ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D.

SAKAHRE

1 ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I)

Defin:- “When a particle(object) moves along the circumference of a circle, its

motion is called as circular motion”.
Examples: Motion of swing (chair) of merry goes round.
1. Motion of the tip of the blades of fan.
2. Motion of an object tied at the end of the string and whirled in a circle.

Types of Circular Motion

There are two types of circular motion:
 Uniform circular motion (U.C.M.)
 Non uniform circular motion (Non U.C.M.)
Uniform Circular Motion (U.C.M.)
Defin:- “The motion of a particle move along the circumference of a circle
with a constant linear and angular speed, angular velocity is called uniform
circular motion”.
Characteristics:-

 The linear speed of particle remains constant.

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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

 The linear velocity of the particle changes due to change in direction.

 The direction of linear velocity is along the tangent to the circular path.
 The linear velocity of the particle changes
Thus U.C.M. is an accelerated motion.
 During U.C.M. of a body, work done on the body by the force is always zero.
 The angular velocity of a particle remains constant. Hence angular
acceleration is zero.
 The angular acceleration is zero. Hence tangential acceleration is zero.
 U.C.M. is periodic Motion.
Examples:
 Motion of the tip of hands of clock.
 Motion of the Earth around the Sun.
 Motion of moon around the earth.
 Motion of electron around the nucleus

U.C.M. is an accelerated motion

 In U.C.M. the magnitude of linear velocity (speed) remains constant but the
direction of linear velocity goes on changing i.e. linear velocity changes.
 The change in linear velocity is possible only if the motion is accelerated.
Hence, U.C.M. is an accelerated motion.

U.C.M. is called periodic motion

Defin ” A motion that repeats itself, in equal intervals of time on the same path
is called as periodic motion”.

U.C.M. Is periodic motion: The particle performing U.C.M. repeats its motion
after equal interval of time on the same path so U.C.M. is periodic motion (𝜔 is
constant).

Radius vector (position vector) (r):

“The vector drawn from the centers of the circle to the position of the particle
performing circular motion is called the radius vector”.
Explanation:
 The radius vector has a constant magnitude equal to the radius of circle.
 It is always directed away from the centre of circle and towards the
position of the particle.
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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

 As the particle revolves along the circle, the direction of radius vector goes
on changing.
 When the particle is at point A its radius vector is OA.
 Units and dimension
S.I. unit: meter (m)
[ r ] = [M0L1T0]

Define and explain the terms

 Angular displacement
 Angular velocity
 Angular speed
 Angular acceleration
Angular displacement(𝜹𝜽):
“The angle described by radius vector at the centre of the circle when the particle
moves from one point to other point on the circumference of the circle is called
angular displacement”.
Explanation:
 If the particle moves from A to B in time St, then the magnitude of angular
displacement (in radian ) is,
𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡 𝑕
∴ 𝛿𝜃 =
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
𝛿𝑠
∴ 𝛿𝜃 =
𝑟
𝑊𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 ,
𝛿s = length of arc AB
 In vector form,
𝛿𝑠
𝛿𝜃 =
𝑟
Where,
𝛿s = length of arc AB
 Unit and dimension:

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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

S. I. unit: radian (rad)

𝛿𝜃 = [M0L0T0]

It is a dimensionless quantity.

Angular velocity (𝝎) :

“The rate of change of angular displacement of a particle with respect to time is

called as angular velocity”.

 Angular velocity is a vector quantity.

 If the particle has an angular displacement 𝛿𝜃 in a short interval of time 𝛿t, its
instantaneous angular velocity (𝜔) is

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝛿𝜃
𝜔=
𝛿𝑡 → 0 𝛿𝑡

𝑑𝜃
𝜔=
𝑑𝑡

Unit and dimension:

S.I. unit: rad/s.

𝜔 = M0L0T-1

Anugular speed (𝝎) : “The angle described by the particle per unit time is called the
angular speed”.

