CH- NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

DEFINE-
1.Absolutist: Literally, a government or system of rule that has no restraints on
the power exercised. In history, the term refers to a form of monarchical
government that is centralised, militarised and repressive.
2.Utopian: The vision of a society that is too ideal to actually exist.
3.Plebiscite: A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to
accept or reject a proposal.
4.Suffrage: The right to vote.
5.Conservatism: The political philosophy that stresses the importance of
traditions, established institutions, customs and prefers gradual development
to a quick change.
6.Feminist: Awareness of women's rights and interests, based on the belief of
the social, economic and political equality of genders.
7.Ethnic: Relates to a common racial, tribal, or cultural origin or background
that a community identifies with or claims.
8.Allegory: When an abstract idea (for instance, greed, envy, freedom, liberty)
is expressed through a person or a thing. An allegorical story has two
meanings, one literal and other symbolic.

MCQ’S-
9.When /France sneezes, the rest of E catches cold." Who said these word
(a) Metternich
(b) Lenin
(c)Napoleon
(d) William-I

10. The main function of the Prussia Zolleverein was to :

(a) Impose custom duty on imported goods
(b) Abolish tariff barriers
(c) Reduce custom duties
(d) Introduce new rules for trade
11.Who played the key role in unifying
Germany ?
(a) Friedrich Wilhelm -IV
(b) Otto Von Bismark
(c) Matternich
(d) Kaisar William – I

12. Mariana represent the Republic of ....

(a) France
(b) England
(c) Germany
(d) Italy

13. The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised...…..as independent

(a) Austria
(c) Germany
(b) Italy
(d) Greece

CORRECT THE STATEMENT

14.Slavs were inhabitant of Germany.

Ans. Slavs were inhabitants of Balkan
15.Conservative regime setup in 1815 were democratic.
Ans-Conservative regime setup in 1815 were autocratic.
16. Who was Frederic Sorrieu?
Ans. He was a French artist who prepared a series of four prints visualising his
dream of a world made up of 'democratic and social Republics'.
17.What is a nation-state?
Ans. A state in which the majority of its citizens and rulers, develop a sense of
common identity and share history or descent.
18.Why was zollverein formed ?
Ans-(i) In 1834, a custom union or zollverein waS formed at the initiative of
Prussia and joiner by most of the German states. The union abolished tariff
barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over 30 to two.
(ii) It created a wave of economic nationalist which strengthened the wider
nationalist sentiments growing at the time.
19. Who was installed in France by liberal revolutionaries after the July
upheaval of 1830 ?
Ans. Louis Philippe.
20. What was Treaty of Constantinople of
1832?
Ans.Under this Treaty Greece which was part of Ottoman Empire was
recognised as an independent nation.
21. Who was Johann Gottfried?
Ans. He was one of the famous Romantic German philosophers who claimed
that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people-das
volk.
22. Name any two secret societies founded by Giuseppe Mazzini.
Ans. (i) Young Italy in Marseilles (it) Young Europe in Berne.
23.Which area of Europe was known as the Balkans ?
Ans-The vast territory lying between the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea
comprising the modern states of Romania, Albania, Greece, Croatia, Bosnia -
Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro, was known as the Balkans. All
these states were once the part of the Ottoman Empire and were inhabitated
by the people who were broadly known as the Slavs.
24.How has the French artist, Frederic Sorrieu, visualised in his first print of
series of four prints his dream of a world made up of 'democratic and social
republics' ?
Ans.(i) In one of his print he has shown people of Europe and America offering
homage to the statue of Liberty which is a symbol of democracy and liberty.
(i) As per his vision absolutist institutions will also perish.
(iii) People of the world will be identified through the national flags and
national costumes.
(iv) People of United States and Switzerland with their flags have passed the
statue of liberty symbolizing they are already democratic nation states.
(v) Flags and other allegories will unify a nation.

25.Describe any five measures introduced by the French Revolutionaries to

create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
Ans. The First clear cut expression of nationalism came in France with the
French Revolution in 1789. French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty
from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.
(i)The introduction of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen)
emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a
constitution.
(ii)A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal
standard.
(ill) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens, and
renamed the National Assembly'
(iv) New hymns were composed, oaths taken, and martyrs commemorated, all
in the name of the nation.
(v) Regional dialects were discouraged and French was declared as the
common language of the nation.
26.Explain any four provisions of the Napoleon Civil Code, 1804.
Explain the revolutionary principles incorporated by Napoleon in the
administration of France during his reign.
Ans-(i) Napoleon introduced the Napoleonic Code which did away with all
privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the
right to property.
(ii) In many parts of Europe like in the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy and
Germany, he simplified the administrative divisions, abolished the feudal
system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
(iii) Napoleon removed the guild restrictions from the towns.
(iv) He laid stress on infrastructure i.e., transportation, communication and the
banking system. These new reforms were appreciated by the peasants,
workers, businessmen, traders and even by the common people.
(u) Uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national
currency was introduced.

