222 B.

Hints

27. Find a nine-point circle.

28. What does the condition AB AC
= BF
FC
mean?
29. You can get away with applying Lemma 6.24 because aa = 1.
30. Put ABC at the unit circle and compute points D, E directly.
31. Similarity generates some ratios.
32. How could we use the quantities 1 + ri?
APPENDIX B 33. Construct the circumcenter of ABC and the midpoint of AC. Do you see the three
circles now?
34. Invert around A.
Hints 35. Combine Pascal’s and La Hire’s theorems.
36. Let T be the point on AB such that AD = AT .
37. Now we can just angle chase. Find the new cyclic quadrilateral.
38. Use some similar triangles to reduce this to Heron’s formula.
1. Try angle chasing; you might see it. 39. Draw a very good diagram. You can construct A2 as the second intersection of T A1
2. Construct circles.√ with .
3. The ratio is just 2. 40. It equivalent to prove CZM ∼ EZP . Hence all we want is ∠CZE = ∠P ZM.
4. Something is concurrent. Draw a good diagram. 41. Construct the circle with diameter AB.
5. We can compute the angles that BJ makes with ∠B. 42. Use a spiral similarity and do some computations.
6. It is enough to take P = (0, s, t) with s + t = 1 and do some computation. 43. Let x = ∠ABQ and use trigonometry. Here 0◦ < x < 60◦ .
7. Pick a point to handle the weird angle condition. 44. BE = BR = BC.
8. You cannot take half of directed angles! How you can get around this? 45. What is the fixed point?
9. Trigonometric form of Ceva’s theorem. 46. Show that P D : AD = [P BC] : [ABC]. Why are we done?
10. Spiral similarity, of course, but also length ratios. 47. How can you map O to H using a homothety centered at G?
11. Find the homothety. 48. Ratios of the radii are sufficient.
12. Let A0 be the intersection of lines B1 C1 and BC. 49. What is the concurrency equivalent to?
13. This is very hard for a G1, which is why there was no easy geometry at the IMO 50. Find some synthetic observations first. Parallel lines.
2011. 51. How do we handle the angle condition?
14. Prove that A2 BC ∼ AC3 B3 . 52. Deduce that the center of cyclic quadrilateral BF EC must lie on BC.
15. Do you see a pair of perpendicular lines? 53. Add in the altitudes of ABC and compute a ratio.
16. Look at triangle BP C. 54. Lemma 4.40 is likely to be very helpful.
17. Remember Lemma 2.11. 55. Midpoints and parallel lines!
18. Which quadrilateral is cyclic? 56. Intersect line EF with AB and CD to get tons of harmonic bundles.
19. Use angle chasing to show that AP OQ is cyclic, thus we’re done. 57. This is pure angle chasing.
20. There is a right angle and we want an angle bisector. Which configuration does this 58. There is a very convenient point not marked that leads to a solution. Draw a good
remind you of? diagram.
21. Directed angles will fail here because the condition that X and A are on different arcs 59. Introduce the Miquel point M of the three circles.
is necessary. 60. Use the fact that ∠B  OC  > ∠BOC to get ∠A ≤ 60◦ .
22. Do some computation with the inversive distance formula. The answer should pop 61. Focus on triangle ACD.
right out. 62. Can you get rid of the points F and H in the expressions?
23. Radical axis. 63. This follows since R is the intersection of AC and BD.
24. First recall that ME = MF = MB = MC. 64. Simson lines! Although angle chasing works as well.
25. This can be solved in a lot of ways, but there is a short solution using two applications 65. Use both (e) and (f).
of Pascal’s theorem. 66. Note that B1 is the intersection of lines C1 A0 and AC, and the cyclic quadrilateral.
26. H is the incenter of triangle DEF . 67. If x = BD, y = AC, and z is a third diagonal, one should obtain xy = ac + bd,
yz = ad + bc, and zx = ab + cd.

221
B. Hints 223 224 B. Hints

68. The quantity PXYA does not depend on P . 105. We obtain that H is the intersection of line AC and the line through B and the
69. Prove that T LK = T CM. circumcenter of triangle ABC. Finish with the law of cosines.
70. It is the circle with diameter AB. 106. Add a Miquel point.
1/2 sin x+sin 60◦ 107. Remember that you can project bundles on circles onto lines via points also on the
71. If all goes well, you should get something to the effect of 1 + sin(150 ◦ −2x) = sin(120◦ −x) .