Explanation:
1. If the radius vector rotates through an angle 𝛿𝜃 in a short interval of
time t, the angular speed (𝜔) is given by,
𝛿𝜃
𝜔=
𝛿𝑡
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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

2. Angular speed is a scalar quantity.

Unit and dimension:
S.I. unit: rad/s
𝜔 = [ M0 L0 T-1 ]

Angular acceleration (∝): “The rate of change of angular velocity of a particle with
respect to time is called as angular acceleration”.

Expiation:
 angular acceleration is a vector quantity
 If the angular velocity changes by 𝛿𝜔, in the short interval of time 𝛿𝑡, the
instantaneous angular acceleration ( 𝛼 ) is,
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝛿𝜔
𝛼=
𝛿𝑡 → 0 𝛿𝑡
𝑑𝜔
𝛼 =
𝑑𝑡

𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝛼=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝜔2−𝜔1
∴ 𝛼=
𝑡

It is called as average angular acceleration.

Unit and dimension:
S.I. unit: rad/s2
𝛼 = M0 L0 T-2
right hand rule and right handed screw rule.
Right hand rule: Imagine the axis of rotation to be held in the right hand
with fingers curled round the axis and thumb stretched along the axis of
rotation. If the curled fingers denote the sense of rotation, then the
thumb denotes direction of infinitesimal angular displacement or
angular velocity.
Right handed screw rule: Imagine the right handed screw to be held in
the Place in which particle is performing circular motion. If the right
handed screw is rotated in the direction of particle performing circular

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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

motion, then the direction in which screw tip of right handed screw
advanced, give the direction of angular displacement and velocity.
Relation between the linear displacement and angular displacement of a
particle performing uniform circular motion.
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝛿𝜃
𝜔=
𝛿𝑡 → 0 𝛿𝑡
 Consider a particle performing U.C.M. with radius ‘r’ in anticlockwise
direction.
 Let the particle moves from A to B in time 𝛿t.
 Let 𝛿𝜃 be the angular displacement then the angular displacement is
𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝐴𝐵
Angular displacement =
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

𝛿𝑆
𝛿𝜃 =
𝑟

𝛿s = r𝛿𝜃

𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
= 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 ×
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

 In vector form:- 𝛿s = 𝛿𝜃 × 𝑟

Relation between linear speed and angular

speed of a particle performing uniform circular motion. State their
relation in vector form.

Derivation:

 Consider a particle performing U.C.M. with radius r in anticlockwise direction.

 Let particle moves from A to B in time 𝛿𝑡.
 Let 𝛿𝑠 be the linear displacement and 𝛿𝜃 be the angular displacement.
∴ 𝛿𝑠 = r × 𝛿𝜃

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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝛿𝑠
V=
𝛿𝑡 → 0 𝛿𝑡

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑟 𝛿𝜃
=
𝛿𝑡 → 0 𝛿𝑡

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝛿𝜃
=r
𝛿𝑡 → 0 𝛿𝑡

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝛿𝜃
But = 𝜔
𝛿𝑡 → 0 𝛿𝑡

V = r𝜔
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
= radius ×
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

 In vector form:-
V=𝜔×r
Relation between the magnitude of linear acceleration and angular
acceleration in circular motion.

Relation:

 The rate of change of linear velocity w.r.t. time is called linear acceleration
(a).
𝑑𝑣
∴ a=
𝑑𝑡

 The magnitude of linear acceleration is,

𝑑𝑣
a=
𝑑𝑡
 We know that the linear velocity is
V = r𝜔
Where r = radius of circular path,
𝜔 = angular velocity.
 Putting the value of v in eqn (i) we get,
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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

𝑑
a= 𝑟𝜔
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜔
a=r 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜔
1. But = 𝛼 = angular acceleration
𝑑𝑡
∴
a = r𝛼

𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
= (radius) ×
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 In vector form:- a = 𝛼 × r

Period of revolution of a particle performing circular motion

and obtain the expression for it.
Period ( T ):-
Defin:- “Time taken by a particle performing uniform circular motion (U.C.M.) to
complete one revolution is called as period of revolution”

Unit and Dimension

S. I. unit: second (sec)

𝑇 = L 0M0T1

Expression:
During periodic time (T), particle covers a distance equal to the circumference of
circle (2𝜋r) with velocity v.
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
speed =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
:- time =
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
:- period =
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

2𝜋r
:- T=
𝑣

2𝜋r
=
𝑟𝜔

2𝜋
T=
𝜔

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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

Frequency of revolution of a particle and obtain an expression for it.