27.What is meant by Balkan? Why did It turn into perennial sources of

tension and proved the battlefield of First World War?
Ans. (i) Balkan region : The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic
variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,
Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro
whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs. A large part of the Balkans
was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
(ii) Explosive region: The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the
Balkans, together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this
region very explosive.
(iii) Internal conflicts: As the different Slavic nationalities struggled to define
their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense
conflict. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other, and each hoped
to gain more territory at the expense of the other.
(iv) Source of rivalry between big powers :Balkan became the source of
intense rivalary among the major European powers due to conflicting economic
and political interests.
(v) Series of wars : Each power - Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary -
were keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and
extending their own mantral over the aren This led to a series of wars in the
region and finally the First World War .
28.Describe in brief any four features of the ,‘Vienna Treaty of 1815'.
Ans. (i) The basic objective of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was to undo most of
the changes that had come about in Europe.
(ii) The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French
Revolution, was restored to power and France lost the territories it had
annexed under Napoleon.
(iii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent the
French expansion in future.
(iv) Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while
Austria was given control of northern Italy.
(v) The German Confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon
was left untouched.
29.Who was Giuseppe Mazzini? Explain his role in the unification of Italy.
Ans. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary.
(i) He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.
(i) He attempted a revolution in Liguria, but was captured and sent into exile in
1831.
(i) He subsequently founded two secret societies, i.e., • Young Italy in
Marseilles.• Young Europe in Berne.
(iv) The societies had a vast base with members from many countries like
Poland, France, Italy and the German States.
(v) Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of
mankind.So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and
kingdoms.It had to be forged into a single unified Republic within a wider
alliance of nations.This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty.
(vi) Following his model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France,
Switzerland and Poland. Mazzini's relentless opposition to monarchy, and his
vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives.
30. Briefly trace the process of the unification of Italy.
Ans. (i) Italy a Fragmented State ; During the middle of the nineteenth century,
Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia- Piedmont, was
ruled by an Italian princely house.
(ii) Role of Giuseppe Mazzini: He was the leader of the Republican party. While
in exile in 1831, he founded a new association called the Young Italy. It was a
secret society which was formed to bring about the regeneration of Italy
through education.
(iii) Role of Cavour: Cavour became the Chief Minister of Piedmont in 1852. His
main aim was to affect the emancipation of Italy from Austria. Through a tactful
diplomatic alliance with France, he succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces
in 1859.
(iv) Role of Giuseppe Garibaldi: Garibaldi was the hero of Red Shirts,
revolutionary movement. In 1860, he marched into South Italy and the
kingdom of two Sicilies, and succeeded in winning the support of the local
peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.
(v) Victor Emmanuel II: In 1861, the first Italian Parliament representing the
whole of Italy except Rome and Venetia assembled in Turin which formally
conferred upon Victor Emmanuel II the title of the king of Italy.
31. Explain the 1848 revolution of the liberals in Europe. What were the
political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?
Ans. (i) It was the revolt which was led by unemployed,
workers, peasants and educated middle class of the European countries.
(ii) Liberals demanded the creation of a nation-
state on Parliamentary principles.
(iii) They supported the freedom of press and
freedom of association.
(iv) They opposed the uncontrolled powers of
dynastic rulers.
(u) They wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against governments.
(vi) In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and
the abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and
capital

32.Briefly trace the process of German unification.

Ans. (i) Frankfurt Parliament 1848 : The Frankfurt Parliament tried its best for
the unification of Germany, under the leadership of King Wilhelm IV of Prussia,
but it failed.
(ii) Unification under the leadership of Prussia: Prussia took on the leadership
of the Movement for national unification. Its Chief Minister, Otto Von Bismarck,
was the architect of the process, and carried out the movement for national
unification with the help of the Prussian army and the bureaucracy.
(iii) Role of Bismarck : Bismarck was one of the greatest sons of Prussia who
accomplished the supreme task of the unification of Germany with the help of
the army bureaucracy. He was convinced that the unification of Germany could
be achieved only by the Princes, and not by the people. He wanted to achieve
his aim by not merging Prussia into Germany but rather bu eynanding Prussia
into Germany.
(iv) Three Wars : Bismarck's object of unifying Germany was accomplished by
three wars,which were fought during a brief period of seven years (1864 -
1870).
(v) Final unification of Germany : The above wars ended in Prussian victory
and helped in completing the process of unification. On January 18, 1871, in
the Royal Palace of Versailles, the King of Prussia was crowned as the German
Emperor and the ceremony symbolised in the eyes of the world, the newly
born unity of the German people.
33.Describe in brief the process by which the British nation came into
existence.