72. The condition is equivalent to the quadrilateral formed by lines KL, P Q, AB, AC circle.
being cyclic. 108. Complete quadrilaterals.
73. The two circles with diameter AB and AC hit the foot from A to BC. 109. ABC = AA1 C.
74. Look at triangle EBD. Notice anything familiar? 110. Shift O to O  and obtain a cyclic quadrilateral.
75. If AB < AC, show that M is an incenter. 111. What does the tangency condition mean?
76. Coaxial circles—show they have a second common point instead. 112. Invert again around ω2 !
77. Show that CMN = BMN first. (Another solution, perhaps more natural, begins 113. First, show that A1 B1  A2 B2 . Then show that A1 A2 , B1 B1 , C1 C2 concur on .
by letting N  be the intersection of AD and BC, and showing that N  lies on each of 114. Rewrite the proof that a quadrilateral has angle sum 360◦ using directed angles.
the circles.) 115. Show that ABOE is cyclic.
78. The strange part of the problem is the final condition OP = OQ, as the circumcenter 116. Power of a point.
is not related to anything in the problem. How might you encode this using something 117. Normally angle conditions are horrible. Why is this one okay?
from this chapter? 118. Invert around D. The radius r can be anything.
79. Try point H . 119. Reflecting the orthocenter again.
80. Use Lemma 9.11 or Lemma 9.12. 120. I am sure you can guess which point to invert around.
81. Spiral similarity. 121. You can shift M, N , H by a + b + c before applying the circumcenter formula.
82. First show that B1 , B2 , C1 , C2 are concyclic. What is their circumcenter? 122. We have equal tangents at A.
83. It is negative since AB and XY are not disjoint. 123. First take the homotheties sending the squares outside the triangle.
84. Which quadrilateral is cyclic? 124. You need two configurations. Use a good diagram to figure out what H Q
HR
should be.
85. How can we get the orthocenter of AH E? We can do better than intersecting perpen- 125. AXF EI is cyclic.
dicular lines. 126. Let D1 = (u : m : n) and A = (v : m : n), where D1 is the second intersection of ω1
86. Just expand p−ap−b
∈ R directly. and ω2 . This encodes all conditions.
87. It suffices to prove OL ≥ 12 R. Can you think of some nice estimates for OL? 127. Push the factor of 2 somewhere else.
88. What do we know about the distance from O to all the sides? 128. The three concur at the symmedian point.
89. The incenter/excenter lemma, see Lemma 1.18. 129. Now AE and DB are symmedians, so one can compute B, E. In addition, one can
90. Show that the line is parallel to the Steiner line. compute R as the intersection of the tangent at C and (the extension of) side AD.
91. Exactly three of them have H as a vertex. 130. A∗ B ∗ + B ∗ C ∗ ≥ A∗ C ∗ with equality if and only if A∗ , B ∗ , C ∗ are collinear in that
92. Spiral similarity is helpful here. order. Now apply the inversion distance formula.
93. It is enough to show that the distance from O to BC is at least 12 R. 131. What must be true about the radical center?
94. It suffices to show the circles are coaxial; equivalently, that they share the same radical 132. Use the unit circle to get the orthocenter. 12 (a + b + c + d).
axis. Use Lemma 7.24. 133. First consider X = P and X = Q; this gives four possible pairs (S, T ).
95. Find a Miquel point; then just angle chase. 134. Radical axes again.
96. We want to prove that ∠OF B = ∠OGB = 90◦ . Invert around ω1 . 135. Introduce the midpoint of EF to create a harmonic bundle involving S.
97. Add and subtract lengths to obtain LH = XP . 136. What is the equality case we are looking for?
98. K is the Miquel point of a cyclic quadrilateral. 137. The fixed point is the orthocenter.
99. How else can we interpret the ray MH ? 138. Use a homothety.
100. Show that BQOP is cyclic. 139. It is also possible to compute the heights of the triangles.
101. Apply Lemma 1.18. 140. This follows from the homothety used in the proof of Lemma 4.33.
102. Use Menelaus’s theorem. 141. Just compute all the points directly using (ABC) as the unit circle.
103. Because A, I , IA are collinear, just check that AIA ⊥ IB IC . 142. Try to show the contact triangle of ABC is homothetic to P QL.
104. The problem can now be solved with just two projections of harmonic bundles. 143. Lemma 8.16 to clean up.
B. Hints 225 226 B. Hints

