Introduction to History DID THEY EVEN EXIST?

History –the study of the past. ➢ This loophole was recognized by historians who
started using other kinds of historical sources,
❖ Derived from the Greek word Historia which
which may not be in written form but were just
means “knowledge acquired through inquiry or
as valid.
investigation.”
➢ A few examples are oral traditions in forms of
❖ As a discipline, It existed for around 2, 400 years
epics and songs, artifacts, architecture, and
and is as old as mathematics and philosophy.
memory
❖ Historia became known as the account of the
➢ With the aid of archeologists, historians can use
past of a person or of a group of people through
artifacts from a bygone era to study ancient
written documents and historical evidences.
civilizations that were formerly ignored in
❖ also focused on writing about wars, revolutions,
history because of lack of documents.
and other important breakthroughs.
Linguists – can also be helpful in tracing historical
Historians – They have the duty to write about the lives
evolutions, past connections among different groups,
of important individuals like monarchs, heroes, saints,
and flow of cultural influence by studying language and
and nobilities.
the changes that it has undergone.
Scientists (like biologists and biochemists) – can help
WHAT COUNTS AS HISTORY? with the study of the past through analyzing genetic and
Traditional historians lived with the mantra of “no DNA patterns of human societies
document, no history.” Meaning, unless a written
document can prove a certain historical event, then it
cannot be considered as a historical fact. QUESTIONS AND ISSUES IN HISTORY

➢ History progressed and opened to the possibility of The dynamism produced various perspectives on the
valid historical sources, which were not limited to discipline regarding different questions like:
written documents, like government records, • What is history?
chroniclers’ accounts, or personal letters. • Why study history?
➢ Giving premium to written documents essentially • And history for whom?
invalidates the history of other civilizations that do
These questions can be answered by Historiography
not keep written records.
➢ Some were keener on passing their history by word
of mouth. Historiography – the history of history.
➢ Other historical documents burned or destroyed in
the events of war or colonization. ❖ The object of study of historiography is history
➢ Restricting historical evidence as exclusively written itself (i.e., How was a certain historical text
is also discrimination against other social classes written? Who wrote it? What was the context
who were not recorded in paper of its publication? What historical method was
➢ Nobilities, monarchs, the elite, and even the middle employed? What were the sources used?)
class would have their birth, education, marriage, IMPORTANCE OF HISTORIOGRAPHY
and death as matters of government and historical
1. Lets the students have a better understanding of
record.
history.
BUT WHAT OF PEASANT FAMILIES OR INDIGENOUS GROUPS WHO WERE NOT 2. They do not only get to learn historical facts, but
GIVEN MUCH THOUGHT ABOUT BEING REGISTERED TO GOVERNMENT they are also provided with the understanding of
RECORDS? the facts’ and the historian’s context.
DOES THE ABSENCE OF WRITTEN DOCUMENTS ABOUT THEM MEAN THAT
THEY WERE PEOPLE OF NO HISTORY OR PAST?

