ELECTRIC POWER AND

MACHINES
KEE4723
SEM 7(YEAR 4)

Chapter 4: AC Machines

KEE4723 Electrical Power & 1

Machines, Chapter 4
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Upon completion of the chapter the student
should be able to:
– State the principle by which machines convert
mechanical energy to electrical energy.
– Discuss the operating differences between different
types of generators
– Understand the principle of AC generator as it
represents a logical behavior of dc motors.

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KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4
 Review

• An electrical machine is link between an electrical

system and a mechanical system.

• Conversion from mechanical to electrical: generator

• Conversion from electrical to mechanical: motor

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KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4
 Introduction

Machines are called

• AC machines (generators or motors) if the electrical

system is AC.
• DC machines (generators or motors) if the electrical
system is DC.
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KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4
AC Machine Fundamentals &
Induction Machines

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KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4
 AC Machines: Introduction
2 major classes:
a) Asynchronous machines / induction machines :–
Motors or generators whose field current is
supplied by magnetic induction (transformer
action) into their field windings.
b) Synchronous machines :–
Motors or generators whose field current is
supplied by a separate dc power source.
Note: 1) Induction motor has the same physical stator
as a synchronous machine, with a different rotor
construction.
2) The fields circuit of most synchronous and
induction machines are located
KEE4723 Electrical Power & on their rotors. 6
Machines, Chapter 4
Synchronous Machine (Introduction)

Synchronous Generator

Synchronous Motor

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KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4
 Synchronous Machine (Introduction)

§ A synchronous machine rotates at a constant speed

in the steady state.
§ Unlike induction machine, the rotating air gap field
and the rotor in the synchronous machine at the
same speed, called the synchronous speed.
§ Synchronous machine can operate as both a
generator and a motor.
§ Synchronous machines are used primarily as
generators of electrical power.
§ Synchronous machine can be used to compensate
the reactive power in the power system.
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KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4
ASYNCHRONOUS/INDUCTION MACHINE
• The induction machine is the most rugged and the most
widely used machine in industry.
• Like dc machine, the induction machine has a stator and
a rotor mounted on bearings and separated from the
stator by an air gap.
• However, in the induction machine both stator winding
and rotor winding carry alternating currents.
• The induction machine can operate both as a motor and
as a generator,
• As motors, they have many advantages.
q They are rugged, relatively inexpensive and require very
little maintenance.
q They range in size from a few watts to about 10,000 hp.
q The speed of an induction motor is nearly but not quite
constant, dropping only a few percent in going from no9
load to full load. KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4
The main disadvantages of induction motors are

a. The speed is not easily controlled.

b. The starting current may be five to eight times
full-load current.
c. The power factor is low and lagging when the
machine is lightly loaded

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KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4
 INDUCTION MOTOR CONSTRUCTION
A 3-phase induction motor has two main parts :
• A stationary stator (stationary part of the
machine)
• Revolving rotor (rotating part of the machine)

The rotor is separated from the stator by a small air gap

(the tolerances is depending on the power of the motor).

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KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4
INDUCTION MOTOR CONSTRUCTION

Two different types of induction motor which can be placed in

stator
a) squirrel cage rotor
b) wound rotor

Squirrel Cage rotor Wound rotor

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KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4
Types of rotor
Squirrel cage rotor – consists of conducting bars embedded
in slots in the rotor magnetic core and these bars are short
circuited at each end by conducting end rings. The rotor bars
and the rings are shaped like squirrel cage.

Wound rotor – carries three windings similar to the stator

windings. The terminals of the rotor windings are connected
to the insulated slip rings mounted on the rotor shaft. Carbon
brushes bearing on these rings make the rotor terminals
available to the user of the machine. For steady state
operation, these terminals are short circuited.