144. Use trigonometry to express the lengths BD and CE, which give the coordinates of 183. Take a transformation that fixes (ABCD) and sends Q to the center of the circle.
D and E. 184. Use the law of sines.
145. Midpoints and parallel lines. 185. First compute ∠W XY = 40◦ .
146. Put AB = 2x, CD = 2y, BC = 2 and compute some lengths. 186. Let O be the center of ω.
147. Use Lemma 9.17 to compute the power of the midpoint. Then recall that all the centers 187. Use homothety.
are collinear. 188. Apply Theorem 7.14 directly to AD = BE with reference triangle ABC.
148. Radical axes. 189. Lemma 9.27 applies.
149. One should get x = p + a + b + c − bcp. 190. Begin by letting N be the point on AK so that BN is isogonal to BC.
150. Projective geometry. 191. Rewrite the end condition without circles.
151. Check that Y XP = AKP . 192. Show that line DT passes through the reflection of A over the perpendicular bisector
152. You can replace line OH with any line through the centroid G. of BC.
153. Can you find a nice interpretation for the two given conditions? 193. The two circles intersect at the midpoint of major arc BC.
154. Use a circle of radius zero. 194. Use property (b) twice.
155. Construct a rectangle. Show that the line through K ∗ perpendicular to AQ passes 195. Show that ∠AZY = 12 B and ∠ZAX = 12 (A + C).
through the center of . 196. This problem is pretty silly.
156. There is something unnecessary in this problem. 197. A clean way to do this is by computing
157. Show that X, H , P are collinear, where P is said Miquel point. [(a − b)(c − d)(e − f ) + (b − c)(d − e)(f − a)] minus
158. Try homothety now. [(a − b)(c − e)(d − f ) + (d − e)(f − b)(a − c)].
159. Which quadrilateral is cyclic? 198. An inversion can get rid of almost all the circles.
160. Recall Lemma 4.9. 199. Where has this configuration appeared before?
161. The areas should come out to be 18 ab tan 12 C. 200. If OB and OC are the centers, show that OB OC = BC.
162. Show that [AOE] = [BOD] directly. 201. Which quadrilateral is cyclic?
163. A is the Miquel point of BOB OC C. 202. Law of cosines.
164. Let X = BE ∩ DF ; by Lemma 9.18 we need (X, H ; E, F ) = −1. 203. One should get o1 = c(a+c−2b)
c−b
and o2 = b(a+b−2c)
b−c
. Now what is 12 (o1 + o2 )?
165. What is the ratio of the homothety? 204. Show with computation that A, B1 , and C1 are collinear. Then C1 QP = ACP =
166. The given condition can be rewritten as a 2 + c2 − ac = b2 + bd + d 2 . AB1 P = C1 B1 P .
bb1 −cc1
167. We get a2 = b+b 1 −c−c1
, and then compute the determinant in Theorem 6.16. 205. Which configurations come to mind?
168. Which quadrilateral is cyclic? 206. Pick reference triangle DEF . Here we pick a = EF , b = F D, c = DE.
169. Show that the points lie on the circle with diameter OP . 207. A is the centroid of EBD, so ray DA bisects BE.
170. Inversion through D with radius 1. 208. Show that the ratio of the distance from Q to AB and AC is AB : AC. This will imply
171. Isogonal conjugates. AQ is a symmedian.
172. Invert around A. 209. Construct an isosceles trapezoid. Power of a point.
173. Why does it suffice to consider the case d = a, e = b, f = c? 210. Use Lemma 6.18 in order to compute the points A2 , etc.
174. Prove also that EAB ∼ = MAB. 211. Prove that line P Z passes through the centers of ω and ω1 .
175. Consider triangles XED and XAK. 212. Find a good way to interpret the angle condition. Put another way, what are the
176. Ignore ABC, and focus on MA MB MC instead. See if you can eliminate A, B, C possible locations of P ?
from the picture entirely. 213. Incenters.
177. Try using power of a point. 214. ADOO  and BCOO  are also parallelograms.
178. The resulting four points should invert to something nice. 215. Try erasing the points E, F , and A.
179. Find the fixed point first! A nice diagram helps here. 216. Show more strongly that if the intersection point is X, then ABXC is harmonic.
180. One can compute the numerical DF . Letting M be the midpoint of DF , it suffices to 217. The argument of b−a
c−a
is BAC, and the argument of b−d c−d
is BDC.
show that ME = 12 DF . 218. Now AB and CD are diameters.
181. We will be using AA similarity. Which angles are equal? 219. The two sides can be found to equal BG·CE
BE·CG
.
182. Begin by using cevian nest (Theorem 3.23). 220. Which quadrilateral is cyclic?
221. Why does it suffice to show F BH  C is harmonic?
B. Hints 227 228 B. Hints

222. Consider the Gauss line of quadrilateral ADBC, and let M denote the midpoint of 257. H and F swap places, as do A and E, as do C and F .
EF . 258. Now use Lemma 4.17.
223. This is one of my favorite tests of configuration recognition. You will need three of 259. Pick I the incenter of triangle BAD. Show that I BCD is cyclic. Why does this solve
the lesser-used configurations. the problem?
224. One choice of reference triangle is A1 A2 A3 , with A4 = (p, q, r). 260. Which configuration is this?
225. Use the law of sines. 261. Consider the second intersection of ω1 and ω2 .
226. You should get 262. Try inverting.
      263. Pin down Q by invoking Lemma 4.9.
3 5 1
cos x + 30◦ = cos x + 30◦ + cos x + 30◦ 264. The last ingredient is Lemma 4.17.
2 2 2
265. Now just angle chase.
or some variant. One can guess the value of x now with some persistence (try multiples 266. Isogonal conjugates.
of 10◦ ). Finish with sum-product on the right. 267. What is line QS?
227. One standard trick for doing so: try to construct A2 B2 C2 on  homothetic to 268. It suffices to prove R, M, S are collinear.
A1 B1 C1 . Then show the center of homothety lies on  (implying it is T ). 269. Can you rephrase “P H bisects EF ” more naturally?
228. Using the fact that ∠MEA = 90◦ , angle chase to show that AF is a symmedian. 270. Brocard’s theorem. Symmedians for the second part.
229. Where does the isogonal conjugate of P lie? 271. Try to compute N directly.
230. You can explicitly find K. 272. Do we want to deal with reflections? If not, what can we do?
231. Moreover, P is a point at infinity, so P , C, D collinear implies ABCD is a square. 273. It is equivalent to show that arcs T
K and T M have the same measure.
232. Let P be the midpoint of QR and L the midpoint of MN . Show that P K ⊥ QR. 274. Note that CI ⊥ A B  and CM ⊥ I K. What is the conclusion equivalent to?
233. Brocard’s theorem destroys this. 275. Evaluate BE 2 in terms of a, b, c, using cos BAE = − cos BAC. Do the same for AD
234. Take ABCD to a rectangle; the problem becomes trivial. and then show a 2 = b2 + c2 .
235. Inversion at A with radius s − a makes this much easier to compute. Overlays. 276. You can compute KN using IA N · IA K = IA I 2 − r 2 .
236. Just check that MI T = −MKI . 277. Which quadrilateral is complete?
A −c
237. It is equal to ob−c . 278. Show that ZY P = XY P .
238. Consider the reflection of X, Y over BC. 279. Do not forget to preserve intersections of clines. For example, the circle tangent to ω
239. Now use Brocard’s theorem. should invert to a line tangent to ω at the same point.
240. Right angles and bisectors again. 280. One can compute MS = MT explicitly. Just compute all the points directly.
241. This looks a lot like Pascal’s theorem. 281. You should obtain
242. Show that A∗1 A∗2 A∗3 and B1∗ B2∗ B3∗ are homothetic (all sides parallel). Why is this       
enough? 1 1 1
J = a cos A + B : b cos A + B : −c cos A − B
243. Show that N = (s − a : s − b : s − c). Normalize coordinates to check that N G = 2 2 2
2GI .
244. Homothety again. or something similar.
245. Which quadrilateral is cyclic? 282. First use homothety to make Q into something nicer.
246. It is equivalent to show that P C < P O. 283. Compute directly now; use A, S, T as free variables.
247. A∗ B ∗ C ∗ D ∗ is a parallelogram. 284. Use Ceva’s theorem twice.
248. Add in the medial triangle. 285. First show that BC ∩ GE lies on d.
249. You should be laughing. 286. The tangent at B is parallel to AP by angle chasing. Take perspectivity.
250. Try to show the spiral similarity at K sends D to E as well; this implies the conclusion. 287. This just follows by taking the number line definition and solving x−a
x−b
: y−a
y−b
= k.
251. One should find that the resulting intersection is (−a 2 : 2b2 : 2c2 ). 288. Draw a very good diagram. Can you say anything about the altitudes of BH C? (The
252. O is the reflection of C across A∗ B ∗ . next hint gives this away.)
253. This is purely projective. 289. We only care about the radical axis.
254. Let ray MH meet (ABC) again at K. It suffices to prove that AKDE is cyclic. 290. Let M be the midpoint of BE. Show that MA = ME = MB.
255. What happens now if we invert about A? 291. One can also compute CR, say, by evaluating AR = BR and applying Ptolemy’s
256. Use area ratios on the inverted picture. theorem.
B. Hints 229 230 B. Hints

