm to select the
best route
• Simplicity and low overhead
– must offer its functionality efficiently, with a
minimum of software and utilization overhead
• Robustness and stability
– should perform correctly in the face of
unusual or unforeseen circumstances
 ATTRIBUTES OF A
ROUTING ALGORITHM

• Rapid convergence
– Convergence is the process of agreement, by
all routers, on optimal routes
• Flexibility
– should quickly and accurately adapt to a
variety of network circumstances
 ROUTING METRICS

• Path length
• Reliability
• Delay
• Bandwidth
• Load
• Communication cost
 AUTONOMOUS
SYSTEMS

• Internet is divided into autonomous

systems
• An autonomous system is a group of
network and routers under the authority of
a single administration
AUTONOMOU
S SYSTEMS
 ROUTING PROTOCOLS
• Routing inside an autonomous system is
referred to as intra-domain routing. For
example:

RIP : Routing Information Protocol

– Implementation of Distance Vector Protocol
OSPF : Open Shortest Path First
– Implementation of Link State Protocol
 ROUTING PROTOCOLS
• Routing between two autonomous
systems is referred to as inter-domain
routing. For example:

BGP : Border Gateway Protocol

– Implementation of Path Vector Protocol
ROUTING ALGORITHM
 ROUTING ALGORITHM

• SINGLE-PATH versus MULTIPATH

• FLAT versus HIERARCHICAL
• HOST-INTELLIGENT versus ROUTER-
INTELLIGENT
• INTRADOMAIN versus INTERDOMAIN
• LINK-STATE versus DISTANCE VECTOR
 IS PC A ROUTER ?

• PCs can also forward packets and perform

routing, though they are not specialized
hardware and may suffer from limited
performance
 SUGGESTED READING

• BOOKS:
– Andrew S Tanenbaum, Computer Networks,
Pearson Education
– Behrouz A. Forouzan, Data Communications and
Networking, Tata McGraw
• ONLINE RESOURCES
– docwiki.cisco.com
– en.wikipedia.org
 TOPICS

 NETWORK LAYER - BASICS

 NETWORK LAYER - FUNCTIONS
 CONNECTION MODEL
 ADDRESSING
 ROUTING
Position of Transport Layer

193
Transport Layer Duties

194
▪ Process to Process Delivery
▪ Congestion Control and QoS

195
Types of Data Deliveries

196
Port Number

197
IP Address Vs. Port Number

198
IANA Range

199
Socket Address

200
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing

201