State the relation between angular velocity and frequency.

Frequency (n):-
Defin:- “The number of revolutions performed by a particle performing U.C.M. in unit
time is called as frequency of revolution”.

 Unit and Dimension:

S. I. unit: hertz (Hz) . (r.p.s.)

Dimension: L0M0T-1

Expression:

The frequency is reciprocal of period

1
i.e. frequency =
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑

1
n =
𝑇

Relation between angular velocity and frequency

2𝜋
We know, T =
𝜔

2𝜋
:- 𝜔 =
𝑇

1 1
:- 𝜔 = 2𝜋× = 𝑛 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑇 𝑇

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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

:-

𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑛
Note: 1 Hz = 1 revolution per second (1 rps)

Relation between linear velocity and frequency

2𝜋
𝜔=
𝑇

2𝜋 1
V=r× = 𝑛 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑇 𝑇

V = r × 2 𝜋𝑛

Define and explain centripetal force

Centripetal force: “The force which is acting on a particle performing U.C.M.

towards the center of the circle and along the radius is called as centripetal force”.

SI Unit: N
Dimension:= [M1L1T-2]

Explanation:

 Consider a particle performing uniform circular motion. In U.C.M. centripetal

acceleration is acting on the particle towards the centre along the radius. The
magnitude of centripetal acceleration is
𝑣2
r𝜔2 or
𝑟

 We know that acceleration is produced by a force therefore in U. C. M. force

must be acting on the particle.
 If m is the mass of particle performing U.C.M., then the magnitude of
centripetal force is given by,

𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙
= (mass) ×
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
C.P.F. = mr𝜔2

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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

𝑣2
OR, C.P.F. = m
𝑟

𝑚𝑣 2
F=
𝑟

 In vector form,
𝑚𝑣 2
F = - m𝜔2-r or F = - r0
𝑟
Where
r0 = unit vector in the direction of r
 C.P.F. and position vectors have opposite direction (ant parallel to each
other).

Characteristics of centripetal force. And its examples.

 It is always directed towards the centre of the circle along the radius.
 It is a real force because it is produced by known interaction.
 It arises in the inertial frame of reference.
 It is responsible for U.C.M. i.e. it is necessary for U.C.M.
 It is the cause of circular motion.
Examples:
 When an object ties at the end of string is whirled in a horizontal circle, the
necessary centripetal force for maintaining U.C.M. is provided by tension in
the string.
 If a car is travelling round a circular horizontal road with uniform speed the
necessary centripetal force for negotiating curve provided by force of static
friction between tyres of vehicle and road surface.

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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

 The electrons revolve in permitted circular orbits around the nucleus of an

atom. Here the necessary centripetal force is provided by electrostatic force
of attraction between positively charged nucleus and negatively charged
electron.
 Moon revolves around the earth in a circular orbit. Here the necessary
centripetal force is provided by gravitational force of attraction between
moon and earth.

Define and explain centrifugal force.

Centrifugal force: “The force which is acting on a particle in U.C.M. directed away
from centre of circle and along the radius is called as centrifugal force”.
S. I. unit: N
Dimension: = L1M1T-2
Explanation:
 U.C.M. is an accelerated motion. Thus, a particle reforming U.C.M. is in an
accelerated (non inertial) frame of reference.
 In non-inertial frame of reference an imaginary force or pseudo force is to be
considered in order to apply Newton’s laws of motion.
 The magnitude of this pseudo force is same as that of centripetal force byt its
direction is opposite to that of centripetal force. Therefore, this pseudo force
is called centrifugal force.
 If m is the mass of a particle performing U.C.M. then,
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑙
= mr𝜔2
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

