Lesson 10: AIRLINE TERMINOLOGIES

ACCOMPANIED
When used for children and infant fares this shall mean the child/infant must be accompanied by an adult paying an applicable adult
fare or traveling at industry free or reduced fare tickets.

ADD-ON
An amount used only to construct an unspecified through fare

ADULT
A person who has reached his/her 12th birthday as of the date of commencement of travel.

AFRICA
Comprises of Central Africa, Eastern Africa, Indian Ocean Islands, Libya, Southern Africa, and Western Africa

AREA 1 (TC1)
All of the North and South American Continents and the adjacent Islands; Central America, Greenland, Bermuda, the West Indies and
the islands of the Caribbean Sea, the Hawaiian Islands (including Midway and Palmyra).

AREA 2 (TC2)
All of Europe as defined below and adjacent islands; Iceland. the Azores, all of Africa and adjacent islands, Ascension Island, that part
of Asia lying west of and including Iran.

AREA 3 (TC3)
All of Asia and the adjacent islands except that portion included in Area 2 all of the East Indies, Australia, New Zealand, and the
adjacent islands of the Pacific Ocean, except those included in Area 1.

BACKHAUL
A fare construction applied to a fare sector to determine the minimum applicable fare, only when all of the following conditions
apply:

a. The journey is a one way journey

b. A higher intermediate fare is assessed, and
c. A higher intermediate point exists from the point of origin to a stopover point in the fare component

BACKHAUL MINIMUM
The additional amount that must be added to a fare calculation as the result of a backhaul calculation.

BANKERS BUYING RATE (BBR)

The rate at which, for the purpose of the transfer of funds through banking channels (i.e. other than transactions in bank notes,
travelers’ cheques and similar banking instruments), a bank will purchase a given amount of foreign currency in exchange for one
unit (or units) of the national currency of the country in which the exchange transaction takes place.

BANKERS SELLING RATE (BSR)

The rate at which, for the purpose of the transfer of funds through banking channels (i.e. other than transactions in bank notes,
travelers’ cheques and similar banking instruments), a bank will sell a given amount of foreign currency in exchange for one unit (or
units) of the national currency of the country in which the exchange transaction takes place.

CENTRAL AFRICA
Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe

CHILD
A person who has reached his/her second birthday but not his/her 12th birthday as of the date of commencement of travel.

CIRCLE TRIP MINIMUM (CTM)

The additional amount that must be added to a fare calculation as the result of a circle trip minimum calculation.
CIRCLE TRIP - NORMAL FARES
Travel from a point and return thereto by a continuous, circuitous air route, including travel comprising two fare components but
which do not meet the conditions of the round-trip definition.

CIRCLE TRIP - SPECIAL FARES

Travel from a point and return thereto by a continuous, circuitous air route, comprising only two international fare components
which do not meet the conditions of the round-trip definition.

COMBINATION
Whenever two or more one way or round trip or half round trip fares are used and shown separately in a fare calculation.

COMMON POINT MINIMUM (CPM)

A fare construction applied to a fare sector to determine the minimum applicable fare, only when all of the following conditions
apply:

Where a journey comprises not more than two international fare components with a Domestic Surface Sector and travel is via a
Common Ticketed Point in the Country of Origin/Turnaround, the fare for the entire journey shall not be less than the applicable fare,
from/to such common points.

COMPONENT
A fare break point.

CONNECTION
 Interline connection: A passenger’s transfer from a flight operated by one airline to a flight operated by another airline, with
or without a stopover, at an intermediate point in an itinerary.
 Intraline connection: A passenger’s transfer from one flight to another flight at an intermediate point in an itinerary, where
the same air carrier operates both flights.

CONSTRUCTED FARE
Unspecified through fares created by:

1) the use of add-ons

2) Two fares shown as a single amount in a fare calculation and shown as ‘C/’

CONTINENT
For travel purposes, continent refers to a political grouping of countries, and does not necessarily correspond geographically.

CONTINENTAL USA
The 48 contiguous States and the District of Columbia (this does not include Alaska, Hawaii)

COUNTRY OF COMMENCEMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

The country from which travel on the first international sector take place.

