Tribhuvan University

Institute of Science and Technology

A Final Year Project Report

On

“LAND MANAGEMENT USING BLOCKCHAIN”

Submitted To:

Department of Computer Science and Information Technology

Ambition College

Mid-Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Computer Science and Information Technology Submitted By:

Pratik Karki (TU Roll No.: 20797/076)

Sumiran Humagain (TU Roll No.: 23808/076)

Sarif Ale (TU Roll No.: 20802/076)

Under the supervision of

Sharad Raj Bhandari

May 2023
 Date: 05/05/2023

AMBITION COLLEGE
Baneshwor, Kathmandu

SUPERVISOR’S RECOMMENDATION

I hereby recommend that the dissertation prepared under my supervision by the team of
Pratik Karki, Sumiran Humagain and Sarif Ale entitled “Land Management Using
BlockChain” be accepted as fulfilling in partial requirements for the degree Bachelor of
Science in Computer Science and Information Technology.

………………………………….
Mr. Sharad RajBhandari
Department of Computer Science and Information Technology
Ambition College
Baneshwor, Kathmandu
 Tribhuvan University

Institute of Science and Technology

Department of Computer Science and Information Technology

AMBITION COLLEGE

Mid-Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal

Letter of Approval
This is to certify that this project prepared by the team of Pratik Karki, Sumiran
Humagain and Sarif Ale entitled “Land Management System Using BlockChain” in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelors of Science in Computer
Science and Information Technology has been well studied and prepared. In our opinion,
it is satisfactory in the scope and quality as a project for the required degree.

Evaluation Committee

Mr. Sharad Raj Bhandari Mr. Ramesh Kumar Chaudhary

Supervisor Head of Department
Department of Computer Science and Department of Computer Science and
Information Technology Information Technology
Ambition College Ambition College
Mid-Baneshwor, Kathmandu Mid-Baneshwor, Kathmandu

External
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to all our supporters and mentors who
helped us complete this research project on " Land Management Using Block Chain".
This project has been finished under the Department of Computer Science and Information
Technology. We are immensely grateful to our esteemed supervisor, Mr Sharad
RajBhandari, for guiding us throughout the project with his vast knowledge and valuable
suggestions. His unwavering support and encouragement played a crucial role in our
success.
We are also grateful to our parents, the Principal Mr Bishnu Ghimire sir, and Ambition
College for their constant support and encouragement. The successful completion of this
project would not have been possible without the guidance and assistance of many people.
Finally, we would like to express our sincere appreciation to all our friends and well-
wishers who supported us both directly and indirectly throughout this project. Thank you
all for your invaluable contributions.
Sincerely,
Pratik Karki (TU Exam Roll No: 23797/76)
Sarif Ale (TU Exam Roll No: 23802/76)
Sumiran Humagain (TU Exam Roll No: 23808/76)

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 ABSTRACT

This report discusses the challenges of the traditional paper-based land management
system in Nepal, such as errors, tampering, and lack of transparency, which lead to
fraudulent practices. Blockchain technology can provide a transparent and tamper-proof
system to manage land records, and the report analyzes its implementation in Nepal. The
report covers the key features of blockchain technology, different approaches to
implementation, and feasibility, making it useful for policymakers, researchers, and
practitioners interested in using blockchain to improve land management systems.

Keywords: Blockchain, Smart Contracts, Ganache, Meta-mask

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 Table of Contents
Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................ i

Abstract ................................................................................................................................ ii

List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... v

List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... vi

List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... vii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1

1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Problem Statement ................................................................................................ 2

1.3. Objective ............................................................................................................... 3

1.4. Scope and Limitation ............................................................................................ 3

1.4.1. Scope .............................................................................................................. 3

1.4.2. Limitation....................................................................................................... 3

1.5. Development Methodology ................................................................................... 3

1.6. Report Organization ................................................................................................. 4

CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND STUDY AND LITERATURE REVIEW.............. 6

2.1. Background Study ................................................................................................. 6

2.1.1. Land Management System ............................................................................. 6

2.1.2. Block Chain ................................................................................................... 8

2.1.3. Smart Contract ............................................................................................... 9

2.2. Literature Review .................................................................................................. 9

CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM ANALYSIS......................................................................... 11

3.1. System Analysis .................................................................................................. 11

3.1.1. Requirement Analysis .................................................................................. 11

3.2. Feasibility Study.................................................................................................. 13

CHAPTER 4: SYSTEM DESIGN ............................................................................. 15

4.1. Design.................................................................................................................. 15