292. It will reduce down to (−a + b + c)(a − b + c)(a + b − c) ≤ abc, called Schur’s 330. Apply Brocard’s theorem to locate H .
inequality. 331. First identify B1 and C1 .
293. Prove that A is the Miquel point of B1 BCC1 . 332. Specifically, find the κ ∈ R such that κ(a + b + c) lies on the Euler line of AI B
294. Try to get rid of a few circles. (where a = x 2 and so on). Check that κ is symmetric in x, y, z.
295. We can find J by intersecting rays BJ and CJ . 333. Suppose the cevians meet at P . Where can we send A, B, C, P ?
296. Specifically, if HA = a + b + d is the orthocenter of ABD, then W is the midpoint 334. m = 100.
of AHA . 335. Then F EM = F EB + BEM = F EB + . . . ?
297. Look at Lemma 1.44. 336. This is essentially the same as the previous exercise.
298. Show that the tangents to ω1 and ω2 meet on BC. 337. Overlays are helpful here.
299. You should get ∠CXY = ∠AXP one way or another (good diagrams may suggest 338. One should find that ∠C ∗ B ∗ P ∗ = ∠B ∗ C ∗ P ∗ . How to handle the incenters?
this as well). Use cyclic quadrilateral AP ZX to prove this. 339. Areas.
300. Find a harmonic bundle. 340. Show that ∠AA1 C1 is bisected by A1 A2 . Thus P is the excenter of triangle A1 BC1 .
301. Look at all those circles. Can you get them to pass through more vertices? 341. Why does ∠AD ∗ B ∗ = 12 ∠AP ∗ B ∗ ?
302. Find a pair of similar triangles. √ 342. Since ∠MC T A = ∠ST MB , this is straight  angle chasing now.
c−a 2
303. Now observe that X and Y are “± de”; that is, x + y = 0 and xy = −de. Moreover, 343. Why does it suffice to prove that bc b−a is real?
show that p 2 = de. 344. One can also get rid of A quickly. In other words, you can view the entire problem in
304. The fixed point is K = (2SB , 2SA : −c2 ). terms of the quantities in quadrilateral BGCE.
305. Which quadrilateral is cyclic? 345. Angle chasing can get rid of H and L completely.
 say L.
306. You only need the fact that line T I passes through the midpoint of arc BC, 346. By angle chasing, show that triangles MKL and AP Q are similar. Why is this
307. Anything special on the median EC? enough?
308. First find the point of concurrency. 347. If E and F are the tangency points of the incircle and X is the second intersection of
309. This yields Brocard’s theorem. AD with the incircle, show that DEXF is harmonic.
310. Use Lemma 1.30 to handle the directed angles. 348. Just note that the side length of MB MC is half that of BC, so the ratio is −2.
311. Find the diameter of the fixed circle. 349. For the setup, put A = (au : bv : cw) and C = (avw : bwu : cuv) and show that
312. The similarity is actually a congruence because AC = BD! P A = P C if and only if there is a common  circle.
313. Are there some other reflections in this problem? 350. Homothety. Show that OB OC = 2 12 BC = BC.
314. What is the orthocenter of the medial triangle? 351. Prove that AD is the polar of K.
315. If the problem is true, then the common radical axis must be the perpendicular 352. Take a projective transformation, keeping  a circle. Many such transformations lead
bisector. to a solution.
316. The key observation is that the circle is the midpoint of AO. 353. After the first inversion, we want to show that F ∗ G∗ passes through B.
317. Do you see an incenter? 354. Extend ray I P to hit line BC at K. It suffices to show (K, D; B, C) = −1.
318. The condition implies DEBC is harmonic. What next? 355. How do we use the condition that AD = 12 AC?
319. Let X = AD ∩ BC and use Miquel points. 356. Let K  denote the intersection of the circumcircle and the angle bisector.
320. Do you recognize where the point D2 has to be? 357. This is equivalent to p−q
a−b
: a−c
k−
∈ R. Use Lemma 6.30 and expand.
321. Use Lemma 8.16 applies directly. 358. Q is a Miquel point.
322. The conditions should translate to ∠D ∗ B ∗ C ∗ = 90◦ and B ∗ D ∗ = B ∗ C ∗ . 359. Borrow some ideas from the HMMT problem.
323. Lemma 8.11. 360. There is a homothety taking the medial triangle (the triangle whose vertices are
324. In an overlaid picture, it suffices to show MK ∗ is tangent to the circumcircle of the midpoints of ABC) to ABC itself. This follows from the opposite sides being
K ∗ AQ. parallel.
325. Draw a good diagram. Which three points look collinear? 361. Identify the center of the circle first.
326. What is ∠AZY ? 362. First get rid of Q by considering the point X diametrically opposite it on (ABC).
327. AOB OC ∼ ABC. 363. Note that A2 A = P A, where P is the tangency point of .
328. Letting E and F denote the tangency points of the incircle, we have EF , KL, XY 364. Show that the radical axis bisects ∠P BC.
concurrent now (due to the isosceles trapezoid). 365. Use I E = x sin C = 2R cx
alongside Ptolemy’s theorem to finish.
329. Go via AR ∗ B = AR ∗ O + OR ∗ B = · · · = AP B. 366. Radical axes give you a concurrence.
B. Hints 231 232 B. Hints