Ans. (i) Economic Prosperity : The industrial revolution helped in the economic
prosperity of the English nation. With the help of trade and wealth, it
succeeded in extending its influence over other nations of the Island.
(ii) Role of Parliament: The English Parliament, which had seized power from
the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument
through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged.
(iii) The Act of Union: The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland
resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom.
(iv) Incorporation of Ireland into the United Kingdom: Ireland was forcibly
incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801 under the Act of Union, 1801.
(v) National Symbols: A new 'British nation' was forged through the
propagation of a dominant English culture. The symbols of the new Britain--the
British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem ( God Save Our Noble King), the
English language were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as
subordinate partners in this union.
34.Write a note on:
(a) Count Camillo de Cavour
(b) The Greek War of Independence
(c) Frankfurt Parliament
(d) The role of women in nationalist struggles.
Explain any three reasons for the Greeks to win the Greek War of
Independence.
Ans. (a) Count Camillo de Cavour : Cavour became the Chief Minister of
Piedmont in 1852. His main aim was to Effect the emancipation of Italy from
Austria. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. But he is known as the
'real maker of Italy'.Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France, he
succeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.

(b) The Greek War of Independence :

(i) Greece had been a part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.
(ii) The growth of revolutionary nationalismin Europe sparked off a struggle for
independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821.
(iii) Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also
from many West Europeans, who had sympathies for the ancient Greek
culture.
(iv) Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilization, and
mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire.
(v) The English poet, Lord Byron organised funds, and later went to fight in the
war, where he died of fever in 1824.
(vi) Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an
independent nation.
(d) Frankfurt Parliament: It is the name of the German National Assembly
founded during the Revolution of 1848 that tried to unite Germany in a
democratic way. The assembly was attended by 831 deputies. The members
had drafted the constitution for a new German nation. The new constitution
was rejected by Friedrich Wilhelm IV, the King of Prussia. Though the Frankfurt
Parliament failed to unite Germany, it had far-reaching consequences on
Germany.
(e) The role of women in nationalist struggles: A large number of women
participated in the movement for the unification of Germany. They had formed
their own political associations, started newspapers and taken part in political
meetings, and demonstrations. Universal male suffrage was adopted in the
country, and the women were hoping for the voting right. But when the
Frankfurt Parliament was convened in the church of St Paul women were
admitted only as observers to stand in the visitor’s gallery
35.Carefully analyse the given figure and answer the following questions;

(i) Identify the figure

(ii) Why was the given allegory produced?
Ans- (i) Germania-allegory of the German nation.
(ii) It was produced to represent Germany, to remind the public of the national
symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it.
36.Carefully study the given picture and identify the historical event.

Ans- The Frankfurt Parliament

(ii) Examine the importance of event on the history of Europe.
Ans • This event was one of the important steps
for the creation of Parliamentary principles.
• In the German regions a large number of political associations whose
members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous
artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-
German National Assembly.
• On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession
to take their places in the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St
Paul.
• They drafted a Constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy
subject to a Parliament.
• When the deputies offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV,
King of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchs to, oppose the
elected assembly.
CH-NATIONALISM IN INDIA

1.'Vande Mataram' a hymn to the motherland was written by.......

Ans. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.
2. Who was Abdul Ghaffar Khan?
Ans. He was a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi who led the Civil
Disobedience Movement in Peshawar.

3. Name any two organisations which were formed by the business class to
organise their business interests.
Ans. (i) Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress.
(ii) Federation of the Indian Chamber of
commerce and Industries.

4. Name any two industrialists who actively participated in the Civil

Disobedience Movement.
Ans. (i) Purshottamdas Thakurdas
(ii) G.D. Birla.

5. Who published a massive four volume collection of Tamil Folk tales, The
Folklore of Southern India?
Ans.Natesa Sastri.

6.Why was the Non-cooperation Movement withdrawn by Gandhiji in

February 1922 ?Explain the reasons.
Ans. In February 1922, Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-cooperation
Movement due to the
following reasons -
(i) The movement was turning violent. At Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur, a
peaceful the demonstration in a bazar turned into a violent clash in which more
than 20 policemen were killed.
(ii) Gandhiji felt that the Satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they
would be ready for mass struggle.
(iii) Within the Congress, some leaders were tired of mass struggles and
wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils, which were set up
under the Government of India Act, 1919.
(iv) Industrialists, workers, peasants etc. interpreted the term 'Swaraj in their
own way. At many places like that of Andhra Pradesh, leaders like Alluri Sitaram
Raju asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force. But those
values were not approved by the Congress.