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 4.1.1. ER Diagram ................................................................................................. 15

4.1.2. Level 0 DFD ................................................................................................ 16

4.1.3. Level 1 DFD ................................................................................................ 17

4.1.4. Working of System: ..................................................................................... 18

4.1.5. Activity Diagram ......................................................................................... 20

4.2. Algorithm Details ................................................................................................ 21

4.2.1. Smart Contract Implementation Detail ........................................................ 21

CHAPTER 5: IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING............................................ 23

5.1. IMPLEMENTATION ......................................................................................... 23

5.1.1. Tools Used ................................................................................................... 23

5.1.2. Implementation details of modules .............................................................. 23

5.2. Testing Phase: ..................................................................................................... 24

5.2.1. Test cases for unit testing ............................................................................. 24

5.2.2. Test cases for system testing ........................................................................ 24

5.3. Result Analysis.................................................................................................... 25

CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ................................................ 27

6.1. Conclusion........................................................................................................... 27

6.2. Future Recommendations.................................................................................... 27

REFERENCES

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Water Fall Model ............................................................................................... 4
Figure 3.1: Use-Case Diagram ........................................................................................... 12
Figure 3.2: Gantt chart for Land Management System ...................................................... 14
Figure 4.1: ER Diagram ..................................................................................................... 15
Figure 4.2: Level 0 DFD .................................................................................................... 16
Figure 4.3: Level 1 DFD .................................................................................................... 17
Figure 4.4: Block Diagram of the System.......................................................................... 18
Figure 4.5: Activity Diagram ............................................................................................. 20

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 5.1: Unit testing for user interface ........................................................................... 24
Table 5.2: Test Cases for System Testing .......................................................................... 24

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Ads : Admins

ER : Entity-Relationship

JS : Javascript

LMS : Land Management System

Los : Land Owners

MS365 : Microsoft 365

Owner1 : Owner of the Property

PL : Project Libre

PoW : Proof of Work

SOL : Solidity

SAs : Super Admins

UML : Unified Modeling Language

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 CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction

Land is among the most fundamental aspects of our civilization as it is directly connected
to various crucial factors such as settlement area, industrial and employment prospects,
condition of real estate, and future prospects for development. Thus, land is still a key
determinant of economic prosperity and social status for individuals and families in the
Nepalese society.

In an agrarian economy like that of Nepal, land is still the most significant form of asset
that one can own. According to the latest census, 50.1% of the total population of Nepal
are still engaged in agriculture. Thus, land is the primary source of livelihood for the
majority of the country’s population even in today’s age. In addition, slow development of
industries and limited productive fields for investment has resulted in real estate emerging
as a popular investment opportunity.

On the other hand, Nepal still follows traditional methods to store, manage and retrieve
transactions related to ownership and transfer of land and real estate assets which is both
slow and inefficient. This old method is also prone to different types of disputes, frauds,
and corruption. In many cases land sharks and frauds have exploited the system for their
advantage. The current land management system adopted by Nepal has been exploited
through falsification of documents and forceful grabbing of governmental and public lands
for the lucrative profits provided by the real estate industry.

All these cases of frauds point to need of a robust land management system that is effective,
efficient and resistant to cases of exploitation and frauds. This can be done through
digitization which is taking over and transforming a wide range of fields ranging from
education to health to transportation to manufacturing industries and more. While there
have been efforts to digitize land management, it has been slow because of lack of a proper
policy. As such, it is still possible to explore up and coming technologies such as
Blockchain to come up with a unified and structured nation-level land policy.

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1.2. Problem Statement
The current process for land titling is time-consuming, involving several departments and
lasting several months. This means that there is no centralized system to manage land
ownership information, leaving it vulnerable to misuse by opportunists, fraudsters, and
intermediaries who can take advantage of bureaucratic loopholes and the aid of government
officials. Furthermore, many people are not familiar with the land titling process, and may
forget to collect essential documents. These issues can lead to significant delays and
financial costs for individuals seeking to resolve land disputes. The government struggles
to maintain accurate and current land records due to the various departments responsible
for maintaining them at different levels. There is also a lack of coordination between these
departments, which can result in inconsistent and mismatched data. These challenges and
limitations of the current land titling system need to be addressed to improve the process
and provide greater security for land ownership.

i. High Time Complexity: The current land record system is time consuming as it
involves numerous processes through governmental bodies, third-parties, and direct
stakeholders.

ii. Corruption and Frauds: The current system is prone to cases of frauds and corruption
through falsification of documents and bribery.

iii. Third-party involvement: The current system encourages involvement of third parties
such as brokers, lawyers, and land inspectors increasing the time and resource
complexity.

iv. Transparency: Transparency is a major issue in the current land management system
in Nepal resulting in lack of trust among people.

v. Inefficiencies: There are a lot of inefficiencies related to processing, storage and

retrieval of land records in the current system.

vi. Issue resolvement: In case of any issue the system relies on mutual understanding and
a legal case which delays the process.

