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circulation

Blood clotting, or coagulation, is a process that stops bleeding through three steps: the formation of prothrombinase, the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and the formation of fibrin to create a clot. Blood serves several functions including the transport of nutrients, gases, hormones, excretory products, and heat, as well as providing defense against infections. The cardiac impulse originates from the Sino-atrial node and is conducted through specialized muscle fibers to coordinate the heart's pumping action.

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Tanusree Sahu
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18 views

circulation

Blood clotting, or coagulation, is a process that stops bleeding through three steps: the formation of prothrombinase, the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and the formation of fibrin to create a clot. Blood serves several functions including the transport of nutrients, gases, hormones, excretory products, and heat, as well as providing defense against infections. The cardiac impulse originates from the Sino-atrial node and is conducted through specialized muscle fibers to coordinate the heart's pumping action.

Uploaded by

Tanusree Sahu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Long Answer Type Question

Q.1. What is blood clotting ? Describe the process.


Ans. When an injury is caused to a blood vessel bleeding starts which is stopped by a
process called blood clotting or blood coagulation. This process can be described under three
major steps.
(i) First step : (a) At the site of an injury, the blood platelets disintegrate and releases
platelet factor-3 (= Platelet thromboplastin). (b) Injured tissues also release thromboplastin.
(c) These two factors combine with calcium ions (Ca ++) and certain proteins of the blood
plasma to form an enzyme called prothrombinase.
(ii) Second step : (a) The prothrombinase inactivates heparin (or antiprothrombin-
anticoagulant) in the presence of calcium. (b) Prothrombinase catalyzes breakdown of
prothrombin (inactive plasma protein) into an active protein thrombin.
(iii) Third step : (a) Fibrins are formed by the conversion of inactive fibrinogens in the plasma
by the enzyme thrombin. The fibres of fibrin form a dense network upon the wound and trap
blood corpuscles to form a clot. (c) The clot seals the wound and stops bleeding.
Q. 2. What are the general functions of blood ?
Ans. The general functions of blood are :
(i) Transport of Food Materials: Blood transports the digested food from the alimentary
canal to the different body cells.
(ii) Transport of Respiratory Gases: Oxygen is carried from the respiratory organs to the
tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissue to the respiratory organs by blood.
(iii) Transport of Hormones : Hormones are carried by blood from the endocrine glands to
the places of use.
(iv) Transport of Excretory Matter : Blood transports the excretory matter to the kidneys or
other excretory organs.
(v) Transport of Heat and temperature regulation : Blood allows the transfer of heat from
the deeper tissue to surface of the body where it can be lost and this help in temperature
regulation.
(vi) Defence against infection : Some white blood corpuscles are phagocytic in action,
however certain white blood corpuscles produce antitoxins to neutralize the toxins released
by the foreign germs. (Any five)
Q. 3. Where does cardiac impulse originate ? How is it conducted to the rest of the
chambers ?
Ans. Conducting system of Human heart:

(i) Human heart acts as a pumping station. The heart beat is initiated by the Sino-atrial node
(SAN) which lies near the opening of the superior vena cava.
(ii) The SAN acts as a pacemaker. When it is warmed or cooled the frequency of the heart
beat is increased or decreased respectively.
(iii) The excitation originated at the SA is picked up by another specialized muscle fibres, the
AV node in the auricular septum.
(iv) From the AV node the excitation travels through the special muscle fibres present in the
septum dividing in the two ventricles.
(v) This conducting bundle divides into two-right and left bundle. Each branch enters the
ventricles through a fine network of the Purkinje fibres.
(vi) All the conducting fibres are very specialized type of muscle fibres.

Q. 4. Describe the structure of human heart.


Ans. (i) The heart is composed of two types of chambers. The upper two, small, thin walled
chamber are the auricles or atria and receives blood from various parts of the body and lower
two large, thick walled muscular ventricles that supply blood to various body organs.
(ii) The two auricles are separated by inter-auricular septum.
(iii) The right atrium receives the openings of superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and
coronary sinus.
(iv) The opening of inferior vena cava is guarded by eustachian valve.
(v) The opening of the coronary sinus has Thebasian valve.
(vi) The left auriculo-ventricular valve consists of two flaps and is termed bicuspid or mitral
valve.
(vii) The right auriculo-ventricular valve consists of three triangular flaps and is called
tricuspid valve.
(ix) The right and left ventricles are separated by interventricular septum.
(x) The ventricles function as pumping chambers, thus they have thick muscles walls.
(xi) Attached to the flaps of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves are special fibrous cords, the
chordae tendineae, which are joined to the other ends with the special muscles of the
ventricular wall, the papillary muscles.
(x) The openings of the right and the left ventricles into the pulmonary atery and the aorla
respectively are provided with the semilunar valves.
Q. 5. Explain the working mechanism of heart.
Ans. (i) The heart collects blood through both atria and then distributes it through ventricles.
(ii) The action of heart includes contractions and relaxations of atria and ventricles
respectively called as systole and diastole.
(iii) The right atrium receives.de-oxygenated blood from different parts of body and from the
heart itself through the openings-superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
respectively.
(iv) The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the openings of the
pulmonary veins.
(v) The deoxygenated and oxygenated bloods are forced into their respective ventricles.
(vi) The contraction of atria is initiated and activated by SA node which spreads the wave of
contraction through AV node which are latter transmitted to all parts of ventricles via bundle
of His and Purkinje's fibres.
(vii) During the contraction of ventricles the backward flow of blood into the atria is prevented
by bicuspid and tricuspid valves.
(viii) Thus, blood from the left ventricle and right ventricle is forced into the aorta and
pulmonary trunk respectively.
(ix) In this way the oxygenated blood is supplied to the various parts of the body including the
heart itself.

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