F = mr𝜔2

OR
𝑚𝑣 2
F=
𝑟

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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

 In vector form,
𝑚𝑣 2
F = m𝜔2r or F = r0
𝑟
Where
r0 = unit vector in the direction of r
 C.F.F. and position vectors have same direction (parallel to each other).
Therefore, angle between C.F.F. and position vector is 1800.
Characteristics of centrifugal force. And its examples.
 It is always directed away from the centre of circle along the radius.
 It is not a real force. It is an imaginary force. Therefore, it is called as pseudo
force.
 It is experienced in the non inertial frame of reference.
 It is not responsible for U.C.M.
 It is the effect of circular motion.
Examples:
 When a car in motion takes a sudden turn towards left, passengers in car
experience an outward push to the right. This is due to centrifugal force
acting on the passengers.
 A bucket full of water is rotated in a vertical circle at a particular speed, so
that water does not fall. This is because weight of water is balanced by
centrifugal force acting on it.
 The children sitting in merry go round experience an outward pull as merry go
round rotates about vertical axis. This is due to centrifugal force acting on
children.
 Centrifuge is device, which is used for separating heavier particles and light
particles and works on principle of centrifugal force. In centrifuge, a tube
containing liquid along with suspended particles is whirled in a horizontal
circle. Denser particles are acted upon by centrifugal force, hence they get
accumulated t bottom, which is on outside while rotating. This is because
buoyant force toward centre is greater for lighter particle.

Distinguish between centripetal force and centrifugal force.

Centripetal force Centrifugal force

1. It is always directed towards the 1. It is always away from centre of

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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

center of circle along the radius. circle along the radius.

2. It is a real force. 2. It is an imaginary force.
3. It arises in an inertial frame of 3. It arises in non inertial frame of
reference. reference.
4. It is responsible for U.C.M. 4. It is not responsible for U.C.M.
5. It is the cause of circular motion. 5. It is the effect of circular motion.
6. In vector form, 6. In vector form
F = - m𝜔2 r F = m𝜔2r.
7. Angle between C.P.F. and 7. Angle between C.F.F. and
position vector is 𝜋rad or 1800. position vector is 00.

Similarities between centripetal force and centrifugal force.

Centripetal force Centrifugal force

1. Centripetal force acting on a 1. Centrifugal force acting on a
particle performing U.C.M. is particle performing U.C.M. is
along the radius. along the radius.
2. Centripetal force having same 2. Centrifugal force having same
magnitude as that of centrifugal magnitude as that of centripetal
force. force.
3. Different forms of magnitude 3. Different forms of magnitude of
centripetal force: centrifugal force:
F = mr𝜔2 F = mr𝜔2
𝑚𝑣 2 𝑚𝑣 2
F= F=
𝑟 𝑟
4. SI unit is N. 4. SI unit is N.
5. 𝐹 = [M1L1T-2] 5. 𝐹 =[M1L1T-2]

Types of curved road.

Therefore are two types of curved road:

A} Horizontal curved road

B} Banked curved road

A} Horizontal curved road: A road whose two edges are horizontal (at
same level) is called horizontal curved road.
B} Banked curved road (banking of road): For safety of a vehicle moving
along a curved road at high speed, the road surface is kept inclined to

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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

horizontal so that outer edge of road is at higher level than inner edge. This
construction of road is called as banking of road.
Derive an expression for the maximum speed of a vehicle along a
horizontal curved road. State the significance of it.

Expression:

 Consider a vehcle of mass m, moving with speed v, along horizontal

curve of radius r. the centripetal force is given as,
𝑀𝑉2
C.P.F. =
𝑟
 If 𝜇 is the coefficient of friction between the wheels of the vehicle and
the road surface. Then,

Force of friction = 𝜇 mg.

 Centripetal force = force of friction.

𝑚𝑣 2
∴ = 𝜇mg
𝑟

∴ v2 = 𝜇rg

Vmax = 𝜇rg
This is the maximum speed with which a vehicle can be safely driven along the
horizontal curved road without skidding.

