UNIT-II

Registers

A Register is a device which is used to store information. It is a group of flip flops connected in
series used to store multiple bits of data.
4-bit Register
 Constructed with 4 D-Flip-Flops
 Common clock signal triggers all the flip flops on the rising edge of the clock
 Clear input
 0-flip-flops are reset
 1-Normal operation
 Clock signal enables the D-input, but the clear input is independent of the clock
 The transfer of new Information into a register is referred to as loading the register.
 Parallel Loading-All the bits of the register are loaded simultaneously with a common
clock transition
4-bit Registers with Parallel Load
 Buffer gate in the clock reduces the power requirement from the clock generator
 The load input in the register determines the action to be taken with each clock pulse.
 When the load input is 1, the data in the four inputs are transferred into the register with
the next positive transition of the clock pulse.
 When the load input is 0, the data inputs are inhibited (hold back)
 To leave the output unchanged, it is necessary to make the D input equal to the present
value of the output

Shift Registers
The information stored within these registers can be transferred with the help of shift registers.
Shift Register is a group of flip flops used to store multiple bits of data. The bits stored in such
registers can be made to move within the registers and in/out of the registers by applying clock
pulses. An n-bit shift register can be formed by connecting n flip-flops where each flip flop
stores a single bit of data.
The logical configuration of a shift register consists of a chain of flip-flops in cascade. Output of
one flip-flop is connected to the input of the next flip-flop

The registers which will shift the bits to left are called “Shift left registers”.
The registers which will shift the bits to right are called “Shift right registers”.
Shift registers are basically of 4 types. These are:
1. Serial In Serial Out shift register
2. Serial In parallel Out shift register
3. Parallel In Serial Out shift register
4. Parallel In parallel Out shift register

Bidirectional Shift Register with parallel Load

 A Register capable of shifting bits in only in one direction is called a unidirectional shift
register.
 A Register capable of shifting in both the directions is called a Bidirectional shift register
 S0 S1 Register Operation
0 0 No Change
0 1 Shift Right
1 0 Shift Left
1 1 Parallel Load
Functional Table
Applications of shift Registers
 The shift registers are used for temporary data storage.
 The shift registers are also used for data transfer and data manipulation.
  The serial-in serial-out and parallel-in parallel-out shift registers are used to produce time
delay to digital circuits.
 The serial-in parallel-out shift register is used to convert serial data into parallel data thus
they are used in communication lines where demultiplexing of a data line into several
parallel line is required.
 A Parallel in Serial out shift register us used to convert parallel data to serial data

Binary Counters
 A register that goes through a predetermined sequence of states upon the application of
input pulses is called a counter.
 Counters are used in digital electronics for counting purpose, they can count specific
event happening in the circuit.
 The input pulses may be clock pulses or may originate from an external source.
 An n-bit binary counter is a register of n flip-flops and associated gates that follows a
sequence of states according to the binary count of n bits, from 0 to 2" - 1
 Counters are broadly categorized into two categories:
o Asynchronous counter
o Synchronous counter
 A counter circuit will usually employ flip-flops with complementing capabilities.
 Both T and JK flip-flops have this property.
 JK flip-flop is complemented if both its J and K inputs are 1 and the clock goes through
a positive transition and output of the flip-flop does not change if J = K = 0.
 Lower-order bit is complemented after every count and every other bit is complemented
from one count to the next if and only if all its lower-order bits are equal to 1
 The most significant bit (MSB) only toggles once during the entire sixteen-step count
sequence:
 At the transition between 7 (0111) and 8 (1000)
Example a four-bit binary count sequence from 0000 to 1111
4 bit Binary Synchronous Counter

Binary Counters with parallel Load

 Counters with parallel load are very useful in the design of digital computers.
 When clock equal to 1, the clear input sets all the K inputs to 1, thus clearing all flip-flops
with the next clock transition.
 The input load control when equal to 1, disables the count operation and causes a transfer
of data from the four parallel inputs in to the four flip-flops
 If the clear and load inputs are both 0 and the increment input is 1, the circuit operates as
a binary counter
Function Table

Clock Clear Load Increment Operation

↑ 0 0 0 No change

↑ 0 0 1 Increment count by 1

↑ 0 0 X Load Inputs I0 through I3

↑ 1 X X Clear outputs to 0