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1.3. Objective
The objectives of this system are:

● To design a modern digital land management system based on Blockchain.

● To build smart contracts for Blockchain-based land management system.

1.4. Scope and Limitation

1.4.1. Scope

The scope of this report is to explore the potential use of blockchain technology in land
management in Nepal, with a focus on addressing the challenges and limitations of the
current land titling system. The report will examine the problems in traditional land
documentation, the key features of blockchain technology, and different approaches to
solve problems using blockchain.

The report aims to provide a comprehensive literature review and analysis of the potential
benefits and challenges of implementing blockchain technology in land management in
Nepal. It will also include a detailed system development section, covering project
management strategy and tools, system analysis, system design, project schedule, system
testing, and implementation.

1.4.2. Limitation

However, there are some limitations to this report. Firstly, the research is limited to Nepal,
and the findings may not be applicable to other countries or regions. Secondly, the study is
based on existing literature, and the accuracy of the information presented in the report
depends on the quality of the sources used. Lastly, the report does not address all possible
solutions to the challenges of land management in Nepal, and the findings and
recommendations presented in the report should be considered in the context of the specific
issues discussed.

1.5. Development Methodology

For the development of this blockchain-based land management project, Waterfall model
development model was used. Since this method uses a linear and sequential approach,
each phase of development process was pre-determined and completed in one-by-one basis.

The main reason for using the Waterfall model is that it is a proven and well-established
methodology that provides a clear understanding of the development process. Additionally,

3
it works best for projects that have well-defined requirements and are not subject to
frequent changes.

For this project, the requirements of a land management system were first identified using
dataset for the internet and personal interview with potential buyers and sellers. Once the
requirements were defined, a detailed system architecture and design documents were
prepared in the design phase.

In the next step, system architectures and design documents were implemented using the
Hyperledger Fabric blockchain framework and other necessary software tools. The system
was then tested for any bugs or errors and once everything was resolved, the system was
deployed locally.

Figure 1.1: Water Fall Model

1.6. Report Organization
This project consists of different chapters which are put in order as follows:
• The first chapter consists of the introduction along with objectives, scope, and
limitations of the system.

4
• In the second chapter, background study and literature review has been covered.
• The third chapter includes various analysis like the system analysis, feasibility
analysis and structured analysis.
• The System Design and details of the Algorithms is provided in the fourth
chapter.
• Implementation, Testing and Result Analysis have been covered in the fifth
chapter.
• The sixth chapter consists of Conclusion and Future Recommendations on the
system.

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 CHAPTER 2:
BACKGROUND STUDY AND LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Background Study
2.1.1. Land Management System
Land management systems can be defined as a set of practices, policies, and procedures
that are implemented by government to manage and regulate land resources effectively. It
is also often referred to as land registry system as it mostly involves registering and
recording data related to land ownership and rights. The records under the land
management system validate land title, land ownership, and facilitate land transactions like
categorization of land, transfer of ownership, determination, and collection of
corresponding tax. Land management systems are crucial for managing land resources
effectively. Thus, they play a significant role in the socio-economic development of any
developing country.

Types of Land Management System

In general, land management system can be categorized into two broad classes.
i. Deeds-based Land Management System: In Deeds-based land management system,
the land ownership is recorded and traced using a chain of documents called deeds.
Deed contains the information about the previous owners and the transaction. The latest
deed is held by the current owner and it helps the owner to trace the history of ownership
and transfer of the land. A deed-based land management system heavily relies on the
integrity of the deed and the accuracy of the record within. The government’s role is to
enforce documentation of transactions through deeds and ensure the legal validation of
the deed.
ii. Title-based Land Management System: In a title-based land management system, a
central registry keeps all the record of all the lands relating to their ownership and
transactions. This registry is created and maintained by governmental agencies with all
the information corresponding to the land, its owners and any encumbrances or liens on
the property. Whenever a land is sold, the title is transferred from old to new owner via
a registration process that goes through the central registry. This is more efficient and
reliable method to track ownership and transactions.
Both systems have their advantages and limitations. The deed-based system is more flexible
and can accommodate local customs and practices, while the title-based system provides

6
more certainty and transparency. However, in countries like Nepal where land transactions
are often informal and not recorded, both systems face challenges. For instance, the
deedbased system can be subject to fraud, and the title-based system may not accurately
reflect local customs and practices. In addition, the cost and complexity of creating and
maintaining a central registry can be a challenge in countries with limited resources and
infrastructure.