Significance of the maximum speed of a vehicle along curved road:

The maximum safety speed along the curved horizontal road is independent on the
coefficient of friction between tyres of vehicle and road surface. Hence to increase

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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

the safety speed, the coefficient of friction should be increase i.e. road made be
rough. But this causes wear and tear of tyres.

But the coefficient of friction itself is non reliable quantity as it changes with
condition. Hence for curved horizontal road there cannot be a fixed maximum safe
velocity.

Why banking of road is necessary?

If road is not banked:
 When a vehicle moves along horizontal curved road, necessary
centripetal force is supplied by the force of friction between the wheels
of vehicle and surface of road.
 Frictional force is not enough and reliable every time as it changes
when road becomes oily or wet in rainy season.
 To increase the C.P.F. the road should be made rough. But it will cause
wear and tear of the tyres of the wheel.
 Thus, due to lack of centripetal force vehicle tends to skid.
If road is banked:
 When the road is banked, the horizontal component of the normal
reaction provides the necessary centripetal force required for circular
motion of vehicle.
Thus, to provide the necessary centripetal force at the curved road, banking
of road is necessary.
Define angle of banking? Obtain an expression for angle of banking. On
what a factor does it depends? Hence obtain an expression for the
maximum speed (optimum speed) with which vehicle can be safely
driven along the banked road. On what factors it depends?

Angle of banking (𝜽): “The angle made by a banked road surface with horizontal is
called as the angle of banking”.

Expression for banking of road (𝜽) :

 Consider a vehicle of mass ‘m’ moving with speed v, along a banked
road. Let r be the radius of curvature and 𝜃 be the angle of banking.
 When a vehicle is moving on a banked road, the forces acting on the
vehicle are,

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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

i) The weight mg acting in a vertically downward direction,

ii) The normal reaction N perpendicular to the banked road.
 The normal reaction N can be resolved into two components,
i) N cos𝜃 in vertically upward direction,
ii) N sin𝜃 along horizontal direction.

Where,

AB = horizontal surface
BC = height of banking
AC = inclined road surface
C.G. = centre of gravity
𝜃 = angle of banking,
W = mg = weight of the vehicle,
N = normal reaction of road surface,
N cos 𝜃 = vertical component of N
N sin 𝜃 = horizontal component of N

 Now, N cos 𝜃 balances the weight (mg) of vehicle,

:. N cos𝜃 = mg ------------ (i)

 N sin𝜃 provides the necessary centripetal force for circular motion.

𝑚𝑣 2
N sin 𝜃 = ------------- (ii)
𝑟

 By dividing eqn (ii) by eqn (i), we get

𝑁 sin 𝜃 𝑚𝑣 2 /𝑟
=
𝑁 cos 𝜃 𝑚𝑔

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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

𝑚𝑣 2
:. Tan 𝜃 =
𝑟𝑚𝑔
𝑣2
:. Tan 𝜃 =
𝑟𝑔
𝑣2
𝜃 = tan -1
𝑟𝑔
This is the expression for angle of banking. The angle of banking is independent of
mass of vehicle as the term m is absent.

 From equation (iii), the factor which decide the value of angle of
banking are,
 Expression for maximum speed:
Equation (iii) can be written as,
V2 = rg tan 𝜃

V = rg tan𝜃
This is the expression for maximum speed with which a vehicle can be safely driven
along the banked road.
 From equation (IV) we can say that, the maximum velocity does not
depend upon mass if a vehicle (m).
This velocity depends upon,
i) 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑣).
ii) Radius of curved road (r).
iii) Acceleration due to gravity (g) at that place.
Distinguish between horizontal curved road and banked road.