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3. It is important for someone who studies history ❖ First is to tell the history of their nation that will
because it teaches the student to be critical in the highlight their identity free from that of colonial
lessons of history presented to him. discourse and knowledge.
4. States use history to unite a nation. ❖ Second is to criticize the methods, effects, and
5. It can be used as a tool to legitimize regimes and idea of colonialism.s
forge a sense of collective identity through collective
memory.
6. Lessons in the past can be used to make sense of PROBLEM CONFRONTED BY HISTORY
the present. The accusation that it is always written by victors
7. Learning of past mistakes can help people to not
➢ This connotes that the narrative of the past is
repeat them.
always written from the bias of the powerful and
the more dominant player.
Positivism – is the school of thought that emerged For instance, the history of the Second World War in the
between the 18th and 19th century. Philippines always depicts the US as the hero and the
❖ Requires empirical and observable evidence Imperial Japanese Army as the oppressors. Filipinos who
before one can claim that a particular collaborated with the Japanese were lumped in the
knowledge is true. category of traitors or collaborators. However, A more
thorough historical investigation will reveal a more
nuanced account of the history of that period instead of
As a narrative, any history that has been taught and a simplified narrative as a story of hero versus villain.
written is always intended for a certain group of
audience.
HISTORY AND THE HISTORIAN
Examples:
Historian – only get to access representation of the past
➢ When the ilustrados, like Jose Rizal, Isabelo de
through historical sources and evidences.
los Reyes, and Pedro Paterno wrote history, they
intended it for the Spaniards so that they would a. Is tasked not to just to seek historical evidences
realize that Filipinos are people of their own and facts but also to interpret these facts.
intellect and culture. b. Is tasked to give meaning to those facts and
➢ When American historians depicted the Filipino organize them into a timeline, establish causes,
people as uncivilized in their publications, they and write history.
intended that narrative for their fellow History – remains scientific because of the rigor of
Americans to justify their colonization of the research and methodology that historians employ.
islands
➢ They wanted the colonization to appear not as a Historical research requires rigor.
means of undermining the Philippines’ 1. Historical methodology comprises techniques and
sovereignty, but as a civilizing mission to fulfill rules that historians follow in order to properly
what they called as the “white man’s burden”. utilize sources and historical evidences in writing
history.
2. Certain rules apply in cases of conflicting accounts in
Postcolonialism – Is a school of thought that emerged in different sources, and on how to properly treat
the early 20th century when formerly colonized nations eyewitness accounts and oral sources as valid
grappled with the idea of creating their identities and historical evidence.
understanding their societies against the shadows of 3. Historical claims done by historians’ and the
their colonial past. arguments that they forward in their historical
writings, influenced by inkling can still be validated

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 using reliable evidences and employing correct and the convention, the draft of the Constitution, and even
meticulous historical methodology the photographs of the event.
❖ Eyewitness accounts of convention delegates
and their memoirs can also be used as primary
THE ANNALES SCHOOL OF HISTORY
sources.
1. Is a school of thought born in France that challenged ❖ The same goes with other subjects of historical
the canons of history. study.
2. This school did away with the common historical ❖ Archival documents, artifacts, memorabilia,
subjects that were almost related to the conduct of letters, census, and government records.
states and monarchs. 2. Secondary Sources – Sources which were produced
3. The proponents studied other subjects in a historical by an author who used primary sources to produce
manner. the material.
For example, Annales scholars studied the history of For example, about the Philippine Revolution of 1896,
peasantry, the history of medicine, or even the history students can read Teodoro Agoncillo’s Revolt of the
of environment. Masses: The Story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan
published originally in 1956

➢ The history from below pioneered by the same ❖ Agoncillo used primary sources with his
proponents and advocated that the people and research like documents of the Katipunan.
classes who were not reflected in the history of the ❖ Interview with the veterans of the Revolution.
society in the grand manner be provided with space ❖ Correspondence between and among
in the records of mankind. Katipuneros.

For example, If a historian chooses to use an oral

account as his data in studying the ethnic history of the However, The classification of sources between primary
Ifugaos in the Cordillera during the American and secondary depends not on the period when the
Occupation, he needs to validate the claims of his source was produced or the type of the source but
informant through comparing and corroborating it with about the subject of the historical research.
written sources.
For example:
➢ A textbook is usually classified as a secondary
HISTORICAL RESOURCES source, a tertiary source.
➢ Historian’s most important tools ➢ However, this classification is usual but not
➢ The classification of sources between these two automatic.
categories depends on the historical subject being ➢ If a historian chooses to write the history of
studied. education in the 1980s, he can utilize textbooks
used in that period as a primary source.
2 CLASSIFICATION OF HISTORICAL RESOURCES
1. Primary Sources – Are those sources produced at
the same time as the event, period, or subject being Internal Criticism – Is the examination of the
studied. truthfulness of the evidence.