2.1.1.1. History of Land Management System in Nepal

The history of land management system in Nepal traces back to the ancient Vedic period.
The land was primary property of the state and people were allowed to use it for agriculture
and other purposes for which they had to pay a fixed amount of revenue to the state. Early
land management system had provisions for recording and maintenance of records,
collection of land revenue, distribution of collected amount among employees and the state.
The provision of purchasing land came in the Malla period along with land surveys and
land classification.

During the Rana regime (1846-1951), land ownership was concentrated in the hands of the
ruling class, and landless peasants worked on the land as sharecroppers. After the fall of
the Rana regime, the first democratic government of Nepal introduced the Land Reform
Act of 1964, which aimed to redistribute land to the landless and marginalized sections of
society. The act was followed by the National Land Reforms Act of 1975, which aimed to
promote land consolidation, increase agricultural productivity, and provide security of
tenure to the landless.

In the 1990s, Nepal underwent a process of political and administrative decentralization,

which led to the transfer of land management responsibilities from the central government
to local bodies. The Local Self-Governance Act of 1999 provided a legal framework for
decentralized land management, and the Land Act of 1999 established a system for
recording land transactions and managing land disputes at the local level. However, despite
these reforms, the land management system in Nepal continues to face many challenges,
such as a lack of transparency, corruption, and weak institutional capacity. These
challenges have contributed to a high number of land disputes, particularly in rural areas,
and have hindered the effective implementation of land-related policies and programs.

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2.1.2. Block Chain
In the present situation, almost all the data are centralized with little to no access to the
general public. These data are centralized with no access to the general public. There is no
authority that is constantly checking how these financial organizations are handling our
data. There needs to be a mechanism to monitor these organizations and alert the general
public when their data is manipulated. However, people are now looking for alternatives
that can make the data more accessible yet secure. It could be done with the implementation
of blockchain.

According to Baraniuk , “It is a ledger, or a log, of those transactions and users on the
network collaborate to verify new transactions when they occur.” It is believed to be
capable of overhauling ways businesses operate. The western world is already conducting
studies and research on blockchain, related technologies, potential, and real-world use
scenarios. Blockchain has already been implemented in some companies. For example,
Maersk, a shipping company, has successfully implemented a blockchain to track customs
documentation.

Blockchain is a tool to build confidence between parties who otherwise would not trust
each other. The technology does this by removing the need for a third party like banks to
verify the transactions. This feature is crucial in controlling frauds and scams. The details
of the transactions can be made accessible to limited people or to a larger group based on
the implementation. For example, if the government will have to make its transactions
accessible to the public to maintain credibility and accountability. However, a business
would want to deny the access of its transactions to outsiders.

Blockchain can decentralize financial data. It makes the transactions more accessible to the
general public while still encrypting sensitive information for privacy. Thus, it can secure
data and make them trustworthy at the same time.

Characteristics of Blockchain

Blockchain is a decentralized and distributed digital ledger technology that allows for the
secure and transparent recording of transactions. The key characteristics of blockchain
include:

8
i. Decentralization: Blockchain operates on a peer-to-peer network with no central
authority controlling it. Each node on the network has a copy of the ledger, which makes
the system decentralized and immutable.

ii. Transparency: Every transaction on the blockchain is visible to all participants in the
network. This allows for complete transparency and prevents any fraudulent activities.

iii. Security: Blockchain uses advanced cryptographic techniques to secure transactions

and protect the data stored on the ledger. Once a transaction is recorded on the
blockchain, it cannot be altered or deleted.

iv. Immutability: Once a transaction is recorded on the blockchain, it becomes a

permanent and immutable part of the ledger. This ensures that the integrity of the data
stored on the blockchain is maintained.

v. Efficiency: Blockchain allows for fast and secure transactions without the need for
intermediaries, which can significantly reduce costs and increase efficiency.

2.1.3. Smart Contract

Smart contracts are a crucial element of blockchain technology, providing a mechanism for
the automation of contractual arrangements in a secure and tamper-proof way. They can
execute predefined actions when specific conditions are met, eliminating the need for
intermediaries and ensuring that contracts are self-executing and self-enforcing. The use of
smart contracts has been shown to increase efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance
transparency in various industries, including finance, supply chain management, and real
estate.