Horizontal curved road Banked Road

i) Two edges of the roads are i) One edge of the road is at
horizontal i.e. at same level. higher edge.
ii) Speed of circular motion of ii) Speed of circular motion of
the vehicle depends on force the vehicle depend on angle
of friction. (F = 𝜇mg) of banking (𝜃) and radius (r) of
iii) The weight of the vehicle and circular path.
normal reaction act along the iii) The weight of the vehicle and
same straight line. normal reaction do not act
along the same straight line.

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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

iv) Weight of the vehicle is

iv) Weight of the vehicle is balanced by vertical
balanced by normal reaction component of normal reaction
i.e. N = mg (mg = N cos𝜃).
v) For circular motion centripetal v) For circular motion centripetal
force is provided by force of force is provided by horizontal
friction. comp-onent of normal
C.P.F. = 𝜇mg reaction(C.P.F.=N sin𝜃)
vi) The maximum or optimum
vi) The maximum or optimum safety speed of vehicle on
safety speed of vehicle on horizontal curved road is
horizontal curved V = 𝑟𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
Road is v = 𝜇𝑟𝑔 vii) For a curve of given radius r,
vii) For a curve of given radius r, vmax is greater than horizontal
vmax is less than baked road. curved road.
viii) The angle of banking (𝜃) for viii) The angle of banking (𝜃) for
horizontal curved road is zero. banked curved road
𝑣2
ix) The elevation (h) of outer Is 𝜃 = tan-1 .
𝑟𝑔
surface w.r.t. inner surface is ix) The elevation (h) of outer
zero (h = 0). surface w.r.t. inner surface is
given by h = ɭ sin 𝜃

Give similarities between horizontal curved road and banked road.

Horizontal Curved Road Banked Road

i) In horizontal curved road, the i) In banked road, the motion of
motion of vehicle is circular vehicle is circular motion.
motion ii) For circular motion centripetal
ii) For circular motion centripetal force is necessary.
force is necessary. iii) The maximum safety speed of
iii) The maximum safety speed of vehicle does not depend upon
vehicle does not depend upon mass (m) of the vehicle.
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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

mass (m) of the vehicle.

What is conical pendulum? Obtain an expression for

i) Angular speed
ii) The period. On what factors period of conical pendulum depends?

Conical pendulum: “A small heavy sphere (called bob) suspended by a light weight
and inextensible string from a rigid support and revolving in a horizontal circle with a
uniform speed is called a conical pendulum”.

Expression for angular speed (𝜔) :

 Let
m = mass of the bob
W = mg = weight of the bob
L = length of pendulum
or distance between the point of suspension (S) and centre of gravity of bob
h = height of conical pendulum
r = radius of horizontal circle
𝜃 = angle made by string with vertical
(Semi vertical angle of cone)
T’ = tension in the string
T’ cos𝜃 = vertical component of T’
T’ sin𝜃 = horizontal component of T’ as shown in fig.

 At any position P, the forces acting on the bob are

i) Its weight mg acting vertically downwards and

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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

ii) Tension T’ in the string acting along the length of the string towards the
point of suspension.
 Tension T’ can be resolved into two mutually perpendicular
components
i) The vertical component T’ cos 𝜃 and
ii) Horizontal component T’ sin 𝜃
 The vertical component T’ cos 𝜃 balances the weight of the bob
T’ cos 𝜃 = mg ------------ (i)
 The horizontal component T’ sin 𝜃 is directed towards the centre of the
circle and it provodes the necessary centripetal force for U.C.M. of the
bob.
T’ sin 𝜃 = C.P.F.
:. T’ sin 𝜃 = mr𝜔2 ------------- (ii)
Where

𝜔 = angular speed of the bob

 Dividing eqn (ii) by eqn (i) we get,

𝑇 ′ sin 𝜃 𝑚𝑟𝜔 2
=
𝑇′ cos 𝜃 𝑚𝑔
𝑟𝜔 2
Tan 𝜃 =
𝑔
𝑔𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝜔2 =
𝑟
𝑔𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
𝜔=
𝑟
This is the expression for angular speed of the bob.