COUNTRY OF PAYMENT
The country where payment is made by the purchaser to the TC Member or its Agent; payment by check, credit card or other
banking instruments shall be deemed to have been made at the place where such instrument is accepted by the TC Member or its
Agent.

COUNTRY OF UNIT ORIGIN

The currency in which international fares from that country are denominated.

DEADLINE

Reservations: The minimum/maximum number of days/months before the day of departure by which reservations must be
confirmed

Ticketing: The minimum/maximum number of days/months before the day of departure or the minimum/maximum number of
hours/days after reservation by which payment and ticketing must be completed; issue date of a PTA constitutes the ticketing date
Notes: When 'deadline' is used in paragraphs other than Reservations and Ticketing, the term refers to the deadline for reservations
and ticketing. When different deadlines apply, it is necessary to specify which deadline (e.g. 'before ticketing deadline')

'Before deadline' includes transactions made on the deadline date

DEPARTURE
The day/time of the flight on which the passenger is booked/ticketed to travel

Before departure: the definition refers to the first flight of the pricing unit
After departure: the definition refers to subsequent flights of the pricing unit.

DIFFERENTIAL
The difference between normal fares for the higher and lower classes of service for the segments(s) where the higher class of service
is flown.

DESTINATION
The ultimate stopping place of the journey as shown on the ticket.

DIRECT FLIGHT
Any flight ticketed as a single flight coupon, irrespective of whether there are enroute stops and/or changes of aircraft types.

DIRECT ROUTE
The shortest all year route operated by any TC Member in both directions between ticketed points at which it exercises traffic rights;
provided that:

1) Where a point is not served by any TC Member via the same route in both directions, the services of any nonTC Member,
Associate Member and/or any scheduled non-IATA carrier shall be used, but only as the initial sector and/or the terminating
sector
2) the services of any scheduled air carrier may be used
3) over domestic sectors
4) over sectors as provided in Resolution 011a
5) Where a point is only served seasonally, the services of any scheduled air carrier may be used but only as initial or
terminating sector provided further that any routing specified in Attachment 'A' to Resolution 011 as a 'basic routing' shall
be deemed to be the direct route

DIRECT ROUTE FARE

The fare applicable to the direct route between two points, without regard to actual routing or stopover. When no direct route fare
exists between two ticketed points a fare must be established by combination over a ticketed point on the itinerary.

EASTERN AFRICA
Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda.

EUROPEAN COMMON AVIATION AREA (ECAA) MEMBER STATES

Austria Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Liechtenstein, Lithuania Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
and The United Kingdom. Bulgaria and Romania will be member states effective Jan 1, 2007

EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AREA (EEA)

Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland (*), Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Liechtenstein (*), Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway (*), Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
United Kingdom.

(*) These countries are not members of the European Union (EU)

Bulgaria and Romania are expected to join the EU and EEA on 1 January 2007
END ON COMBINATION (EOE)
Combination of two or more fares, which could be ticketed separately at a fare construction point. (Not applicable to combination of
fares between the same points)

EUROPEAN UNION (EU)

Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, The United Kingdom.

FARE, APPLICABLE
For fare construction purposes, a fare which is established after the application of all fare construction calculations, e.g. excess
mileage fare, higher intermediate fare but excluding related charges e.g. amounts to be annotated with ‘S’ or ‘Q’

FARE BREAK POINTS

See Fare Construction Points

FARE COMPONENT (FC)

The portion of an itinerary between two fare construction points. (these are also termed fare break points)

FARE CONSTRUCTION POINTS

The manner in which fare break points have been determined.

FARE CONSTRUCTION SURFACE SECTOR

Either the origin points or the terminal point of a domestic or international surface sector is at a fare construction point (including
the origin or destination of a pricing unit)

FARE, DIRECT
For fare construction purposes, a fare component (these are also termed fare break points).

FARE SO FAR (FSF)

The total accumulated fare for a Priceable unit including HIPs and mileage surcharges.

FLIGHT COUPON(S)
That portion of a Ticket annotated ‘good for passage’ or a segment(s) of an Electronic Ticket.