367. Consider the circles with diameters BC, CA, and AB. 407. Law of sines.
368. Find Lemma 1.45 hidden in the picture. 408. What is the argument of (1 + xi)(1 + yi)(1 + zi)? Answer this in two ways.
369. Use isotomic conjugates and reflecting X, Y , Z, one can eliminate A, B, C altogether. 409. H is a radical center.
370. It is not hard to get tan ∠ZEP = tan ∠ZCE = EZ . So we just want to show EZ = 410. Reflect the orthocenters.
ZC CZ
PE
. 411. (A, B; X, Y ) = −1 ⇒ (X, Y ; A, B) = −1.
MC
371. First compute d and e using Theorem 6.17. The hard part is computing o1 . You want 412. More Simson line properties.
a similar triangle. 413. Reap the harmonic bundles using Lemma 9.17. You will want to use power of a point
372. Of course recall Lemma 1.18. a lot.
373. Show that both are equal to 90◦ − A. 414. Recall Theorem 2.25, the Pitot theorem.
374. What is its center? 415. Assume that AB < AC, and show that ∠P QE = 90◦ .
375. Find a Miquel point by using angle chasing. 416. Consider the radical axis of the circles with diameters AB and CD.
376. Which quadrilateral is cyclic? 417. Use the law of sines on ABD and ACD.
377. If K = BB1 ∩ CC1 , prove B, K, A, C are concyclic. 418. Finish by taking a homothety to the centroid of AST , and finally to M.
378. Pascal’s theorem on AABBCC. 419. The first part follows from Theorem 4.22.
379. There are symmedians in this problem. 420. Simson lines. Lemma 4.4 kills this.
380. Why might the quantity √13 (cos 30◦ + sin 30◦ ) be useful? 421. After Pascal’s theorem on AABCCD, we find that AA ∩ CC is collinear with P =
381. The condition “ML tangent to (H MN )” is an abomination; perform some simplifying AB ∩ CD and Q = BC ∩ DA.
transformations. 422. To handle the point T , use Lemma 4.40.
382. M is the spiral center sending Y Z to BC. 423. Add an incenter I .
383. Finish with the trigonemetric form of Ceva’s theorem and the law of sines. 424. Simson lines.
384. Invert around A. 425. This is equivalent to showing A, E, S are collinear, where S and E are the reflection
385. Come on now, what configuration has that many perpendiculars? of T and D. Why does this follow from Lemma 4.40?
386. Cut and paste! 426. You want a homothety sending one of the points to another.
387. Try to guess explicitly what A2 , B2 , C2 are. 427. What to do with reflections?
388. Because the triangles are easily similar (by angle chasing), focus on finding something 428. Reuse the proof of Steiner lines.
shared by the two triangles. 429. Use the law of cosines to show the quadrilateral is cyclic, and then apply
389. Show that T ∗ and L∗ are actually diametrically opposite on  ∗ . Theorem 5.10.
390. This is just angle chasing. 430. The fixed point is the orthocenter. Try reflecting the entire triangle.
p−(o1 +o3 )
391. You can compute PA QA in terms of ABC. Focus on just that. 431. Show that p−(o 1 +o3 )
is symmetric in a, b, c, d. It is easiest to evaluate the denominator
392. I is the orthocenter of triangle BF C. first.
393. One should find K = (a 2 : b2 : c2 ), M = (0 : 1 : 1), and L = (a 2 : SC : SB ). 432. A, I , X are collinear. Hence we just want to show that Y Z ⊥ AX and the analogous
394. Dilate K and L and drop into a determinant. equations.
395. Use Lemma 6.19 and do some calculations. 433. Show that line N P passes through the circumcenter of triangle ABC.
396. The use of “reflection” in this problem is kind of a misnomer. Draw a good diagram 434. Lemma 1.45.
and you will see why. 435. How do we interpret the angle condition?
397. Add a point to construct a cyclic quadrilateral. 436. The condition BC = DA, BE = DF can be weakened to just BE BC
= DFDA
.
398. Again just invert. 437. Actually, you do not even need I D, I E. The answer is no.
399. BQM ∼ N QC, then use BM : N C = AB : AC. 438. Finish off with Lemma 4.14.
400. Since K ∗ M  AQ, it suffices to prove that K ∗ A = K ∗ Q. 439. All circles pass through one point.
401. This uses an idea similar to that of Problem 1.40. 440. Show that P is the desired incenter.
402. Notice the duality between the nine-point circle and the circumcircle. 441. You can simplify sin x + sin 60◦ to cancel with something in the denominator.
403. Inversion through the circle with diameter AB is most of the problem. 442. First get rid of the midpoints of the altitudes using Lemma 4.14. Who uses midpoints
404. Construct a radical center. of altitudes?
405. Reflect the orthocenter. 443. Brocard’s theorem on ABCD, AGCH , with K the radical center of the three
406. Pascal’s theorem on AGEEBC first. circles.
B. Hints 233 234 B. Hints