7.Why was Simon commission ? Why was the commission rejected by the
Indians?
Ans. The Indian members of the Central Legislative Assembly exposed the
drawbacks in the Government of India Act of 1919 A.D. As a result of it, the
Simon Commission was appointed in 1927 A.D. to suggest any further
constitutional reforms. This commission consisted of seven members and its
Chairman was Sir John Simon.However Indians boycotted the commission,
because:
(I)There was no Indian member in this commission.
(ii)The terms of the commission's appointment did not give any indication of
Swaraj while the demand of the Indians was only Swaraj.

8.What was Satyagraha? Name any two places where Satyagraha was
launched by Gandhiji.
Ans. Satyagraha was a non-violent method of mass agitation against the
oppressor. The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need
to search for truth.
(a) Champaran (1916) : Gandhiji launched the Satyagraha to inspire the
peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
(b) Kheda (1917) : He launched the Kheda Satyagraha to support the peasants
who were not in a position to pay the revenue due to crop failure.

9. Who was the writer of the book, 'Hind Swaraj ?What was the theme of the
book?
Ans-Mahatma Gandhi wrote the Hind Swaraj.In the book, Gandhiji declared
that the British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians,
and had survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians refused to
cooperate, the British rule in India would collapse within a year, and Swaraj
would be established.

10.Examine the background of the Poona Pact of 1932.

Ans. (i) Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar was nominated as a delegate of the oppressed
classes for the Second Round Table Conference.
(ii) In that Round Table Conference, he clashed with Mahatma Gandhi by
demanding separate electorates for the dalits.
(iii) When the British government accepted Ambedkar's demand,
Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for
dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society. The issue
was eventually resolved through the Poona Pact of September 1932.
(iv) It gave the Depressed Classes (later to be known as the Scheduled Castes)
reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be
voted in by the general electorate.
11.Explain any three causes that led to the Non-cooperation Movement in
1920.
Ans. (1) Conditions created by the First World War: The First World War was
fought from 1914 to 1918.
(a) It led to huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by taxes.
(b) Due to war prices increased many times leading to extreme hardship for
common people.
(c) Crops failed in 1918-19 resulting in acute shortage of food.
(d) Many people lost their lives in the war and due to epidemic.
(e) Forced recruitment in the army caused widespread anger.
(ii)Gandhiji's Return and Satyagraha:
Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915 where he had
successfully fought against the racist regime with his new method of mass
agitation and non-violence known as Satyagraha. In India he launched
Satyagraha movements at various places.These satyagrahas provided base to
the Non-cooperation Movement.

(iii) The Rowlatt Act: The Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Assembly.
The act provided enormous powers to police. The police got the power to
arrest anyone without any trial for two years. The aim of the act was to repress
political activities.

(iii)Jallianwala Bagh Massacre- The Jallianwala Bagh added fuel to the fire
.People were already agitating against the Rowlatt Act.People had gathered to
protest against the new act in Jallianwala Bagh .General Dyer entered the park
and ordered fire killing many people.As the news spread crowds took to the
streets.

United Struggle -The fear of harsh treaty on the ottoman emperor brought the
Muslims close to Gandhiji .A young generation of Muslim leaders like
Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali was in favour of a united mass action against
the Britishers.

12.Under what circumstances the Civil Disobedience or the Salt Movement

was launched? Explain.
Ans. (I) Failure of the Simon Commission:The Simon Commission was
constituted in response to the nationalist movement. But the Commission
failed to satisfy the Indian people and the leaders.
(ii) Purna Swaraj : In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal
Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of 'Purna Swaraj' or full
independence for India. It was declared that 26th January, 1930, would be
celebrated as the Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to
struggle for complete independence. But the celebrations attracted very little
attention. So Mahatma Gandhi had to find a way to relate this abstract idea of
freedom to more concrete issues of everyday life.
(iii) Rejection of Gandhi's Eleven
Demands: On 31st January, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi, in a statement, put
forward Eleven Demands to correct the wrongs done to the Indians.
He assured the Viceroy that he would withdraw the Civil Disobedience on
British Government's acceptance of these demands.However Gandhi ‘s
demands were declared to be unrealistic by the Viceroy.

