The growth of modern nationalism is intimately connected to anti-colonial

movement.

The congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge

groups together within one movement. However, the unity did not emerge
without conflict.

First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation

1. National Movement was spreading in New areas in 1919 and

incorporating new social groups and developing new modes of
struggle.
2. Mahatma Gandhi came to India and The Idea of Satyagraha
emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
3. He advocated that physical force was not necessary to fight the
oppressor.
4. In 1916, He travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants
to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.

The Idea of Satyagraha

1. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January, 1915. His heroic fight

for the Indians in South Africa was well-known. His novel method of
mass agitation known as Satyagraha had yielded good results.
2. The idea of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need
to search for truth.
3. In 1916, Gandhi travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the
peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
4. In 1917,crops field in Kheda district of Gujrat, but the government
refused to remit land revenue and insisted on its full collection.
5. In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi intervened in a dispute between workers
and mill owners of Ahmedabad. He advised to workers to go on strike
and to demand a 35% increase in wages.
6. Satyagraha brought Gandhiji into close touch with the workers in the
urban areas.

The Rawlatt act

1. When the Rawlatt act 1919, was passed hurriedly through the
Imperial Legislative Council inspire of unanimous opposition of the
Indian members, Gandhiji’s patience comes to an end.
2. Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust
laws, which would start with a hartal on 6 April.
th

3. 6th April 1919 was observed as Satyagraha Day when people all
over the country observed fast and hartal.
 4. 1919, the country witnessed a remarkable political awakening in
India.
5. Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar and Mahatma Gandhi
was barred from entering Delhi.
6. On 10 April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession,
th

provoking widespread attacks on banks.

Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre

1. A large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jalliawalla Bagh.

2. People came to protest against government’s repressive measure
while some came to attend the annual Baisakhi fair.
3. General Dyer entered the area. Blocked the exit points and opened
fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.
4. The government responded with brutal repression seeking to
humiliate and terrorise people.
5. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on
the streets and do Salaam (salute) to all Sahibs.

Khilafat movement

1. Rowlatt Satyagraha had been a widespread movement, it was still

limited mostly to cities and towns.
2. Mahatma Gandhi now felt the need to launch a more broad based
movement in India.
3. But he was certain that no such movement could be organized
without bringing the Hindus and Muslims closer together.
4. The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey.
There were rumors that a harsh peace treaty was going to be
imposed on the Ottoman Emperor, who was the spiritual head
(Khalifa) of the Islamic world.
5. The Muslims of India decided to force Britain to change her Turkish
policy.
6. A Khalifa Committee was formed under the leadership of Maulana
Azad, Ajmal Khan and Hasrat Mohani.
7. A young generation of Muslim leaders like the brothers Muhammad
Ali and Shaukat Ali began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about
the possibility of a united mass action on the issue.

Differing strands within the movement:

1. Rebellion in the countryside: - From the cities, the noncooperation

movement spread to the countryside. After the war, the struggles of
peasants and tribal were developing in different parts of India.
 2. One movement here war against talukdars and landlords who
demanded from peasant exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other
cesses.
3. Peasants had to do begar. The peasant movement demanded
reduction of revenue, an abolition of begar and social boycott of
oppressive landlords.
4. Oudh Kisan Sabha was setup headed by. Jawaharlal Nehru and
other, within a month, over 300 branches had been set up by the
villagers.
5. Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi and the
idea of Swaraj in yet another way.
6. The colonial government had closed large forest areas preventing
people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuel
wood and fruits.
7. Alluri Sitaram Raju Claimed that he had a variety of special powers.
He asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force.

Towards Civil Disobedience

1. Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation

Movement in 1922.
2. The movement was turning violent in many places and satyagarhis
needed properly trained for mass struggle.
3. CR Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the
Congress to argue for a return to council politics.
4. Salt was a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.
5. Salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers.
6. Finally, Mahatma Gandhi once again decided to call off the
movement and entered into a pact with Irwin on 5 March 1931.
7. Participants saw the movement in different angle such as Patidars of
Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh.
8. To organise business interest, formed the Indian Industrial and
commercial congress in 1920 and Federation of the Indian Chamber
of Commerce and Industries (FICCI).
9. Gandhi called to Untouchable that is Harijan, Children of God.

The Sense of Collective Belonging

1. Nationalist Movement Spreads when people belonging to different

regions and communities begin to develop a sense of collective
belongingness. The identity of a nation is most often symbolized in a
figure or image.
2. This image of Bharat Mata was first created by Bankim Chandra
Chattopadhyay in 1870 when he wrote ‘Vande Mataram ‘ for our
motherland. Indian folk songs and folk sung by bards played an
 important role in making the idea of nationalism. In Bengal,
Rabindranath Tagore and in Madras, Natesa, Sastri collection of folk
tales and songs, which led the movement for folk revival.
3. During the Swadeshi Movement, a tri-color ( red, green and yellow )
flag was designed in Bengal. It had eight lotuses representing eight
provinces and a crescent moon representing Hindus and Muslims.
4. Means of creating a feeling of nationalism was through
reinterpretation of history. The nationalist writers urged the readers to
take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to
change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.