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KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4
Squirrel Cage Rotor
Rotor bars (slightly skewed)

End ring

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KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4
Wound Rotor
• Most motors use the squirrel-cage rotor because of the
robust and maintenance-free construction.
• However, large, older motors use a wound rotor with three
phase windings placed in the rotor slots.
• The windings are connected in a three-wire wye.
• The ends of the windings are connected to three slip rings.
• Resistors or power supplies are connected to the slip rings
through brushes for reduction of starting current and
speed control

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KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4
Induction Motor Components

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KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4
 BASIC INDUCTION MOTOR CONCEPT

A single/three phase set of voltages has been applied to

the stator, and single/three phase set of stator currents is
flowing. These produce a magnetic field Bs, which is
rotating in a counterclockwise direction .
The speed of the magnetic field’s rotation is

120 fe
nsync =
P
fe = source frequency[Hz]

P = number of poles

nsync = motor speed

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KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4
THE CONCEPT OF ROTOR SLIP
The voltage induced in a rotor depends on the
speed of the rotor relative to the magnetic field.
Slip speed is defined as the difference between
synchronous speed and rotor speed

where nslip = nsync - nm

nslip = slip speed of the machine
nsync = speed of the magnetic fields
nm = mechanical shaft speed of motor
Slip is the relative speed expressed on a per unit or
a percentage basis n -n
sync m
n slip s= x 100%
s= x 100% n sync 18
n sync
In term angular velocity (radians per second, rps)
ω sync - ω m
s= x 100%
ω sync
If the rotor turns at synchronous speed, s = 0
while if the rotor is stationary/standstill, s = 1
As for mechanical speed
nm = (1 -s)n sync
! m = (1 -s)!sync
These equation are useful in the derivation of induction
motor torque and power relationship.
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KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4
THE ELECTRICAL FREQUENCY CONCEPT
Like a transformer, the primary (stator) induces a
voltage in the secondary (rotor) but unlike a
transformer, the secondary frequency is not
necessary the same as the primary frequency.

If the rotor of a motor is locked, then the rotor will

have same frequency as the stator.

The rotor frequency can be expressed

P
fre = sfse fre = (nsync - n m )
120
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KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4
Question 1
A 208V, 10hp, 4 pole, 60Hz, Y connected induction
motor has full load slip of 5%.
Calculate,
a. synchronous speed, nsync
b. rotor speed, nm
c. rotor frequency, fr at the rated load
d. Shaft torque at the rated load

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KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4
 Power in an induction motor

Stator copper losses power in 3 phases PSCL = 3I12 R1

Power of core losses
Pcore = 3E12Gc
Air gap power PAG = PIN ! PSCL ! PCORE Total air gap power
R2
2
PAG = 3I 2
Rotor copper losses power PRCL = 3I R2 2
2
s

After stator copper, core, and rotor losses are substracted from the input power
to the motor the remaining power is converted fro electrical à mechanical
form. The converted form is called developed mechanical power
2 " 1! s % PCONV = (1! s)PAG
PCONV = 3I R2 $
2 '
# s &
Finally, if the friction and windage losses and the stray losses
power are know , the output power given by P =P !P ! PMISC
OUT CONV F&W
KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4 22
Torque

The induced torque (also called development torque)

in induction motor is
Pconv
τ ind =
ωm
PAG
τ ind =
ω sync

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KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4
Question 2

A two pole, 50hz induction motor supplies 15kW to

a load at speed 2950 rpm.

a) What is the motor’s slip?

b) What is the induced torque in the motor in Nm
under these conditions?
c) What will the operating speed of the motor be if
its torque is doubled?
d) How much power will be supplied by the motor
when the torque is doubled?
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KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4
Question 3
An induction motor draws 60A from a 480 V, 60
Hz, 50-hp, three-phase line at a power of 0.85
lagging. The stator copper losses are 2000W and
the rotor copper losses are 700W. The rotational
losses include 600W of friction and wind-age,
1800W of core and negligible of stray load losses.
Calculate the following quantities,

a)The air-gap power,

b)The power converted, Pconv,
c)The output power,
d)The efficiency of the motor 25
KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4
 Speed control of induction motors

i. Induction motor speed control by pole changing

ii. Speed control by changing the line frequency
iii. Speed control by changing the line voltage
iv. Speed control by changing the rotor
v. resistance

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KEE4723 Electrical Power & Machines, Chapter 4