For Example, if a historian wishes to study the ❖ It looks at the content of the source and
Commonwealth Constitution Convention of 1935, his examines the circumstance of its production.
primary sources can include the minutes of the ❖ It looks at the content of the source and
convention, newspaper clippings, Philippine examines the circumstance of its production.
Commission reports if the US Commissioners, records of

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For example, Japanese reports and declarations during ❖ This perspective highlights the importance of
the period of the war should not be taken as a historical facilitating an internal conversation and
fact. discourse among Filipinos about our own
o Entails that the historian acknowledge and history, using the language that is understood by
analyze how such reports can be manipulated everyone.
to be used as war propaganda.
o Without thorough criticisms of historical
evidence, historical deceptions and lies will be Module 1: Basic Concepts,
highly probable. Importance, and Ways in
For example, Understanding History
➢ One of the most scandalous cases of deception “Who controls the present, controls the past who
in Philippine history is the hoax Code of controls the past, controls the future”
Kalantiaw.
-George Orwell
➢ The code was a set of rules contained in an epic,
Maragtas which allegedly written by certain History – derived from the Greek word HISTORIA, which
Datu Kalantiaw. means learning by investigation or inquiry
➢ The document was sold to the National Library ❖ According to Henry Funtecha, it is the
and was regarded as an important precolonial interpretative and imaginative study of surviving
document until 1968, when American historian records of the past , either written or unwritten,
William Henry Scott debunked the authenticity in order to determine the meaning and scope of
of the code due to anachronism and lack of human existence.
evidence to prove that the code existed in the ❖ According to Renato Constantion, it is “the
precolonial Philippine society. recorded struggle of people for ever increasing
freedom and for newer and higher realization of
the human person.”
TASKS OF THE HISTORIANS (ADDITIONAL)
❖ To look at the available historical sources and
select the most relevant and meaningful for WHY IS THE STUDY OF HISTORY IMPORTANT?
history and for the subject matter that he is According to Funtecha,
studying.
a. bridges the gap between the present and the
❖ To organize the past that is being created so
past
that it can offer lessons for nations, societies,
b. explains the causes of things and events
and civilization.
c. projects the future
❖ To seek for the meaning of recovering the past
d. interpreting condition of a given space and time
to let the people see the continuing relevance
e. promotes nationalism and patriotism
of provenance, memory, remembering, and
historical understanding for both the present
and the future. Patriotism – means “devoted love, support, and defense
of one’s country; national loyalty.”
PHILIPPINES HISTORIOGRAPHY Nationalism – is “the policy or doctrine of asserting the
interests of one’s own nation viewed as separate from
Zeus Salazar – a Filipino historian
the interests of other nations or the common interests
❖ Introduced the new guiding philosophy for of all nations.” In short, nationalism is a kind of
writing and teaching history: pantayong excessive, aggressive patriotism.
pananaw (for usfrom us perspective).

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BENEFITS OF HISTORY ➢ These sources were present during the time
period and offer an inside view of a particular
a. helps us to know more about the roots of our
event.
current culture.
b. helps us to learn about who we are. Example: Artifacts (an object made by a human being,
c. makes us learn from our mistakes in the past typically an item of cultural or historical interest)
and never repeat the same mistakes in the Historical Documents, Memoirs, Oral Histories,
present and future. Newsprint, Diaries. Poetry, Personal Interviews,
Government Documents, Autobiographies, Peer-
WHO INVESTIGATES HISTORY
reviewed journal articles of newfindings, Photographs,
1. Archeologists Video, and etc.
2. Secondary Sources – it is a source that interprets
and analyzes primary sources or created out of
primary sources.
❖ it is created by someone not from the time
period.
2. Anthropologists Example: Textbooks, Encyclopedias, Magazine or news
articles dealing issues from the past

Module 3: The Period of

Reckoning
3. Oral Historians
- “In the past, mistranslated texts have been used
maliciously to create fake historical narratives, such as
portraying Marcos' reign as a "Golden Age”
- "History is undoubtedly one of the most fascinating
social sciences, as it helps us understand past events
and their impact on the world as we know it. The beauty
4. Linguists of studying history lies in the fact that we can revise our
understanding when new perspectives and evidence
come to light. This process is known as Historical
Revisionism, a trend that has gained popularity over the
past decade."

Lesson 1: HISTORICAL
REVISIONISM / NEGATIONISM
SOURCES OF HISTORY
According to Guiang, 2002. Historical Revisionism –
1. Primary Sources – include documents or artifacts involves a reinterpretation of a past event or a
created by a witness to or participant in an event. presentation of new narratives based on newly
❖ They can be firsthand testimony or evidence discovered facts.
created during the time period that you are
studying.D ❖ Reconstructing the past in order to update it is done
➢ It is a document or physical object which was by closely following the norms of academic
written or created during the time under study. research: ascertaining facts that convey the truth,
corroborating contending views, and producing
impartial interpretations.