Furthermore, in the context of land management, smart contracts can offer significant
benefits by ensuring that land transactions are executed in a secure and transparent manner,
with the rules and regulations governing the transaction encoded directly into the contract.
This can help to reduce fraud, improve efficiency, and ensure that land transactions are
executed in a timely manner.

2.2. Literature Review

Krishnapriya the author has mentioned implementation of the Blockchain-based Land
Registration. The Proof of Work algorithm has been used to verify every transaction on the

9
chain, mine the block in order to add new information to the block and have distributed the
mined block to every node. Implemented the SHA256 hashing salgorithm for finding the
hash for every block in the blockchain [1].

Author R.C. Suganthe has provided a solution for the Land Registration system with help
of blockchain to improve the current state in which we operate and provide security. Their
proposed system is to use EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) and use PoW (Proof of Work)
concept to add or update the blocks which have gas fees. Also created an interface for
adding or updating the records[2 ] .

In this paper author Mahbub Alam Majumdar has come up with a solution to introduce
Council Protocol over delegated proof of Stake. He has also mentioned the structure of a
block. The author has also mentioned the Node Hierarchy in their system to allow access
to different types of information according to the individual access[3].

This paper is about how the author Ishita Mishra is going to complete the aim of the author
is to allow a marketplace where buyer and seller can interact and this transaction can be
reviewed by an authority to update the transaction. Implementing use of Proof of Work
concept and POSTMAN API to complete the project[4].

Disha Shinde and others This study offers a blockchain-based method for storing property
documents securely. When a person buys land under their system, the government authority
will give them a tangible copy of the property paperwork. The mothed used to store the
documents in the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), which is a decentralized database. The
IPFS is a network that creates the document's hash. After the smart contracts' conditions
are met, this hash allows to securely store the records in the Ethereum blockchain[5].

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 CHAPTER 3:
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.1. System Analysis
3.1.1. Requirement Analysis
3.1.1.1. Functional Analysis
This land management system has three main features: land registration, verification of
ownership, and secure transfer of ownership of land.

a. Land Registration: The system allows registration of land titles through admins only.
Thus, the process is secure and transparent and helps prevent cases of fraudulent land
transfers and ownership disputes.
b. Verification of Land Ownership: The admin registers the land once on behalf of the
genuine owner which acts as verification process.
c. Transfer of Land Ownership: The system allows for the transfer of land ownership
in a secure and transparent manner. This will help to prevent cases of fraudulent land
transfers and ownership disputes.

A use case diagram depicting the roles and relationship between different users of the
system is given below:

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 Figure 3.1: Use-Case Diagram
Diagram fig describes the use case of the land management system. First the super admin
creates admin accounts. Admin creates users accounts and also register lands on behalf of
the genuine owners. Owners can list and delist their land for sale. Potential buyers can
explore the listed land and make a request. Owners can evaluate the request and decide to
accept or reject the request.

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3.1.1.2. Non-Functional Requirement
A non-functional requirement specifies how a system must act or is expected to behave.
Nonfunctional requirements are those that specify criteria that can be used to judge the
operation of the system rather than the specific behavior of the system. The following are
some of our project's non-functional requirements:

1. Scalability: The application is scalable to support desired number of admins, users, and
land titles.
2. Speed: All the process within the application is processed in a rapid fashion.
3. Reliability: The consumer segmentation system can deliver accurate segmentation
findings on a consistent basis.
4. Usability: The application is built with a user-friendly interface such that even a
common person can understand it and make the most use of it.

3.2. Feasibility Study

In order to determine the viability and practicality of implementing a blockchain-based land
management system, a feasibility study was conducted. The study focused on five key
areas: technical, economical, legal, operational, and schedule.

3.2.1. Technical Feasibility

The technical feasibility of the proposed system was assessed by evaluating the existing
technological infrastructure and the capability of the system to integrate with it. The study
found that the proposed system would require significant technical resources and expertise,
but it was determined that the required technology was available, and the system would be
technically feasible.

3.2.2. Economic Feasibility

The study found that the initial development costs would be high due to the complexity of
the system, but the long-term benefits of increased efficiency and reduced fraud would
outweigh the costs. Therefore, it was determined that the proposed system would be
economically feasible.

