Generative AI Interview Questions

Q1 . What is Generative AI?

Generative AI, short for Generative Artificial Intelligence, is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that
focuses on enabling machines to produce content or data that resembles human-generated
information. It’s a technology that’s gaining immense popularity in various fields, from natural
language processing to creative content generation.

Generative AI operates on a principle of learning patterns from existing data and using that
knowledge to create new content.
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Q2 .How does Generative AI work?

Generative AI works through the use of neural networks, specifically Recurrent Neural Networks
(RNNs) and more recently, Transformers. Here’s a simplified breakdown of how it functions:

Data Collection: To begin, a substantial amount of data related to the specific task is gathered. For
instance, if you want to generate text, the model needs a massive text corpus to learn from.

Training: The neural network is then trained on this data. During training, the model learns the
underlying patterns, structures, and relationships within the data. It learns to predict the next word,
character, or element in a sequence.

Generation: Once trained, the model can generate content by taking a seed input and predicting the
subsequent elements. For instance, if you give it the start of a sentence, it can complete the
sentence in a coherent and contextually relevant manner.

Fine-Tuning: Generative AI models can be further fine-tuned for specific tasks or domains to
improve the quality of generated content.
Finetuning
Q3 Difference between Generative AI and Discriminative AI :
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Generative AI:
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Generative AI models focus on learning the underlying distribution of the training data to generate
new samples that resemble the original data.

These models aim to capture the joint probability distribution of input features and labels.
Generative models are capable of creating new data points by sampling from the learned
distribution.

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Examples of generative models include Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), Variational
Autoencoders (VAEs), and Markov Random Fields (MRFs).

Discriminative AI:
Discriminative AI models, on the other hand, focus on learning the boundary between different
classes or categories in the data.
These models aim to directly model the conditional probability of the output label given the input
features.
Discriminative models are primarily used for classification tasks, where the goal is to assign a label
or category to input data.

Examples of discriminative models include logistic regression, support vector machines (SVMs), and
most neural networks used for classification.

Q4 What are some popular Generative AI models?

Generative AI models have revolutionized the field of artificial intelligence, offering remarkable
capabilities in generating content, from text to images and beyond. In this section, we’ll explore
some of the most popular and influential Generative AI models that have left a significant mark on the
industry.

GPT-4 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4): GPT-4, developed by OpenAI, is a standout among
Generative AI models. With billions of parameters, it has demonstrated remarkable text generation
abilities. GPT-4 can answer questions, write essays, generate code, and even create conversational
agents that engage users in natural language.

BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers): Although primarily known for its
prowess in natural language understanding, BERT also exhibits generative capabilities. It excels in
tasks like text completion and summarization, making it a valuable tool in various applications,
including search engines and chatbots.

DALL·E: If you’re interested in generative art, DALL·E is a model to watch. Developed by OpenAI,
this model can generate images from textual descriptions. It takes creativity to new heights by
creating visuals based on written prompts, showing the potential of Generative AI in the visual arts.

StyleGAN2: When it comes to generating realistic images, StyleGAN2 is a name that stands out. It
can create high-quality, diverse images that are virtually indistinguishable from real photographs.
StyleGAN2 has applications in gaming, design, and even fashion.

Q5. How is Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) used in AI?

GAN stands for Generative Adversarial Network. It's a type of artificial intelligence algorithm used in
machine learning for generating new data instances that resemble a given dataset. GANs consist of
two neural networks, the generator and the discriminator, which are trained simultaneously
through a game-like framework.

Here's how GANs work:

Generator: The generator network takes random noise as input and tries to generate data samples
that resemble the training data. It learns to generate increasingly realistic samples over time.

Discriminator: The discriminator network is trained to distinguish between real data samples from
the training dataset and fake data samples generated by the generator. It learns to classify whether
a given sample is real or fake.
During training, the generator and discriminator are pitted against each other in a game-like setting:

The generator aims to produce samples that are indistinguishable from real data to fool the
discriminator.
The discriminator aims to accurately classify real and fake samples.

GANs have various applications across domains, including:

Image Generation: GANs can generate high-resolution images of faces, landscapes, artworks, and
more.

Data Augmentation: GANs can generate synthetic data to augment training datasets, improving the
robustness and generalization of machine learning models.

Style Transfer: GANs can be used for transferring the style of one image onto another, creating
artistic effects.

Super Resolution: GANs can enhance the resolution of low-resolution images, generating high-
quality outputs.

Drug Discovery: GANs can generate molecular structures with desired properties, aiding in drug
discovery and development.

Q6.What are the limitations of Generative AI?

While Generative AI has made remarkable strides, it’s essential to acknowledge its limitations and
challenges. Understanding these limitations is crucial for responsible and effective use.
Here are some key constraints of Generative AI:

Data Dependency: Generative AI models, including GANs, require vast amounts of data for training.
Without sufficient data, the quality of generated content may suffer, and the model might produce
unrealistic or biased results.

Ethical Concerns: Generative AI can inadvertently perpetuate biases present in the training data.