FRANCE
Metropolitan France Continental France and Corsica

FRENCH OVERSEAS DEPARTMENTS (DOM)

French Guiana, Guadeloupe (including St. Barthelemy, Northern St. Martin, Les Saintes, La Desirade, Marie-Galante-Grand Bourg),
Martinique, Mayotte, Reunion, St. Pierre and Miquelon

FRENCH OVERSEAS TERRITORIES (TOM)

New Caledonia (including Loyalty Islands), French Polynesia (including Wallis and Futuna)

FREEDOM – THIRD
The right for an air carrier to put down, in the territory of another State, passengers, freight and mail taken up in the State in which it
is registered

FREEDOM – FOURTH
The right for an air carrier to take on, in another State, passengers, freight and mail for off-loading in the State in which it is registered

GATEWAY
First point of arrival / last point of departure in a country /area.

GLOBAL INDICATOR
The global routing applicable to the fare as shown in Resolution 011b.

HALF ROUND TRIP FARE

Half of a specified or constructed round trip normal or special fare. In the absence of a specified or constructed round trip normal
fare, the one-way normal fare is considered to be a half round trip normal fare. If a specified or constructed one way special fare may
be doubled to establish a round trip special fare, the one way special fare is considered to be a half round trip special fare.

HIGHER INTERMEDIATE POINT (HIP)

A ticketed point between origin and destination of a fare sector for which a higher fare is published.

HIP PROCESSING
Higher Intermediate Point Processing is used to determine if an International through trip's fare is exceeded by any intermediate
point's fares. There are four (4) types of HIP checks:

• A-type compares fares from origin to intermediate points with the fares for the whole trip.
• B-type compares fares from intermediate points to an off point with the fares for the whole trip.
• C-type compares fares between intermediate points with the fares for the whole trip.
• CP or P-type is a common point check. Occurs only in open - jaw itineraries. Compares fares from common point to other
ticketed points in a trip. NOTE a common point doesn't have to be a stopover.

IATA RATE OF EXCHANGE (ROE)

The rates of exchange notified by IATA to convert local currency fare to NUC and to convert total NUC amount to the currency of the
country of commencement of transportation.

IMBEDDED SURFACE SECTOR

A domestic or international surface sector within a fare component but not to or from a fare construction point

INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS

Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Reunion, Seychelles.

INDIRECT ROUTE
Any scheduled continuous air route other than a direct route

INDUSTRY PRODUCT CODES (IPC)

A Worldspan in-house method used to establish a hierarchy of fare type values.

INFANT
A person who has not reached his/her second birthday as of the date of commencement of travel.

ITINERARY
All points in the passenger journey, beginning with the origin, followed by the routing, and ending with the destination.

 Circle itinerary: An itinerary that begins and ends at the same point in which the inbound portion does not retrace the path
of the outbound portion.
 Open-jaw itinerary: Similar to a circle itinerary except that the initial and terminal points are not the same.
 Symmetrical itinerary: An itinerary that begins and ends at the same point in which the inbound portion retraces the path of
the outbound portion.

INTERMEDIATE POINT
Any point in an itinerary, other than the origin and destination, at which the passenger makes an interline or intraline connection or
stopover.

INTERLINE TRANSFER
Transfer from the service of one carrier to the service of another carrier.

INTERNATIONAL-DOMESTIC TRANSFER
A change between the international service of one carrier and domestic service of the same carrier (online transfer) or another
carrier (interline transfer).

INTERNATIONAL TRANSFER
A change from the international service of one carrier to another international service of the same carrier (online transfer) or to the
international service of another carrier (interline transfer).

INTERMEDIATE TICKETED POINT

Any ticketed point other than the origin or destination of a fare sector.

ISSUING CARRIER
TC Member whose tickets are issued to the passengers.

JOURNEY
Origin to destination of the entire ticket.

LOCAL COMBINATION
Combination of fares between the same points.

LOCAL CURRENCY FARES

Fares and related charges expressed in the currency of the country of commencement of travel; See RESO 024a for those countries
where the US Dollar is used for local currency.