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McPherson, 2003 – “Revision is the lifeblood of ❖ is fabricated information that mimics news
historical scholarship. History is a continuing dialogue media content in form but…lack(s) the news
between the present and the past… The unending quest media’s editorial norms and processes for
of historians for understanding the past —that is, ensuring the accuracy and credibility of
‘revisionism’—is what makes history vital and information
meaningful.” ❖ It overlaps with misinformation (false or
misleading information) and disinformation
(false information purposely spread to mislead
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HISTORICAL REVISIONISM AND HISTORICAL people).
NEGATIONISM
Historical Historical
Revisionism MISINFORMATION VS. DISINFORMATION
negationism
Misinformation – misleading information created or
(Guiang, 202) involves a Is the clear dismissal of shared without the intent to manipulate people.
reinterpretation of a historical narratives “for
past event or a the sake of coming up Disinformation – refers to deliberate attempts to
presentation of new with an extremely confuse or manipulate people with dishonest
narratives based on prejudiced historical information.
newly discovered facts interpretation or
opinion,” The difference is the INTENT of the sharing or spreading
of the information across different channels.
Legitimate Illegitimate
re-examine the existing done with an insidious
historical knowledge intent to misinform, The threat of negative revisionism is further amplified in
about past event using malign, or forward an the digital age where Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube
scientific process agenda dictate the quality of discussion about pressing socio-
governed by meticulous utilization of fake source political issues.
attention to ➢ The best example to prove this are the recent
methodology efforts to exonerate Ferdinand E. Marcos from
done when new manipulation of his crimes through the use of malicious
perspectives and evidence propaganda circulated online. YouTube videos
evidence come to light like Mr. Riyoh’s “Real talk about MARCOS” has
malicious translation generated more than 700,000 views to date
and interpretation of the even though the content is based on
text in an erroneous questionable/dubious facts and even conspiracy
process claiming that an theories (Bautista 2018). What is noteworthy is
event never exist in first that video content like these manage to obtain
place sympathizers (as seen in comments sections)
because their approach is distinctively attuned
to the language of the pedestrian.
Fake News – “news articles that are intentionally and
➢ The same can be said with Facebook pages like
verifiably false” designed to manipulate people’s
“BongBong Marcos United” and “MARCOS
perceptions of real facts, events, and statements.
LOYALIST,” each having amassed more than
❖ It’s about information presented as news that is 10,000 likes.
known by its promoter to be false based on facts ➢ A popular story frequently shared by these
that are demonstrably incorrect, or statements pages is the myth of the Tallano gold that was
or events that verifiably did not happen. allegedly given to the Marcoses. In attempts to
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 massive graft and corruption, supporters and MARTIAL LAW
loyalists continue to promote this invented past ❖ (comprehensive sense) all laws that have
in order to validate the Marcos narrative. reference to & administered by the military
Additionally, the existence of paid trolls worsen forces of the state.
the problems of fake news and misinformation ❖ (strict sense) law which has application when
in the digital arena. the military arm does not supersede civil
Francisco Jayme Paolo A. Guiang, 2020 – Indeed, various authority but is called upon to aid it in the
online platforms became the primary means for fake execution of its vital functions.
news peddlers and negative historical revisionists to Suspension of Writ of Habeas Corpus – because of the
spread their propaganda. The only way to defeat efforts civil unrest, President Marcos declared Proclamation No.
at dismantling the truth is to tirelessly persuade and re- 889 which suspended the privilege writ of habeas
educate Filipinos using reliable and credible source corpus (the right of the citizen to be tried fairly in court
materials, some of which are accessible online. upon arrest)
- These include the National Historical Commission of
the Philippines’ “Why Ferdinand E. Marcos Should not
be Buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani” (2016) or even THE POLITICAL MILIEU IN 1972
JC Punongbayan and Kevin Mandrilla’s Rappler article • Communist Party of the Philippines (Jose Maria
entitled, “Marcos years marked ‘golden age’ of PH Sison) December 1968
economy? Look at the data” (2016) which provide solid • 1969 Elections
argumentation based on primary sources, reliable data, • Battle of Mendiola / The First Quarter Storm
and statistics. • Moro National Liberation Front
• Terror Bombing Incidents & Other Crimes
• The Ambush of Juan Ponce Enrile (09-22-1972)
NEGATIVE HISTORICAL REVISIONISM IS HISTORICAL DENIALISM
Denialism – is not a mere alternative reading of reality;
rather, it is a reading of an alternative reality.
1969 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS
➢ Ferdinand Marcos was re-elected for a second
❖ It denies history as it happened, and proposes a term as president on November 11, 1969. This
counter-factual history. made him the first and last Filipino president of
“The only way to defeat efforts at dismantling the truth the Third Philippine Republic to win a second
is to tirelessly persuade and re-educate Filipinos using full term.
reliable and credible source materials, some of which ➢ Ferdinand Marcos won over Sergio Osmeña Jr.
are accessible online.” There were just two political parties then, the
Nacionalista Party with Marcos seeking
Francisco Jayme Paolo A. Guiang, 2020
reelection for another four-year term, and
Lesson 2: Martial Law Osmeña’s Liberal Party.

