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14.3 Transmitting data packets

The document discusses two primary data transmission methods: Circuit Switching and Packet Switching. Circuit Switching establishes a dedicated path for communication, ensuring consistent bandwidth but can be inefficient during idle times, while Packet Switching allows dynamic routing of data packets, optimizing resource use and adapting to network changes. It also covers various protocols related to Packet Switching, including TCP, UDP, Ethernet, and Frame Relay, highlighting their characteristics and applications.

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2 views

14.3 Transmitting data packets

The document discusses two primary data transmission methods: Circuit Switching and Packet Switching. Circuit Switching establishes a dedicated path for communication, ensuring consistent bandwidth but can be inefficient during idle times, while Packet Switching allows dynamic routing of data packets, optimizing resource use and adapting to network changes. It also covers various protocols related to Packet Switching, including TCP, UDP, Ethernet, and Frame Relay, highlighting their characteristics and applications.

Uploaded by

haris
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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By Waqqad

14.3
TRANSMITTING
DATA PACKETS
Circuit Switching

• Dedicated Pathway:
• Establishes a direct path between the sending and
receiving device before data transmission begins.
• Exclusive Use:
• While data is being transmitted between two
devices, the pathway is exclusively used by these
devices.
• Consistent Connection:
• Provides a stable and continuous connection
throughout the duration of the communication
session.
Circuit Switching

• Fixed Bandwidth:
• Ensures a consistent bandwidth for data
transmission as the path remains unchanged until
the communication ends.
• Path Release:
• Once the data transfer is complete, the path is
released for use by other transmissions in the
network.
• Inefficient for Idle Time:
• Can be inefficient if the pathway remains idle
during the session, as no other data can use that
path until it's released.
Packet Switching
• Dynamic Path Selection:
• Data packets can take any available path across the network; no
fixed path is predetermined.
• Flexible Routing:
• Each packet might follow a different route from the sender to the
receiver, depending on the current network availability.
• Reordering at Destination:
• Packets are reordered into the original sequence upon arrival at
the receiving device.
Packet Switching
• Efficient Use of Resources:
• Allows multiple packets from different sources to
share the same network pathways, optimizing
resource use.
• Commonly Used on the Internet:
• Often used in internet transmissions, where
packets are directed through routers to reach
their destination.
• Adaptive to Network Changes:
• Can reroute packets if some network paths
become congested or unavailable, ensuring
continuous transmission.
Packet Switching Methods
• Connection-Oriented (Virtual Circuit Switching):
• A session or fixed channel is established before data is
transmitted, ensuring a consistent path.
• Connectionless (Datagram Switching):
• Data packets are sent without a predetermined path,
allowing each packet to find its way independently.
• Frame Relay and TCP:
• Examples of connection-oriented packet switching that
ensure data follows a specific route after a session is
set up.
Packet Switching Methods
• Ethernet, IP, and UDP:
• Examples of connectionless packet switching that transmit
data without prior arrangement between devices.
• Session-Based for Stability:
• Connection-oriented methods are more stable due to the
established session, making them suitable for reliable data
transfer.
• Scalable and Flexible:
• Connectionless methods are more scalable, as they allow for
quick adaptation to network conditions without needing a
session.
Connection-Oriented Packet Switching
• Dedicated Path Creation:
• Establishes a specific path for data packets between sender and receiver before data
transmission begins.
• Maintained Connection:
• The connection remains active until all data is transmitted, ensuring reliability and order.
• Common Methods:
• Includes protocols like Frame Relay and TCP, each providing stable and efficient data
transfer options
Frame Relay
• Data Separated into Frames:
• Transmits data in units called frames, with error correction
handled by endpoint devices, which improves speed.
• Error Handling:
• If an error is detected, the affected frame is dropped, and
endpoints detect and retransmit missing frames.
• Low Error Environments:
• Designed for efficient data transfer where error rates are low,
making it ideal for specific network types.
• Fast Transmission:
• Lack of mid-transmission error checks enhances speed, making
frame relay a high-performance option.
Frame Relay
• Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVC):
• Long-standing connections that remain open even without current data transfer, ideal for
steady data flows.
• Switched Virtual Circuits (SVC):
• Temporary connections set up for single sessions, providing flexibility in data
transmission needs.
• Reduced Overhead:
• Minimal control mechanisms mean lower network resource usage, enhancing network
efficiency.
• Cost-Effective: Suitable for cost-conscious applications, as it reduces expenses associated
with more complex network protocols.
TCP - Transmission
Control Protocol
• Connection Setup and Maintenance:
• Creates and maintains a connection until data
exchange is complete between applications at
each endpoint.
• Packet Handling:
• Breaks data into packets, which are passed to
and from the network layer in the TCP/IP
model.
• Error-Free Transmission:
• Ensures data accuracy and reliability by
managing error detection and correction.
TCP - Transmission
Control Protocol
• Flow Control Management:
• Regulates data flow to prevent congestion and
maintain efficient transmission.
• Ordered Data Delivery:
• Ensures packets are received and reassembled
in the correct sequence.
• Widely Used for Reliable Transfer:
• Commonly used for internet applications
requiring stable and reliable data transmission.
Ethernet
• Wired Network Protocol:
• Ethernet is a traditional protocol that connects
devices using wired connections to form a
network.
• Data Formatting and Transmission:
• Ensures network devices format and transmit
data in a recognizable format for other devices
on the network.
• Popular in Local Networks:
• Often used in homes, schools, and offices for
internal networking due to reliability.
Ethernet

• High Data Transfer Speeds:


• Known for supporting fast data
transfer rates and stability in
network environments.
• Layer 2 Protocol:
• Primarily operates at the Data Link
layer, focusing on local network
(LAN) data transfer.
IP (Internet Protocol)

• Core Internet Protocol:


• IP is the protocol used to send data packets across the internet, essential for
global network connectivity.
• Packet Delivery Management:
• Responsible for ensuring data packets reach the correct receiving device
across various networks.
• Routing Data:
• Guides data packets through multiple networks using IP addresses to reach
the correct destination.
IP (Internet
Protocol)
UDP (User Datagram
Protocol)
• Alternative to TCP:
• UDP is a connectionless protocol, faster but
less reliable than TCP due to lack of flow
control and error-checking.
• Data Units Called Datagrams:
• Sends data in self-contained datagrams rather
than segmented packets.
• No Flow Control or Error Checking:
• Unlike TCP, UDP does not check for errors or
control data flow, resulting in faster
transmission.
UDP (User Datagram
Protocol)

• Ideal for Time-Sensitive Applications:


• Used for live-streaming, gaming, and VoIP
where speed is prioritized over reliability.
• Operates at Transport Layer:
• Primarily functions at the Transport layer in the
OSI and TCP/IP models for end-to-end
communication.
Message Switching
Message Switching
Example of Message
Switching
Check Your Understanding

• Quiz Title: Circuit Switching, Packet Switching, and Message Switching


• Quiz Link: https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/671fecd8862c5751993d00df

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