MAXIMUM PERMITTED MILEAGE (MPM)

Mileages as established in accordance with RESO 11

MIRROR IMAGE
A round trip Priceable unit consisting of 2 fare components, half of a round trip (TAG 2 fares only), using the same
Tariff/Carrier/Rule/Fare Class on both components, and where no mileage and/or HIP surcharges exist on the itinerary.

NON-IATA CARRIER
Any carrier who is not a Member of IATA

NON-TC MEMBER
A Member of IATA who has elected not to participate in Tariff Coordinating Conferences.

NORMAL FARE (NL)

The full fare established for First, Business, or Economy class of service. Fares with no limited ticket validity or other restrictions with
the possible exception of transfers, stopovers, or seasonality.

NORMAL FARE OPEN JAW

Travel from one country and return thereto, comprising two international fare components. Only and where:

a) Origin open jaw: the outward point of departure in the country of unit origin and the inward point of arrival in the
country of unit origin are different OR
b) Turnaround open jaw: the outward point of arrival and the inward point of departure are different OR
c) Double open jaw: the outward point of departure in the country of unit origin and the inward point of arrival in the
country of unit origin are different (origin jaw) AND
d) The outward point of arrival and the inward point of departure are different (turnaround open jaw)

NORTH AMERICA
(For Worldspan pricing) Alaska, Canada, Continental USA, and Hawaii.

NEUTRAL UNITS OF CONSTRUCTION (NUC)

The neutral unit of construction used in fare construction.

OFF TRIP
Within minimum processing, the OFF trip is the remainder of the Priceable unit, i.e. the portion that is not part of the HIP trip.

ONE WAY (OW)

Considered to be any journey which, for fare calculation purposes, is not a complete round trip, circle trip, or other than round trip /
circle trip (open jaw).
ONE WAY SUB-JOURNEY
Part of a journey where travel from one country does not return to such country and for which the fare is assessed as a single pricing
unit using a one-way fare.

ON-LINE TRANSFER
Transfer from the service of one carrier to another service of the same carrier.

OPEN JAW - (SPECIAL FARES)

Travel comprising only two international fare components with a break(s) which, unless otherwise specified in a special fares
resolution, may be between any two points/countries in the area(s) of unit origin and/or turnaround for which the special fare
resolution applies and for which the fare is assessed as a single pricing unit using half round trip fares. In this context

a) For 'turnaround open jaw' the outward point of arrival and the inward point of departure are different, or
b) For 'origin open jaw' the outward point of departure and the inward point of arrival are different, or
c) For 'single open jaw' either a) or b) applies, or
d) For 'open jaw' any combination of the above may apply

ORIGIN
The initial starting place of the journey as shown on the ticket

OTHER CHARGES
Charges such as taxes, fees etc., excluding excess baggage charges

POINT OF TURNAROUND
The farthest geographical fare break (between two fare components) from the Pricing Unit origin.

PRICEABLE UNIT
A journey or part of a journey, which is priced as a separate entity, e.g. is capable of being ticketed separately

REBOOKING
Change of reservation and/or other changes, which do not require ticket reissuance.

RELATED CHARGES
Charges such as cancellation penalties, non-refundable amounts, rebooking and rerouting charges, stopover charges, weekend
surcharges etc., and excess baggage charges.

REROUTING
Change of routing and/or other changes which require ticket reissuance.

RESERVATIONS
The allotment in advance of seating or sleeping accommodation for a passenger or of space or weight capacity for baggage or goods.

RETURN SUB-JOURNEY
A part of a journey wherein travel is from a point/country and return thereto and for which the fare is assessed as a single pricing
unit using half round trip fares - round trip, circle trip, normal fare open jaw; also applicable to special fare open jaw returning to the
same or another country.