THE BATTLE OF MENDIOLA (THE 1ST QUARTER STORM) / THE BATTLE

OF MALACAÑANG
➢ During the administration of Ferdinand Marcos,
Mendiola Street was the site of the "Battle of
Malacañang" or "The Battle of Mendiola
Bridge", a confrontation between student
demonstrators and police forces that occurred
on January 30, 1970. The confrontation resulted
in the deaths of four student demonstrators.

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 ➢ The First Quarter Storm was a period of civil minister admitted in a news conference that the
unrest in the Philippines which took place 1972 ambush was fake
during the "first quarter of the year 1970".
➢ It included a series of demonstrations, protests,
Lesson 3: EDSA Revolution
and marches against the administration of
➢ 1983 – rumours of a demised Marcos sparked
President Ferdinand Marcos, mostly organized
➢ Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino, Jr. as Marcial Bonifacio
by students and supported by workers,
➢ August 21, 1983 – China Airlines Flight 811 –
peasants, and members of the urban poor, from
Arrival of Aquino
January 26 to March 17, 1970.
➢ Blamed Ronaldo Galman
➢ Protesters at these events raised issues related
➢ Justice Corazon Agrava – Investigation of the
to social problems, authoritarianism, alleged
double murder (Nov 3, 1983 – Aug 20, 1984)
election fraud, and corruption at the hand of
Marcos.
People Power Revolution or EDSA Revolution – is a
series of nonviolent and prayerful mass demonstration
TERROR BOMBING INCIDENTS
and occurred in 1986
• Joe’s Department Store on Carriedo Street,
Manila
• The constitutional site @ Q.C. FACTORS WHICH LED TO THE EDSA REVOLUTION
• The Manila Water Works and Sewerage 1. Economic Crisis-massive borrowings,
Authority (NAWASA) worldwide recession 1980-82
• City Hall building of Manila 2. Assassination of Ninoy Aquino-August 21,
1984
PLAZA MIRANDA BOMBING 3. Popular discontent against the Marcos
• occurred during a political rally of the Liberal Regime
Party at Plaza Miranda, Quiapo district, Manila, 4. Snap Elections in 1986
the Philippines on August 21, 1971.
• It caused nine deaths and injured 95 others,
including many prominent Liberal Party
politicians.

THE “AMBUSH” OF JUAN PONCE ENRILE

• The alleged September 22, 1972, ambush attack
on the then-Defense Minister of the Philippines
Juan Ponce Enrile is a disputed incident in which
Enrile's white MercedesBenz sedan was
ambushed near the upscale Wack Wack village
in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila.
• Juan Ponce Enrile himself had admitted that his
'ambush' in 1972 was 'staged' to justify the
declaration of Martial Law. Yet he later retracted
that claim.
• However, on February 22, 1986, when Enrile and
thenArmed Forces vice chief of staff Fidel Ramos
turned against Marcos and joined the crowds
massing on EDSA, the former Marcos defense

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