3.2.3. Legal Feasibility

If the system conforms with all pertinent laws and rules regarding the gathering, storing,
and usage of consumer data, then it is legally practicable. When implementing consumer
segmentation techniques, businesses must make sure that they get consent, maintain data
security, abstain from discrimination, and adhere to industry-specific legislation.

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3.2.4. Operational Feasibility
The operational feasibility of the proposed blockchain-based land management system was
assessed by evaluating the impact of the system on the existing land management processes.
The study found that the system would improve efficiency, reduce fraud, and increase
transparency in the land management process. It was determined that the proposed system
would be operationally feasible.

3.2.5. Schedule Feasibility

The schedule feasibility of the proposed system was assessed by evaluating the timeline for
development, implementation, and testing of the system. The study found that the
development and implementation of the system would be a time-consuming process, but
with proper planning and resource allocation, the proposed system could be implemented
within a reasonable timeframe. Therefore, it was determined that the proposed system
would be schedule feasible.

Figure 3.2: Gantt chart for Land Management System

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 CHAPTER 4:
SYSTEM DESIGN
4.1. Design
4.1.1. ER Diagram

Figure 4.1: ER Diagram

The ER diagram has various user roles and land property details. The system categorizes
users into three roles: Super Admin, Admin, and User. A Super Admin has complete
control over the system, while an Admin manages user accounts and data. Users
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encompassing Land Owners, Buyers, and Sellers, can interact with the system through user
profiles.

Land details are captured through LandDetails entities. Each land record has a unique
survey number, property identification number, market value, and square footage.
Additionally, an Owner and Admin are associated with each land record, indicating
ownership and administrative duties related to the property.

Furthermore, the diagram suggests a connection between Users and LandDetails through a
“requests” entity. This might indicate that Users can submit requests regarding specific
properties, possibly for buying or viewing them. However, the details of these requests are
not explicitly shown in the diagram.

4.1.2. Level 0 DFD

Figure 4.2: Level 0 DFD

In DFD level 0 or context diagram the data analyst gives the command and request to the
customer segmentation system. Likewise, analyst takes customer data from system for
analysis and the data analysis is done by the system. As a result, user gets promotional
offers from the system and the user can give acknowledgement to the system and analyst.

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4.1.3. Level 1 DFD

Figure 4.3: Level 1 DFD

Architecture Overview: The system follows a client-server architecture, where users
interact with a web-based interface that connects to a backend server. The backend server
manages the data storage, processing, and integration with the blockchain network.

1. User Roles: The system involves three main user roles:

• Super Admin: The Super Admin is responsible for creating and managing Admin
accounts. They have elevated privileges and play a crucial role in the system's
governance and overall management.
• Admin: Admins are responsible for creating and managing User accounts. They
verify and authenticate users who have land to sell or buy, ensuring the integrity and
legitimacy of the property listings.
• User: Users can create accounts, upload property details for sale, and browse
available properties. They can also express their intent to buy a property listed by
other users.
2. Homepage and User Login: The system’s homepage serves as the entry point for
users. Upon accessing the homepage, users are presented with three types of login
options: Super- Admin, Admin,and User. Each login type provides access to specific
features and functionalities based on the user’s role.
3. Super Admin Functionality: The Super Admin has the authority to create and manage
Admin accounts. They can perform administrative tasks, such as granting or revoking
access privileges, monitoring system activities, and ensuring compliance with
regulations.
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4. Admin Functionality: Admins are responsible for managing User accounts. They can
create new User accounts and authenticate users who wish to sell or buy land. Admins
play a crucial role in maintaining the credibility and accuracy of the listings within the
system.
5. User Functionality: Users can create accounts by providing the required information.
Once registered, users can upload property details, including property images,
descriptions, location, and pricing. Users who wish to buy land can browse through the
available listings, view property details, and express their interest by pressing the "Buy"
option.
6. Buying and Selling Process: When a User lists a property for sale, it becomes available
for other Users to view. When a potential buyer expresses interest in a property and
presses the "Buy" option, the buyer's details are sent to the seller's account. The seller
reviews the buyer's information and, if satisfied, approves the sale by pressing a button.
7. Blockchain Integration: The Land Registry System leverages blockchain technology
for secure and transparent property transactions. All buying and selling activities, along
with the transaction history, are recorded on the blockchain.
4.1.4. Working of System:

Figure 4.4: Block Diagram of the System

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The diagram outlines a blockchain-based system for land record keeping. In the system,
buyers, sellers, and a government agency participate in transactions mediated by a smart
contract. The smart contract resides on a blockchain, a secure and distributed ledger system.