REVENUE PASSENGER
A person receiving air transportation from an air carrier for which remuneration of 25% or more of the regular economy fare is
received by the air carrier. Air carrier employees or others receiving air transportation against whom token service charges are levied
are not considered as revenue passengers. Infants for whom a token fare is charged are not counted as revenue passengers.
Passengers flying on ‘frequent flyer’ redemptions are counted as revenue passengers

ROUND THE WORLD (RTW)

Travel from a point and return thereto which involves only one crossing of the Atlantic Ocean and only one crossing of the Pacific
Ocean

ROUND TRIP
Travel entirely by air from a point to another point and return to the original point comprising two half round trip fare components
only, for which the applicable half round trip fare for each component, measured from the point of unit origin, is the same for the
routing traveled; provided that this definition shall not apply to round the world travel if the fares to be used differ through class of
service/seasonality/day-of-week/carrier variations, the outbound fare shall be used also for the inbound fare component for the
purpose of determining if the pricing unit is a round trip.

SCHEDULED SERVICE
The operation of a flight on a regular basis according to a published timetable and available to the public on short notice.

SCANDINAVIA
Denmark, Norway, Sweden

SHORTEST OPERATED MILEAGE (SOM)

the shortest distance, using non-stop sector mileages between any pairs of points specified in the IATA Mileage Manual, subject to
the basic routing provisions in Resolution 011.

SIDE TRIP
Travel from and/or to an enroute point of a fare component.

SIDE TRIP COMBINATION

The combination of a fare, which could be ticketed separately from and/or to an enroute point of a fare component.

SIGNIFICANT CARRIER
The carrier whose fares are applicable for a fare component

SIGNIFICANT SEGMENTS
The flight segment used in international pricing which makes a travel conference (TC) break, country, continent, or sub-continental
change.

SOUTHERN AFRICA
Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland

SPECIAL FARE
Any fare other than a normal fare

SPECIFIED FARE
A fare in an IATA Tariff Conference Resolution.

SUB-JOURNEY
A sub-journey is a self-contained One Way / Round Trip / Circle Trip / Open Jaw Pricing Unit which is combined with (an) other self-
contained One Way / Round Trip / Circle Trip / Open Jaw Pricing Units(s) on the same ticket, e.g. one complete journey divided into
separately priced sub journeys.

STOPOVER
When a passenger arrives at an intermediate point and is scheduled to depart later than 24 hours after arrival (local time) Exception:
for travel wholly within Central America or for travel wholly between Central America and Panama: when a passenger arrives at an
intermediate point and is scheduled to depart later than 6 hours after arrival (local time).

SURFACE SECTOR
Imbedded surface sector means a domestic or international surface sector within a fare component but not to or from a fare
construction point

Fare construction surface sector means: either the origin point or the terminal point of a domestic or international surface sector is
at a fare construction point (including the origin or destination of a pricing unit).

TC MEMBER
A Member of IATA who has elected to participate in Tariff Coordinating Conferences.

THROUGH FARE
A fare applicable for travel between two consecutive fare construction points via an intermediate point(s).

TICKETED POINT MILEAGE (TPM)

The distance between pairs of points published in the Ticketed Point Mileage Manual using non-stop sector mileages in accordance
with RESO 011, Ticketed point mileage. The shortest operated mileage between ticketed points.

TICKETED POINT
Points shown in the "good for passage" section of the passenger ticket.

TRAFFIC DOCUMENT
Ticket, MCO or any other accountable passenger traffic document.

TRANSFER
A change from the service of one carrier to another service of the same carrier (online transfer) or to the service of another carrier
(interline transfer).

TRAVEL
The passenger routing identified by ticketed points and not the aircraft routing.

TRIP ORIGIN
First point in the fare component

UNACCOMPANIED
When used for children and infant fares this shall mean the child/infant is not accompanied by an adult.

UNIT ORIGIN
The initial starting point of a pricing unit.

UPGRADING
Change from the original fare paid to a higher fare (changes of seasonality, day of week, applicable related charges, resulting in a
higher fare do not constitute upgrading).

USA TERRITORIES
The overseas territories of the United States of America, including but not limited to:

American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island

Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Saipan, Swains Islands, Palmyra Island, Wake Island.

VALIDATED
Fare, which has passed rules and routings.

VIA POINTS
All ticketed points between the board and off point of a trip

WESTERN AFRICA
Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Cote d’ lvoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon,
Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo,
Zaire.