Expression for period of conical pendulum :

Defin: “The time taken by the bob of conical pendulum to complete one
revolution is called period of conical pendulum”
 We know that, the time period i
2𝜋
T=
𝜔
 Putting the value of 𝜔 from eqn (iii) in above eqn we get
2𝜋
T=
𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑟

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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

𝑟
T = 2𝜋 × -------------- (IV)
𝑔 tan 𝜃

 From ∆ SOP.
𝑟
Sin𝜃 =
𝐿

:. r = L sin 𝜃

 putting the value of r in eqn (IV), we get

𝐿 sin 𝜃
T = 2𝜋×
𝑔 tan 𝜃

𝐿 sin 𝜃
=2𝜋 × sin 𝜃
𝑔
cos 𝜃

𝐿 cos 𝜃
=2𝜋 ×
𝑔

𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠
T = 2𝜋 ×
𝑔

This is the expression for period of conical pendulum in term of length.

 From ∆SOP,
𝑕
Cos 𝜃 =
𝐿
L cos 𝜃 = h
 Putting the value of L cos 𝜃 in eqn (v) we get
𝑕
T = 2𝜋 ×
𝑔
This is the expression for period of conical pendulum in terms of height h.

 Expression for the linear speed (v) :

Eqn (ii) can be written as
T’ sin𝜃 = C.P.F.
𝑚𝑣 2
T’ sin 𝜃 =
𝑟
Dividing eqn (vii) by eqn (i)
𝑇 ′ sin 𝜃 𝑚𝑣 2 1
= =
𝑇′ cos 𝜃 𝑟 𝑚𝑔
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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

𝑣2
Tan 𝜃 =
𝑟𝑔
:. V = rg tan 𝜃
2

V = 𝑟𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
This the expression of linear speed of conical pendulum.

 Expression for semivertical angle of cone (𝜽) :

From eqn (viii)
𝑣2
Tan 𝜃 =
𝑟𝑔
𝑣2
𝜃 = tan-1
𝑟𝑔
This is the expression for angle made by string with vertical.

Define a non uniform circular motion. Give its characteristic and

example.

Non uniform circular motion (Non U.C.M.): “A motion of a particle

along the circumference of circle with variable speed is called non U.C.M”.

Characteristics:

 The speed of particle changes continuously.

 The velocity of particle changes due to change in both i.e. magnitude
and direction.
 The velocity of particle changes. Thus non U.C.M.is an accelerated
motion.
 During non U.C.M. of a body, in addition to centripetal force, tangential
force is also acting on the body. workdone by centripetal force is zero
but workdone by tangential force is not zero. Therefore work is done
due to tangential force. Hence K.E. of the body changes.
 Non U.C.M. in non periodic motion: the particle performing non U.C.M.
repeats its motion after unequal interval of time on the same path so
non U.C.M. is non periodic motion (𝜔 is variable).
Example: Motion in a vertical circle.
What is vertical circular motion? Give its example.

Defin: “the circular motion of a particle in a vertical plane is known as

vertical circular motion.”

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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

Examples:

i) Giant wheel
ii) Motion of an object tied at end of string and whirled in a vertical plane.
Explain the effect of Earth’s gravitational field on the vertical circular
motion.
 Consider a body of mass m tied to one end of string and moving in a
vertical circle of radius r as shown in fig.

 Let H and L be the highest and lowest point of the vertical circle
respectively.
 When body moves from point L to point H of the vertical circle. The
velocity of the body decreases because gravity opposes motion.
 When body moves from point H to point L of the vertical circle, the
velocity of the body increases because gravity helps the motion.
 Therefore velocity of the body is maximum at lowest point and
minimum at highest point.
 The direction of linear velocity is along the tangent to the circular path
at every point.

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ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS (PART-I) (SUBJECT:- PHYSICS-I //NEET//IIT-JEE//MHT-CET ) Prof. V.D. SAKAHRE

 As the velocity continuously changes, the acceleration also changes. It

decreases from bottom to top and increases from top to bottom i.e.
centripetal acceleration does not remain constant during U.C.M. Hence,
centripetal force acting on the body also changes.

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