444. The condition that AEDC is cyclic is actually extraneous! What does this allow us 485. Try adding the circumcenter O.
to do? 486. Compute the lengths BP , CP , BQ, CQ using similar triangles, and then compute all
2
+c2 )
445. One should compute the circumcenter as (a+b+c)(b
b2 +bc+c2
. points directly.
446. Ceva’s theorem with a quick angle chase. 487. M is the center of the spiral similarity sending AB to CD, so it also sends O1 to
447. One can compute the points K, G, T first, then use symmetry. O2 .
448. Use law of sines on the five triangles. Vertical angles cancel. 488. The determinant can be rewritten so that all terms are degree 2.
449. Take the tangency point of the A-excircle as Q1 . Ignore Q now. 489. Just some angle chasing with the above.
450. Let KIA (with IA the A-excenter) meet the perpendicular bisector of BC at T . Show 490. Show without barycentrics that the cevians concur. Name the concurrency point.
that BN CT is cyclic. 491. Homothety with ratio 12 .
451. Project it through E. 492. By Brocard’s theorem, EF ∩ BC has polar AH .
452. Repeatedly use law of sines and power of a point. 493. Spiral similarity sending AD to BC also sends E to F .
453. Which quadrilateral is cyclic? 494. It suffices to prove that MN  AD. (Why?)
454. Note that Lemma 1.17 helps involve H M. 495. There is a radical axis.
455. How can one obtain angle information from midpoints? 496. Just use Lemma 1.48 now.
456. Try sending the points AB ∩ XY , BC ∩ Y Z infinitely far away. 497. Then Pascal’s theorem on CG GEBB, where G is the reflection.
457. First compute P K and QL. 498. What technique does this lemma open up that was not feasible before?
458. In Figure 4.2A, consider the midpoint of I IA . 499. What is the Miquel point of complete quadrilateral F ARM?
459. Which quadrilateral is cyclic? 500. This is true whenever A ≤ 60◦ . Prove this.
460. Let I be the incenter. 501. Add a nine-point circle!
461. Use Theorem 7.25 now to handle the circumcenter. 502. There are three cyclic quadrilaterals due to all the right angles, as well as ABP C
462. Write this as [ABC] = [AI B] + [BI C] + [CI A], with I the incenter. itself. Use these to your advantage.
463. Answer is (c2 : b2 : c2 ), up to scaling. 503. Let T be the intersection of line EF with CD. Show that T lies on (ABM).
464. See if you can guess the fixed point. (Pick a convenient P .) 504. Show that D, P , E are collinear, and angle chase.
465. Use Lemma 8.10. 505. I is the orthocenter of BH C. Use Lemma 4.6.
466. Now use Conway’s formula (Theorem 7.22). 506. Suppose we wish to show ∠BOC = 2∠BAC. Put A, B, C on the unit circle.
467. Sum equal tangents. 507. Use Lemma 1.45 to handle the nine-point circle.
468. Power of a point. 508. This just follows from the homothety between ABC and AB  C  sending E to X.
469. Symmedians. 509. How can we compute A2 nicely?
470. Note that AI bisects ∠B  AC  . 510. Use Lemma 1.44.
471. Prove (A, D; M, N ) = −1. 511. There are three circles through one point. What might this motivate you to do?
472. This is pure angle chasing. 512. Let X, Y denote the midpoints of BD and CE. Show that I M is the line through I
473. After both applications, we find that AA ∩ CC, BB ∩ DD, P , Q are collinear. perpendicular to the Gauss line XY .
474. Let T be the intersection of the tangents at A and K. Show that AT KM is cyclic and 513. At this point s = b + c − abc and so on. Apply Theorem 6.15.
recall T K = T A. 514. There is a homothety between triangles IA IB IC and DEF .
475. Several forms of computation work, but there is a very clean solution. 515. One should get a 2 − ac + c2 = (ab+cd)(ad+bc)
ac+bd
.
476. First compute ∠CY X in terms of angles at X. What you get depends on what variables 516. Where is H ?
you selected. 517. Look for spiral similarities with (ADM) and (ABC).
477. Ptolemy’s theorem. 518. Use reference triangle P BC.
478. Use Ceva’s theorem to show that ray AP bisects the opposite side. 519. Apply Lemma 4.4 directly, using a homothety with ratio 2.
479. Answers are 30◦ and 150◦ . 520. Note that ABCD is harmonic, so (A, C; B, D) = −1; projecting through E gives that
480. It just gives a pair of similar triangles. (A, C; BE ∩ AC, P∞ ) = −1, where P∞ is the point at infinity along line AC.
481. The common point is the Miquel point M of ADBC. 521. This is obvious by Lemma 1.17.
482. The perpendicular bisectors are actually just giving you a circumcenter. 522. Use the law of cosines now and some trigonometry. P O can be found by the law of
483. Some lengths in the figure are computable. Let AC = 3 and compute some lengths. cosines on P CO.
484. Lemma 1.45. 523. Take W XY Z with W X = a, XY = c, Y Z = b, ZW = d. Find W Y .
B. Hints 235 236 B. Hints