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This raises ethical concerns, particularly when it comes to generating content related to sensitive
topics, such as race, gender, or religion.

Lack of Control: Generative AI can be unpredictable. Controlling the output to meet specific criteria,
especially in creative tasks, can be challenging. This lack of control can limit its practicality in some
applications.

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Resource Intensive: Training and running advanced Generative AI models demand substantial
computational resources, making them inaccessible to smaller organizations or individuals with
limited computing power.

Overfitting: Generative models may memorize the training data instead of learning its underlying
patterns. This can result in content that lacks diversity and creativity.

Security Risks: There is the potential for malicious use of Generative AI, such as generating
deepfake videos for deceptive purposes or creating fake content to spread misinformation.

Intellectual Property Concerns: When Generative AI is used to create content, determining

ownership and copyright becomes complex. This raises legal questions about intellectual property
rights.

Validation Challenges: It can be difficult to validate the authenticity of content generated by

Generative AI, which can be problematic in contexts where trust and reliability are paramount.

Q8.. What are the ethical concerns surrounding Generative AI?

Generative AI, with its ability to create content autonomously, brings forth a host of ethical
considerations. As this technology becomes more powerful, it’s crucial to address these concerns to
ensure responsible and ethical use.
Here are some of the ethical concerns surrounding Generative AI:

Bias and Fairness: Generative AI models can inadvertently perpetuate biases present in their
training data. This can lead to the generation of content that reflects and reinforces societal biases
related to race, gender, and other sensitive attributes.

Privacy: Generative AI can be used to create deepfake content, including fabricated images and
videos that can infringe upon an individual’s privacy and reputation.

Misinformation: The ease with which Generative AI can generate realistic-looking text and media
raises concerns about its potential for spreading misinformation and fake news.

Identity Theft: Generative AI can create forged identities, making it a potential tool for identity theft
and fraud.

Deceptive Content: Malicious actors can use Generative AI to create deceptive content, such as
fake reviews, emails, or social media posts, with the intent to deceive or defraud.

Legal and Copyright Issues: Determining the legal ownership and copyright of content generated
by AI can be complex, leading to legal disputes and challenges

Psychological Impact: The use of Generative AI in creating content for entertainment or social
interactions may have psychological impacts on individuals who may not always distinguish between
AI-generated and human-generated content.

Accountability: Establishing accountability for content generated by AI is challenging. When harmful

content is created, it can be unclear who should be held responsible.

Q9. What are the challenges in training Generative AI models?

Training Generative AI models presents several challenges:

Data Quality: High-quality training data is essential. Noisy or biased data can lead to flawed outputs.
Computational Resources: Training large models demands substantial computational power and
time.
Mode Collapse: GANs may suffer from mode collapse, where they generate limited varieties of
outputs.

Ethical Considerations: AI-generated content can raise ethical issues, including misinformation and
deepfakes.

Evaluation Metrics: Measuring the quality of generated content is subjective and requires robust
evaluation metrics.

Q10.How does text generation with Generative AI work?

Text generation with Generative AI involves models like GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer).
Here’s how it works:

Pre-training: Models are initially trained on a massive corpus of text data, learning grammar,
context, and language nuances.

Fine-tuning: After pre-training, models are fine-tuned on specific tasks or datasets, making them
domain-specific.

Autoregressive Generation: GPT generates text autoregressively, predicting the next word based
on context. It’s conditioned on input text.

Sampling Strategies: Techniques like beam search or temperature-based sampling control the
creativity and diversity of generated text
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Q11.How can generative AI be used in virtual reality and gaming? 2 VirtualReale
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Generative AI can transform virtual reality and gaming by making content creation easier and more
diverse. It helps developers create realistic 3D assets, characters, and environments quickly. AI
also enables procedural generation, making game worlds dynamic and endless for exploration. Plus,
it personalizes gameplay by adjusting challenges and stories based on each player's actions, making
experiences more immersive and engaging.
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Q12.Explain the concept of variational autoencoders (VAEs) in generative AI ?
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Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) are a type of generative model used in machine learning. They
work by learning a low-dimensional representation of input data, known as the latent space, which
can then be used to generate new data samples that resemble the original dataset.

Encoder Network: The input data is fed into an encoder neural network, which learns to map the
data into a lower-dimensional latent space. The encoder compresses the input data into a mean
and variance vector that represents the distribution of data points in the latent space.

Sampling: From the learned mean and variance vectors, random samples are drawn, allowing for
the generation of new points in the latent space.

Decoder Network: The sampled latent points are then fed into a decoder neural network, which
learns to reconstruct the original input data from the latent space. The decoder generates
outputs that resemble the input data based on the sampled latent points.
Q13. How do you evaluate the performance of a generative AI model, especially in tasks like
image generation or text generation?

1. Visual Inspection: For image generation tasks, visual inspection is often the first step in
evaluating model performance. Human evaluators assess the quality, realism, and diversity of
generated images, looking for artifacts, distortions, or inconsistencies.