Regions 1 through 4 represent physical locations where the land being sold is situated.
Seller/Land Owner 1, Seller/Land Owner 2, and Seller/Land Owner 3 represent individuals
selling property. Buyer 1, Buyer 2, and Buyer 3 represent individuals buying property.

The smart contract governs the transactions between buyers and sellers. The block labeled
“Block 1” though “Block 4” represent chronologically ordered transactions that are
recorded on the blockchain. The government plays a role in the system, but the specific role
is not shown in the diagram.

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4.1.5. Activity Diagram

Figure 4.5: Activity Diagram

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4.2. Algorithm Details
4.2.1. Smart Contract Implementation Detail
The Land Management System (LMS) is built on a blockchain platform, ensuring
decentralization, transparency, and security. It utilizes smart contracts, which are self-
executing contracts with predefined rules and conditions encoded within them. The smart
contract is deployed on the blockchain network and interacts with various system
participants, including Super Admins (SAs), Admins (ADs), and Landowners (LOs).

The system involves three primary user roles: super admin, admin, and landowner. The
super admin is responsible for registering admins on the site. This role has elevated
privileges and controls the overall functioning of the system. An admin is registered by the
super admin and is responsible for registering landowners and creating land records on their
behalf. Admins play a vital role in the land survey process and the integration of owner's
properties with survey numbers and property IDs. Landowners are the individuals who own
land and wish to register their properties within the system. They cannot directly add their
properties but need to contact admins to initiate the registration process. The land
registration process involves the collaboration of admins and landowners to register a
property within the system.

Landowners can explore various lands based on survey numbers and locations. This allows
them to search for properties of interest within the system. Once a landowner selects a
property, they need to contact the admins to register their property. Admins then conduct a
survey of the land and integrate the owner's property with a survey number and a unique
property ID. The system facilitates the buying and selling of properties, ensuring a secure
and transparent transaction process. To initiate the selling process, an owner can mark their
property as "available to buy" within the system. This action makes the property visible to
other registered users. Other registered users, including landowners, can explore the
available properties listed for sale. If interested, they can request to buy a particular
property. The owner of the property (owner1) receives the buying request and has the
option to confirm or reject the transaction. Once owner1 confirms the transaction, the
property is sold, and the smart contract updates the ownership records accordingly. The
blockchain-based smart contract ensures the immutability of transactions using Proof of
Work (PoW). Once a property is sold and the transaction is confirmed, it cannot be reverted
or undone. This feature provides security and prevents any fraudulent activities within the
system.
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The blockchain-based smart contract for land management system described in this report
offers a transparent and secure platform for registering landownership and facilitating
property transactions. The integration of various user roles, exploration of properties, and
the buying/selling process ensures an efficient and trustworthy system. The immutability
of transactions guarantees the reliability and integrity of the land management system,
enhancing the overall user experience and mitigating the risk of fraudulent activities.

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 CHAPTER 5:
IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING
5.1. IMPLEMENTATION
5.1.1. Tools Used
React.js: This land management system uses React.js for front-end development. React.js
is a popular JavaScript library for building user interfaces. It is known for its simplicity,
flexibility, and efficiency. React.js has a vast community and a wide range of resources
available online, making it an excellent choice for our project.

Solidity: This land management system uses Solidity for back-end. Solidity is a
programming language used to write smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. It is a
popular choice for blockchain development due to its safety and efficiency.

Meta-mask Wallet: Meta-mask is a popular browser extension that allows users to manage
their Ethereum accounts and interact with decentralized applications.

Draw.io: Draw.io was used to create use case diagrams and system architecture diagrams.
This tool helped in visualizing the relationship and interactions between different
components of the system.

Microsoft 365: Microsoft 365 is an online word processing software which was used for
documentation. This tool helped several members of the team to work on documentation
in real time over the cloud.

Project Libre: This software was used for project management and scheduling. This tool
helped to visualize various stages of the project and track progress over different timelines.

Trello: This web-based project management software was used to assign, prioritize and
organize tasks between different members in a systematic manner.

5.1.2. Implementation details of modules

Blockchain Network

Truffle and Web3.js: Truffle is a popular development framework used to build, test, and
deploy smart contracts based on the Ethereum Virtual Machine. Web3.js is a collection of
libraries that allows developers to interact with the Ethereum blockchain.

23
Ganache: Ganache is a personal blockchain that allows developers to test their smart
contracts before deploying them to the main Ethereum network. It provides a user-friendly
interface and can simulate various network conditions.