524. Use triangle ACD as the reference triangle. 562. Focus on the conditions BC = DA and BE = DF . (These can actually be weak-
525. Q is a Miquel point of quadrilateral DXAP . ened.)
526. Consider the four tangency points W , X, Y , Z and solve the problem in terms of 563. Start from (A, Z; K, L) = −1; end with M the midpoint of P Q. Here Z is the
them. concurrency point of EF , KL, XY .
527. The radical center is N . 564. This is just angle chasing.
528. Isogonal conjugates. 565. Express BC 2 in two ways.
529. Hidden symmetry. 566. Try inverting through the incircle.
530. Let A1 be the point diametrically opposite A on the circle. 567. There are still degrees of freedom left. How might we handle them?
531. The first part is relatively easy angle chasing, the second part is fairly short complex 568. Find a hidden circle.
numbers. 569. Try using Example 1.4.
532. What is the line G1 and I ? 570. Show that H M · H P = H N · H Q.
533. Focus on AST ; points P and Q are not especially important. 571. Take perspectivity at C onto k.
534. Specifically: construct AB ∩ CD and BC ∩ DA. Do you notice anything? 572. Here is one finish: let T = AD ∩ CE and send BT ∩ AC to the center of .
535. A solution to this exercise appears as a linear algebra example in Appendix A.1. 573. Complete the quadrilateral. (Trigonometry also works.)
536. After a homothety on the inverted picture, does this look familiar? 574. Points M and N can be computed by normalizing coordinates and then using M  =
537. If the four points are not concyclic, what point must the radical axis of (P RS) and 2P − A.
(QRS) pass through? 575. Add in the center O. Which quadrilateral is cyclic?
538. K is the incenter of LED. 576. It suffices to show MN  AD.
539. What do A∗ , B ∗ , C ∗ look like at the equality case when ABCD is cyclic? 577. The inverted image should be a rectangle.
540. Work with each center individually. 578. Inversion around (DEF ) once more. Use Lemma 8.11 again.
541. You can just angle chase this one. 579. We do not know where O ∗ goes, but we only care that the center of (A∗ B ∗ C ∗ ) lies on
542. Take a homothety. the Euler line of the contact triangle, since this center is collinear with I and O. Why
543. First recall Lemma 4.17. is this obvious?
544. The condition OP = OQ is equivalent R 2 − OP 2 = R 2 − OQ2 . 580. Spiral similarities come in pairs.
545. Use the fact that AG = 2GM. 581. Again, inversion to eliminate the strange angle condition.
546. Apply barycentric coordinates to the resulting problem. 582. Look for harmonic bundles involving T and lines XY and BC.
547. What is the best way to characterize the Euler lines of the other triangles? 583. Reflect B over M in order.
548. The point of concurrency is yet another radical center. 584. Combine this with (d) to show that N is a midpoint.
549. Avoid intersecting quadratics. Find a better way. 585. Draw a good diagram. Something should appear readily.
550. What is OA1 · OA2 in terms of the circumradius R? 586. Line through circumcenter and centroid of AI B.
551. What is the orthocenter of CI K? 587. Complete the quadrilateral.
552. You can compute everything. 588. Now use Lemma 7.23.
553. Show the circles are coaxial by finding a second point with the same power to all the 589. Just consider (1 + x1 i)(1 + x2 i) . . . (1 + xn i).
circles. Why does this imply the conclusion? 590. Apply Brocard’s theorem repeatedly.
∠BAD
554. Use AOD ∼ DCO1 to get oc−d 1 −d o−d
= a−d , and then compute o1 . 591. What is sin
sin ∠CAD
?
555. Construct a quadrilateral. 592. You have a cyclic trapezoid; hence it is isosceles.
556. H SR = H BC by spiral similarity, but H BC = H SM as well. 593. Which quadrilateral is cyclic?
557. The tangents from P to this circle lie on a line through X. Now just apply similar 594. The symmedian is isogonal to the midpoint.
triangles and/or power of a point. 595. Make ABC an equilateral triangle and with center P . Use Lemma 9.8.
558. The center of OA OB OC is oA +o3B +oC . Note that we do not need the unit circle at all 596. How do we handle the bisector condition?
in this problem. 597. Which radical axis passes through A?
559. Trigonometry will work, but there is an elegant synthetic solution. 598. Without loss of generality, B, C lie on the same side of the line. Let M be the midpoint
560. Simply verify that each of A∗ , B ∗ , C ∗ lies on the nine-point circle. of BC.
561. A∗1 is the midpoint of EF , etc. The three circles are congruent, so C1∗ is parallel to 599. This is just a statement about distances to line OH ; ignore the areas.
EF .
B. Hints 237 238 B. Hints

