Chapter 3- Small

Signal Analysis

Mrs Rasika B. Naik

Q-Point (DC Load Line)
• The intersection of the dc bias value
of IB with the dc load line
determines the Q-point.
• It is desirable to have the Q-point
centered on the load line. Why?
• When a circuit is designed to have a
centered Q-point, the amplifier is
said to be midpoint biased.
• Midpoint biasing allows optimum ac
operation of the amplifier.
 DC Biasing + AC signal
• When an ac signal is applied to the base of the
transistor, IC and VCE will both vary around their
Q-point values.
• When the Q-point is centered, IC and VCE can both
make the maximum possible transitions above and
below their initial dc values.
• When the Q-point is above the center on the load line,
the input signal may cause the transistor to saturate.
When this happens, a part of the output signal will be
clipped off.
• When the Q-point is below midpoint on the load line,
the input signal may cause the transistor to cutoff.
This can also cause a portion of the output signal to be
clipped.
DC Biasing + AC signal
 DC and AC Equivalent Circuits

Bias Circuit DC equivalent circuit AC equivalent circuit

AC Load Line
• The ac load line of a given amplifier will
not follow the plot of the dc load line.
• This is due to the dc load of an amplifier is
different from the ac load.
 AC Load Line
What does the ac load line tell you?
• The ac load line is used to tell you the maximum possible output voltage
swing for a given common-emitter amplifier.
• In other words, the ac load line will tell you the maximum possible
peak-to-peak output voltage (Vpp ) from a given amplifier.
• This maximum Vpp is referred to as the compliance of the amplifier.
(AC Saturation Current Ic(sat), AC Cutoff Voltage VCE(off) )
AC Saturation Current and AC Cutoff Voltage
AC Load Line Analysis

Slope of AC load Line =

-1/(Rc || RL )
corresponding to AC load
resistance Rac = RC | | RL.

Slope of DC load Line =

-1/(Rc + RL )
Analysis
Analysis

DC Analysis AC analysis

DC Values: ICQ and VCEQ AC values: Zi, Zo, Av, Ai

BJT with AC input signal
BJT with small AC input signal
BJT Transistor Modelling
BJT Circuit Analysis using Small Signal Model
 Hybrid Pi model of BJT
• The hybrid-pi model is a linearized two-port network
approximation to the BJT using the small-signal base-emitter
voltage and collector-emitter voltage, as independent variables,
and the small-signal base current, and collector current, as
dependent variables.
• It is the intrinsic representation of BJT.
Hybrid Pi model of BJT
Hybrid Pi model of BJT using early effect
Small Signal Analysis of CE amplifier using Hybrid pi
model
Small Signal Analysis of CE amplifier using Hybrid pi
model
STEP 1: Draw AC equivalent circuit of CE amplifier with bypassed RE
Small Signal Analysis of CE amplifier using Hybrid pi
model
Step 2: Draw Hybrid pi model of CE amplifier with bypassed RE
Small Signal Analysis of CE amplifier using Hybrid
pi model
Small Signal Analysis of CE amplifier using
Hybrid pi model
Small Signal Analysis of CE amplifier using Hybrid pi
model
Small Signal Analysis of CE amplifier using
Hybrid pi model
Small Signal Analysis of CE amplifier using
Hybrid pi model
Small signal Analysis of CE Amplifier with
un-bypassed RE using hybrid pi Model
Small signal Analysis of CE Amplifier with
un-bypassed RE using hybrid pi Model
Small signal Analysis of CE Amplifier with un-bypassed
RE using hybrid pi Model
Small signal Analysis of CE Amplifier with
un-bypassed RE using hybrid pi Model
Small signal Analysis of CE Amplifier with
un-bypassed RE using hybrid pi Model
Small signal Analysis of CE Amplifier with
un-bypassed RE using hybrid pi Model
Small signal Analysis of CE Amplifier with
un-bypassed RE using hybrid pi Model
Small signal Analysis of CE Amplifier with
un-bypassed RE using hybrid pi Model
Example 1
Solution
solution
Solution
Solution
Example 2
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Example 3
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Hybrid pi Model of EMOSFET
Hybrid pi Model of EMOSFET
Small Signal Analysis of CS EMOSFET with Drain
Feedback Configuration
Small Signal Analysis of CS EMOSFET with Drain Feedback
Configuration
Input Impedance
Small Signal Analysis of CS EMOSFET with Drain Feedback
Configuration
Input Impedance
Small Signal Analysis of CS EMOSFET with Drain Feedback
Configuration
Output Impedance
Small Signal Analysis of CS EMOSFET with Drain Feedback
Configuration
Voltage Gain
Small Signal Analysis of CS EMOSFET with Drain Feedback
Configuration
Voltage Gain
Example 1
Solution
Solution
Solution
Small Signal Analysis of CS EMOSFET with voltage divider
Configuration
Small Signal Analysis of CS EMOSFET with voltage divider
Configuration
Summary Table
 Need of Multistage Amplifiers
• The voltage gain or current gain obtained from single transistor amplifier is usually not
sufficient for most of the applications.
• Hence several amplifier stages are connected in cascade. i.e connected such that the output of
one stage forms input of the next stage. Such multistage amplifiers provide desired voltage or
current gain.
• A multistage amplifier by cascading amplifiers is shown below:
 Requirements of multistage amplifier
Requirements of multistage amplifier
•Gain should be sufficiently high
•Input impedance should match with source impedance
•Output impedance should match with load resistance
•Bandwidth should be adequately large

•In multistage amplifiers, total gain is the product of gains of individual stages

•The cascading of amplifiers increases the gain but it reduces bandwidth.

 Effect of cascading on Bandwidth
•The cascading of amplifiers increases the gain but it reduces bandwidth.
1. RC coupled
1. RC Coupled
Advantages:
•Wide frequency response
•Most convenient way of coupling
•Inexpensive way of coupling
•Provides less frequency distortion
Disadvantages:
•Overall gain is less
•Tendency to become noisy with age.
•Poor impedance matching
Applications:
•In P.A system
•T.V, VCR and CD players
2. Transformer Coupled
2. Transformer Coupled
Advantages:
1.No signal power is lost in collector base
resistor.
2.Provides higher voltage gain than RC coupled
amplifier
3.It provides excellent resistance(or impedance)
matching between the stages.
Disadvantages:
•Transformer coupling is expensive and bulky.
•At radio frequencies, winding inductances and
distributed capacitors produces reverse
frequency distortion.
•It tends to produce 'hum' in the circuit.
Applications:
1.Impedance matching circuit
2.In power amplifiers
3. Direct Coupled
3. Direct Coupled
Advantages:
•simple circuit
•Low cost
•can be used to amplify low frequency
components
Disadvantages:
•cannot amplify high frequency signal
•poor temperature stability
Applications:
•In power supply
•Linear IC's
 Disadvantages of Multistage Amplifiers

The Disadvantage is
1.The loading of one stage to the previous stage that may affect the Q
point and hence distortion
2.The type of coupling that will affect gain in particular frequency in
coupling methods
Cascode Amplifier & Darlington Pair Amplifier