2. Perceptual Metrics: Perceptual metrics, such as Inception Score (IS) or Fréchet Inception
Distance (FID) for images, provide quantitative measures of quality and diversity. These metrics
assess how well the generated samples match the distribution of real data and capture the diversity
of the dataset.

3. Precision and Recall: In text generation tasks, precision and recall metrics can be used to
evaluate the relevance and diversity of generated text compared to a reference dataset or ground
truth. Precision measures the proportion of generated text that is relevant, while recall measures the
proportion of relevant text that is generated.

4. Language Models: Language models such as BLEU (Bilingual Evaluation Understudy) or ROUGE
(Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation) are commonly used to evaluate the quality of
generated text by comparing it with reference text or human annotations. These metrics assess
factors like fluency, coherence, and semantic similarity.

Q12. where we can use Generative AI ?

Art and Creativity

Content Creation
Entertainment
Design and Fashion
Healthcare
Architecture and Design
Education and Training
Advertising and Marketing
Research and Exploration
Natural Language Processing

Q13.What is Large Language Model (LLM)?

Large language models are advanced AI systems trained on massive amounts of text data.
They utilize deep learning techniques, specifically transformer architectures.
These models have millions to billions of parameters.
They are capable of understanding and generating human-like text.
Examples include OpenAI's GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer), Google's BERT (Bidirectional
Encoder Representations from Transformers), and Facebook's RoBERTa (Robustly optimized BERT
approach).
Large language models excel in tasks such as language understanding, text generation,
translation, summarization, and question answering.

Q14.Future Trends and Developments

Advancements in Generative Models: Ongoing improvements in architectures and techniques aim
to enhance performance and efficiency.

Integration with Other AI Approaches: Combining generative models with reinforcement learning
and transfer learning promises more sophisticated systems.

Impact Across Industries: Generative models are poised to revolutionize entertainment, design,
advertising, and other sectors, streamlining creative processes and enabling personalized
experiences.

Q15.Types of AI Generative Models:

A. Variational Autoencoders (VAEs)

Encoder-decoder architecture for mapping input data to a latent space and reconstructing it.
Training balances reconstruction accuracy and regularization.
Use cases: Image generation, anomaly detection, data compression.

B. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)

Consist of a generator and a discriminator in an adversarial setup.

Training involves the generator producing realistic samples to fool the discriminator.
Real-world applications: Image synthesis, style transfer, video generation.

C. Auto-Regressive Models

Generate samples by modeling the conditional probability of each data point based on preceding
context.
Trained to predict the next data point given previous context.
Use cases: Text generation, language modeling, music composition.

D. Flow-Based Models

Directly model the data distribution using invertible transformations.

Utilize normalizing flows for efficient density estimation and sampling.
Applications: Image generation, density estimation, anomaly detection.

E. Transformer-Based Models

Deep learning architecture popular in natural language processing (NLP).

Notable example: GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) series.
Applications: Text completion, question answering, translation, summarization.

Q16. Prompt Engineering ?

Prompt engineering refers to the practice of designing or crafting specific prompts or input formats
to guide the behavior of language models, particularly large-scale models like GPT (Generative Pre-
trained Transformer) or BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers).

Q17. Types of Prompt Engineering ?

Zero-Shot Learning: This involves giving the AI a task without any prior examples. You describe
what you want in detail, assuming the AI has no prior knowledge of the task.

2. One-Shot Learning: You provide one example along with your prompt. This helps the AI
understand the context or format you’re expecting.

3. Few-Shot Learning: This involves providing a few examples (usually 2–5) to help the AI
understand the pattern or style of the response you’re looking for.

4. Chain-of-Thought Prompting: Here, you ask the AI to detail its thought process step-by-step.
This is particularly useful for complex reasoning tasks.

5. Iterative Prompting: This is a process where you refine your prompt based on the outputs you
get, slowly guiding the AI to the desired answer or style of answer

6. Negative Prompting: In this method, you tell the AI what not to do. For instance, you might
specify that you don’t want a certain type of content in the response.

Q18. what is Model parameter ?

Model parameters, in the context of machine learning and deep learning, refer to the internal
variables or weights that the model learns during the training process. These parameters are
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adjusted iteratively during training to minimize the difference between the model's predictions and
the actual targets.

Weights: These are numerical values that represent the strength of connections between neurons or
units in different layers of the network. They determine how input features are combined and
transformed as they propagate through the network layers. Each connection between neurons has
an associated weight that controls the influence of the input on the output.

Biases: Biases are additional parameters added to each neuron or unit in the network. They allow
the model to learn non-linear relationships between features by shifting the activation function of
neurons.

Q20 .Differences between fine-tuning and transfer learning ?

Fine-tuning:

Involves further adapting the pre-trained model to the specifics of the new task by updating its
parameters.
Parameters of the entire pre-trained model are adjusted using the new dataset, allowing for better
alignment with the target task.

Transfer learning:

Transfers knowledge from a source task to a target task without significant modification.
Only the final layers are trained on the new dataset, while the parameters of the pre-trained layers
remain fixed.