600. How do we handle the reflection? 635. What is the conclusion equivalent to?
601. Observe that AB is a tangent to (P RS). 636. Note if you haven’t already that AP is a median, so we wish to show AQ is a
602. The desired concurrency point is the isogonal conjugate of the Nagel point. The symmedian.
calculations can be made very clean. 637. Can you find a way to use the isosceles triangles?
603. Use the law of cosines. 638. Invert around A.
604. Use the spiral similarity at X to handle the midpoints. Push N to M. Then angle chase 639. Show that the nine-point center moves on a circle centered at A.
to compute N MX. 640. What is K?
605. The area of triangle BI C is 12 ar. 641. Just use reference triangle P BD to handle the conjugates.
606. Use the ratio BC CB1
1
as a proxy. 642. M is the reflection of B across CH .
607. Note ABCD is a harmonic quadrilateral. 643. Where has this point O come up before?
608. Compute |p − x| |p − y| directly. The answer is BC 2 . 644. This is just column operations in the determinant.
609. You want P H to pass through the foot from I to EF . Several of the points are 645. DAB = DAC + CAB and BCD = BCA + ACD.
extraneous now. 646. Begin by using part (d) of Lemma 4.40.
610. Letting x = I D = BD = CD, what is I E? 647. The condition ∠BAG = ∠CAX just means the fixed point has the form (k : b2 : c2 )
611. Again radical centers. (symmedians). Use this to your advantage.
612. Isosceles triangles should appear. 648. What happens under inversion at A?
613. We want to use the trigonometric form of Ceva’s theorem to show the conclusion, 649. It should be 1. Now show that (a − b)(c − e)(d − f ) + (d − e)(f − b)(a − c) = 0.
since the intersection AD ∩ BC seems fairly random. 650. A complex number 1 + i tan(θ ) has argument θ .
614. Show that ABCD is cyclic. 651. Pick a reference triangle that makes the circles nice.
615. Q is a Miquel point. 652. All the points have decent closed forms. Just compute the determinant.
616. If O is the center of ω, let OP meet ω again at X. Power of a point now. 653. You are asked to show the fixed point has form (m : 1 : 1). Use this to your advantage
617. First get rid of S and T . by computing m and showing it does not depend on u or v
618. Those squares inside the triangle are weird. Can we make them nicer? 654. What point has equal power to both circles?
619. What happens in the limiting case ∠A + ∠COP = 90◦ ? Do you notice anything? 655. Add in the circumcenter O.
620. The inverses of the sides of A1 A2 A3 are the circles with diameter I D, I E, I F , where 656. The rest is computation. One working setup is α = ∠CXY = ∠AXB, β = ∠BXY .
D, E, F are the tangency points. 657. Let D = (0 : u : v) with u + v = a and compute the circles directly.
621. Put T = a 2 qr + b2 rp + c2 pq to simplify calculations. 658. Find some more bisected angles.
622. This is asking for trigonometry. The extended law of sines is helpful because every- 659. Which quadrilateral is cyclic?
thing is in a central circle, and right angles are everywhere. There are two degrees of 660. Show that P EDQ, QF ER, P F DR are all cyclic.
freedom. 661. Simson lines from Y might help (but the problem can be solved without them). For
623. ( 21 , 12 , 0), or equivalently (1 : 1 : 0). The latter is usually easier to work with for the other solution, begin by noting the desired angle is ∠P QY + ∠SRY − ∠QY R.
computations. 662. Translate the condition MB · MD = MC 2 .
624. Just apply a couple homotheties now. 663. Nine-point circles.
625. Consider the circle with diameter BC. 664. Look for an angle bisector, and prove it using barycentrics. Finish from there.
626. Try inverting around C. 665. Take a homothety which sends the square outside.
627. Show that the quadrilateral formed by lines EF , GH , AB, CD is cyclic (power of a 666. It is simply XB
XA
(directed). This follows from PP∞
∞A
B
= 1.
point at AB ∩ CD). 667. This problem is purely projective.
628. Prove a more general version of (b). 668. Compute fb−a · d−c · f −e .
−a b−c d−e
629. There are three circles with a useful radical center. 669. Length chasing and similar triangles work.
630. Prove that the center of the spiral similarity taking BD to CE is M. 670. After finding the cyclic quadrilateral, apply Lemma 1.18.
631. Trignometric form of Ceva’s theorem. 671. The centroid G is the weird guy. How do we handle it?
632. Complete the Brocard configuration. Note OM ⊥ CD. 672. Recall Lemma 4.33. How is ZM related to the circles?
633. Spiral similarity at H . 673. Do a negative inversion through H mapping the nine-point circle to the circumcircle.
634. Begin with Lemma 4.14 and Lemma 4.33. 674. Notice first that H BY C is a parallelogram (because of the midpoints).
675. After adding in the point diametrically opposite B, use Pascal’s theorem.
B. Hints 239

676. Complement Lemma 4.33 by extending AO to meet  again.

677. Try to get parallel lines instead of tangency.
678. Just use the 12 ab sin C formula.
679. Inversion around B seems nicest (many lines through B).
680. Get another pair of similar triangles and then angle chase to finish.
681. Simson lines.
682. A certain configuration is quite helpful here.
683. Ceva’s theorem combined with Lemma 2.15.
684. You will need to halve angles. Do not use directed angles; the problem is false if A,
C, B, D lie in that order.
685. Let A1 B1 C1 be the determined triangle, and let T be the tangency point. How might
you show tangency of two circles?
686. It suffices to show that this spiral similarity also sends X to P . Just show MXY =
MP B.
687. Midpoints and parallel lines!
688. Plug in A = (1, 0, 0), to get u = 0, then do the same with B and C.
689. Let AD meet the incircle again at X. Can you find a harmonic quadrilateral?
690. Try to show that E lies on a circle with diameter DF .
691. Draw a good diagram. What is the relation of A2 , B, C to (ABC)?
692. Steiner line of complete quadrilateral BEDC.
693. Let O be the circumcenter of ABD. Show that ODCF is a parallelogram. Then note
OA = OB = OD = 1. √
694. Show that when inverting with radius BH · BE, P and Q are inverses.