5.2. Testing Phase:

The following test cases have been identified to ensure the reliability and functionality of
the blockchain-based land management system:

5.2.1. Test cases for unit testing

Table 5.1: Unit testing for user interface
Test Case Input Expected Actual Output Remark
Ouput
1 User enters Error Error Pass
invalid
credentials
2 User enters Successful Successful Pass
valid Login Login
credentials

3 User creates Land record Land record Pass

new land record created created
successfully successfully

4 User updates Land record Land record Pass

existing land updated updated
record successfully successfully

5 User deletes Land record Land record Pass

existing land deleted deleted
record successfully successfully

5.2.2. Test cases for system testing

Table 5.2: Test Cases for System Testing

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Test Case Input Expected Actual Output Remark
Output
1 User creates Land record Land record Pass
new land record created created
successfully successfully
and stored on and stored on
the blockchain the blockchain
2 User updates Land record Land record Pass
existing land updated updated
record successfully successfully
and stored on and stored on
the blockchain the blockchain
3 User deletes Land record Land record Pass
existing land deleted deleted
record successfully successfully
from the from the
blockchain blockchain
4 Multiple users System should System Pass
try to access prevent prevents
and modify the concurrent concurrent
same land modification modification
record and update the and updates the
simultaneously record correctly record correctly
5 User tries to System should System returns Pass
access and return an error an error
modify a land message message
record that does
not exist

5.3. Result Analysis

The testing phase of the blockchain-based land management system aimed to assess its
reliability and functionality. The system underwent rigorous unit testing and system testing
to validate its performance against the expected outputs.

25
During unit testing, the user interface of the system was thoroughly examined. Test cases
were designed to cover various scenarios, including login functionality and land record
management operations such as creation, update, and deletion. The test results revealed that
the system successfully handled these scenarios, with all test cases passing without any
errors or issues.

System testing involved evaluating the overall functionality and performance of the land
management system. Test cases were designed to cover a range of scenarios, including land
record creation, update, deletion, concurrent access, and accessing non-existent records.
The system exhibited its ability to handle these scenarios effectively, producing the
expected outputs for each test case.

Based on the test results, it can be concluded that the blockchain-based land management
system has met the defined requirements and demonstrated reliability in its operations. The
successful completion of all test cases indicates that the system performs as intended,
ensuring the accuracy and integrity of land-related transactions. This analysis confirms the
effectiveness and feasibility of the implemented solution, providing confidence in the
system's ability to securely manage land records and facilitate transparent land ownership
transfers.

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 CHAPTER 6:
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
6.1. Conclusion
Finally, a block-chain based land management system was implemented using React.js,
Solidity, Truffle, Web3.js, Ganache, and Meta-mask wallet. This land management system
has the potential to replace the traditional paper-based system by offering a more secure
and transparent channel for land and other property transactions. In this system, the sole
super admin creates admins which in turn create users. Users can play the role of both seller
and buyer based on the situation. A seller can list property for sale, wait for requests,
evaluate received requests. A buyer can explore property, send requests, and wait for
seller’s decision. One can also track the history of ownership of a land through the
blockchain network.

6.2. Future Recommendations

The following tasks in this project can be enhanced in coming future.

a) Geographic information system (GIS) integration: GIS integration can provide

location specific data and enable users to view land parcels on maps, improving
decision-making processes.

b) Buyer Dashboard: A buyer dashboard can provide all the listed land for sale in one
place along with a description making it easy for buyers to request a purchase.

c) Payment Gateway: A payment gateway can be added to settlements for buyer and
seller after the transaction goes through.

d) Taxes: A dedicated section can be added for land owners to view taxes incuress on
their property and to pay them.

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REFERENCES
[1] S. Krishnapriya, S. Greeshma Sarath, "Securing Land Registration using Blockchain,"
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[2] R. C. Suganthe, N. Shanthi, R.S. Latha, K. Gowtham, S. Deepak Kumar, R. Elango,
"Blockchain enabled Digitization of Land Registration," in Proceedings of the 2021
International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI), 2021,
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[3] M. A. Majumdar, M. Monim and M. M. Shahriyer, "Blockchain based Land Registry
with Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) Consensus in Bangladesh," in Proceedings of
the 2020 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP), 2020, pp. 1756-1759.
[4] Mishra, Supriya, A. Sahoo and M. Vivek Anand, "Digitization of Land Records using
Blockchain Technology," in Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on
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[5] D. Shinde, S. Padekar, S. Raut, A. Wasay and S. S. Sambhare, "Land Registry Using
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