(iv) Economic Causes : The Great Depression of 1929 had a deep impact on the
Indian economy, especially on agriculture. Prices of agricultural produce began
to fall from 1926, and collapsed after 1930. As the demand for agricultural
goods fell and export declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvest,
and to pay their revenue.
(v) Support from business class : The business class was keen on expanding
their business and were against the colonial policies that restricted business
activities. They decided to provide financial support to the Civil Disobedience
Movement when it was launched.

13.Explain the major factors which promoted the sense of nationalism in the
Indians .

Ans. (i) United struggle: The most important factor responsible for arousing
the sense of nationalism among the Indians was the united struggle against the
Britishers.
(ii) Cultural processes : History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints
and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism.
(iii) Bharat Mata: The identity of India came to be visually associated with the
image of Bharat Mata, which was created in 1870 by Bankim Chandra
Chattopadhyay, who wrote 'Vande Mataram' as a hymn to the Motherland.
Inspired by the Swadeshi Movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous
image of Bharat Mata.
(iv) Revival of Indian Folklore: The idea of nationalism was also developed by
reviving the Indian Folklore. In late-nineteenth-century India, nationalists
began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk
songs and legends. This was done to promote the traditional culture that had
been corrupted and damaged by western forces.
(v) Reinterpretation of History: By the end of the nineteenth century many
Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history
had to be thought about differently. The British saw Indians as backward and
primitive, incapable of governing themselves. In response, Indians began
looking into the past to discover India's great achievements. They wrote about
the glorious developments in ancient times.

14.Why is the growth of nationalism in colonies linked to an anti -colonial

movement?
Ans. (a) (i) In India, as in Vietnam and many other colonies, the growth of
modern nationalism is intimately connected to the Anti-colonial Movement.
People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with
colonialism. The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared
bond that tied many different groups together. (il) The European powers
considered their culture more civilised, modern and superior.
They forcefully started imposing their culture on the colonies. This also aroused
the feeling of nationalism.
(il) Gandhiji used 'Satyagraha' against the Britishers. This also promoted the
spirit of nationalism among the people.
(iv) The anti-colonial movement was a united struggle by the people against
the foreigners The united struggle was responsible for arousing the spirit of
nationalism.
15. Carefully see the image and answer the following questions:

(i) Identify the image.

(ii) Name any two artists of the 20th CE who created the image.
(iii) What was the purpose of creating such images?
Ans- (i) Bharat Mata
(ii) Abanindranath Tagore and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.
(iii) Indians came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata.
Devotion to the mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s
nationalism.
CH- MAKING OF GLOBAL WORLD
1.What is globalisation?
Ans-Movement of people, goods and services across the nations has been
termed as globalisation.
2.What were silk routes?
Ans-These were the routes which knitted together vast regions of Asia and
linked Asia with Europe and northern Africa. These routes are known to have
existed since before the Christian Era and thrived almost till the 15th century.
Name any four common foods which were not known to our ancestors and
were introduced by travellers.
Ans- Potatoes, Soya, groundnuts and maize .
3.Mention any two advantages of Silk route in the premodern trade.
(i) The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural
links between the distant parts of the world.
(il) The silk route was used by the Chinese traders to export silk to other
countries. (iti) These routes were used by traders to trade goods from one
country to another.
(iv) Trade and cultural exchange always went hand in hand. Early Christian
missionaries almost certainly travelled through this route to Asia, as did the
early Muslim preachers, a few centuries later.
(v) These routes were also used to spread religions. Buddhism emerged from
eastern India to spread in several directions through intersecting points on the
silk routes.
4.Assess with examples the contribution of food to the process of
globalisation of the early periods.
Ans. (i) Many of our common foods, such as potatoes,
soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes, etc. were not
known to our ancestors. These food items reached our country through
travellers. It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become
spaghetti. Or, perhaps the Arab traders took pasta to the 5th century Sicily, an
island in Italy.
(ii) Many of the food items which are consumedby us today were introduced by
travellers and explorers. In fact, many of our common foods came from
America's original inhabitants as our continent was discovered by Columbus,
who came from America.
(iii) Europeans poor began to eat better and live longer with the introduction of
the potatoes.
The Portuguese and Spanish used all ethical and unethical methods to colonise
America' during 16th century. Justify.

5.How were the germs used as a powerful weapon by the Portuguese and the
Spanish for the colonisation of America?
Ans. (i) The Portuguese and the Spanish had a strong
firepower and army.(if) But along with these, they also used germs and viruses
for conquering parts of America. (in) As America was isolated, so the original
inhabitants had no immunity against these dreadful germs and viruses.
(iv) Smallpox proved a deadly killer. Once introduced, it spread deep into the
continentkilling several communities, and paving the way for conquests.
(u) These germs were more dangerous as compared to guns and firearms
because guns could be brought or captured, but there was no answer for these
germs.