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This study introduces a novel compression testing method for reinforced polymers, addressing limitations of traditional approaches such as buckling and stress concentration. By utilizing a tower-type specimen and T-type strain gauges, the method enhances measurement accuracy, including Poisson's ratio, and validates results through finite element analysis. The findings aim to improve testing standards and applications in industries reliant on polymer composites.

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7 views6 pages

compression paperrev

This study introduces a novel compression testing method for reinforced polymers, addressing limitations of traditional approaches such as buckling and stress concentration. By utilizing a tower-type specimen and T-type strain gauges, the method enhances measurement accuracy, including Poisson's ratio, and validates results through finite element analysis. The findings aim to improve testing standards and applications in industries reliant on polymer composites.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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A New Method for Compression Testing of Reinforced Polymers: A Paper

Review

A Paper Review
Presented to Engr. Loreimay B. Andaya
of the College of Engineering
Camarines Norte State College
Daet, Camarines Norte

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the
Material Science and Engineering

VELEZ, JEFF ANDREI

December 2024
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. PIMENTEL AVENUE, BRGY. 2, DAET, CAMARINES NORTE – 4600, PHILIPPINES

ABSTRACT

Compression testing is a fundamental process in understanding the mechanical properties


of reinforced polymers. This study proposes a novel testing method to overcome
challenges associated with traditional approaches, such as buckling and stress
concentration. By introducing a tower-type specimen and incorporating T-type strain
gauges, the method enables precise determination of mechanical properties, including
Poisson’s ratio. Comparisons between experimental and finite element analysis (FEA)
results validate the method’s accuracy, with potential applications across various
industries reliant on polymer composites.

INTRODUCTION

Compression testing plays a vital role in assessing the mechanical properties of


materials, particularly fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs). FRPs are widely used in
industries such as aerospace, automotive, and construction due to their exceptional
strength-to-weight ratios and versatility in design. Accurate evaluation of these materials
under compressive loads is essential for ensuring their performance and reliability in
critical applications. However, traditional compression testing methods often face
challenges such as specimen buckling and the difficulty of attaching strain gauges to
measure deformations.
One commonly used standard, ASTM D695, presents limitations in testing FRPs.
These include the restricted size of specimens, which can lead to stress concentrations,
and an inability to measure certain mechanical properties, such as Poisson’s ratio.
Furthermore, traditional methods frequently require additional equipment and preparation
steps to minimize buckling, which increases complexity and reduces efficiency.
To address these challenges, this study introduces an innovative compression
testing method. By designing a tower-type specimen and incorporating T-type strain
gauges, the new approach enhances the precision and scope of mechanical property
measurements. The use of advanced monitoring techniques, such as digital image
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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. PIMENTEL AVENUE, BRGY. 2, DAET, CAMARINES NORTE – 4600, PHILIPPINES

correlation (DIC), further extends the method’s capabilities, allowing for comprehensive
analysis of material behavior under compressive loads. This research focuses on glass-
fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRPs), comparing results from the modified ASTM D695
standard with those obtained using the proposed method. The goal is to provide a more
reliable and scalable solution for compression testing of reinforced polymers, paving the
way for broader industrial and research applications.

METHODOLOGY

The study employed two primary methods for compression testing. The first
adhered to a modified ASTM D695 standard, where specimens were guided along their
length to prevent buckling. Specimens were prepared from GFRP composite boards with
a [0°/90°] fiber orientation. The Boeing method involved smaller specimens, typically
100 × 16 mm, which limited space for strain gauges. In response to these limitations, a
novel tower-type specimen design was introduced. This design allows for the attachment
of T-type strain gauges and the application of optical methods, such as DIC, enabling
more comprehensive data collection.
The testing process was conducted using a universal testing machine with a
controlled strain rate of 0.5 mm/min. For comparative analysis, finite element analysis
(FEA) was employed to simulate loading conditions. The FEA simulations considered
two scenarios: a uniformly distributed force and a quasi-concentrated force, both applied
to validate experimental observations. The specimens were analyzed for mechanical
properties such as Young’s modulus, compressive strength, and Poisson’s ratio.

RESULTS

The compression tests revealed significant differences in the mechanical behavior of


GFRPs based on the testing method used. For specimens tested with the modified ASTM
D695 standard, compressive strengths and Young’s modulus values were determined.
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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. PIMENTEL AVENUE, BRGY. 2, DAET, CAMARINES NORTE – 4600, PHILIPPINES

However, stress concentrations at the tabs were a notable limitation. The tower-type
specimens demonstrated improved performance, providing accurate measurements of
Poisson’s ratio, calculated as 0.14. This method also facilitated the use of advanced
monitoring techniques, such as digital image correlation (DIC).
Finite element analysis (FEA) results closely aligned with experimental data, validating
the method’s accuracy. The observed error margins were 6.52% for normal stress and
4.76% for strain in the center of the specimens. Furthermore, FEA simulations
highlighted the impact of force eccentricity and resin layer variations on stress
distribution. Minor deviations in force application or resin layer thickness significantly
influenced the material’s compressive behavior, emphasizing the importance of precise
specimen preparation.

DISCUSSION

The study underscores the importance of innovative specimen design and testing
methodologies in characterizing the compressive behavior of FRPs. The tower-type
specimen design addresses traditional limitations, such as buckling and inadequate space
for strain gauge installation. This novel approach enables larger testing volumes, reduces
buckling risks, and provides more reliable data through advanced techniques like DIC.

SEM imaging and FEA further enhanced the understanding of failure


mechanisms. Observations revealed critical insights into fiber-matrix interactions and
defect propagation under compressive loads. While the novel method offers significant
improvements, its implementation requires careful consideration of specimen preparation
and testing apparatus. Future research could explore applying this method to other
composite materials and scaling it for industrial applications.

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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. PIMENTEL AVENUE, BRGY. 2, DAET, CAMARINES NORTE – 4600, PHILIPPINES

CONCLUSION

The proposed compression testing method represents a significant advancement in


evaluating reinforced polymers. By addressing challenges such as buckling and enabling
the measurement of additional properties like Poisson’s ratio, this approach provides a
more accurate and holistic understanding of material behavior under compressive loads.
The findings contribute to developing reliable testing standards for composite materials,
ensuring their safe and effective use in engineering applications.

END NOTE

This study presents a novel approach to compression testing, enhancing the


reliability and scope of mechanical property evaluations for reinforced polymers. By
incorporating advanced techniques such as T-type strain gauges and digital image
correlation, the research addresses longstanding limitations in traditional methods. The
insights gained are expected to have significant implications for both academic research
and industrial applications, promoting innovation in the design and testing of composite
materials. Future work may explore the adaptation of this method to other material
systems and investigate its potential for large-scale implementation.

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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. PIMENTEL AVENUE, BRGY. 2, DAET, CAMARINES NORTE – 4600, PHILIPPINES

REFERENCES
Morăraș, C.I., Husaru, D., Goantă, V., Bârsănescu, P.D., et al. (2024). A New Method for
Compression Testing of Reinforced Polymers. Polymers, 16(3071), 1-22.
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16213071.

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