VOTING MACHINE 2022-23

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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1.1 Background
The concept of a smart voting machine using Arduino Nano arises from the need to modernize
and optimize the electoral process. Traditional paper-based voting methods have been the standard
for many years, but they often come with challenges related to accuracy, efficiency, accessibility,
and security.

1.2Introduction
Voting machines are sophisticated electronic devices that have revolutionized the way elections are
conducted in modern democracies. They serve as the cornerstone of the electoral process, enabling
citizens to cast their votes efficiently and with enhanced accuracy. Over the years, these machines have
evolved to incorporate advanced technology, security features, and accessibility options, making them
an integral part of the democratic machinery.
The introduction of voting machines marked a significant departure from traditional paper-based voting
systems, bringing numerous advantages such as speed, reduced errors, and improved accessibility for
voters with disabilities. This innovation has also addressed issues related to ballot design and counting,
resulting in more transparent and reliable election outcomes.
In this discussion, we will delve deeper into the evolution of voting machines, their key components and
functionalities, their impact on the electoral process, and the ongoing debates surrounding their use. We
will also explore the challenges and opportunities presented by these machines in the context of modern
elections, considering both the benefits they offer and the concerns they raise in terms of security and
integrity. Ultimately, voting machines represent a crucial aspect of contemporary democratic practices,
shaping the way citizens participate in the electoral process and influencing.

Moreover, we will touch on the challenges and controversies associated with voting machines, including
concerns about cybersecurity, accuracy, and the ongoing debate between electronic and paper-based
voting systems. As technology continues to advance and the electoral landscape evolves, voting
machines play a pivotal role in shaping the way citizens engage with the democratic process.
This introduction sets the stage for a comprehensive examination of voting machines, shedding light on
their importance, functionality, and impact on the democratic principles that underpin modern societies.
In the subsequent sections, we will delve deeper into the intricacies of these machines, from their
components and operation to their role in ensuring the fundamental right to vote.

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1.2.1 Characteristic:

1. Security Concerns:
Voting machine security is a paramount concern. Instances of vulnerabilities in both hardware and
software have raised questions about the integrity of election results. Cyberattacks, tampering, and
hacking threats pose a serious risk to the sanctity of the electoral process, necessitating robust security
measures.
2. Lack of Transparency:
Some electronic voting systems lack transparency in their operation, making it difficult for election
observers and the public to verify the accuracy of results. Insufficient transparency can erode public
trust in the electoral process.
3. Accessibility Issues:
While voting machines aim to make voting more accessible, challenges remain in ensuring that they are
fully inclusive for voters with disabilities, including those with visual or motor impairments.
Accessibility issues can disenfranchise certain segments of the population.
4. Complexity and Usability:
Voting machine interfaces can sometimes be complex, potentially leading to voter confusion and errors
in the voting process.
Usability concerns may deter some voters from using the machines effectively.
5. Voter Verification and Auditing:
Ensuring that votes are accurately recorded and can be audited is crucial. Some electronic voting systems
lack robust voter verification mechanisms.
The absence of a reliable paper trail can make it challenging to conduct post-election audits.
6. Budgetary Constraints:
The acquisition and maintenance of voting machines can be expensive for governments, especially in
resource-constrained areas.
Balancing the need for technological upgrades with budget limitations can be a significant challenge.
7. Legal and Regulatory Frameworks:
The legal and regulatory frameworks governing voting machines vary widely by jurisdiction. This can
create inconsistencies and gaps in addressing key issues like security and accessibility.

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1.3 Problem Statement

1.Security concerns:
Developing a secure and tamper-resistant system is paramount. Any vulnerabilities in the software or
hardware could compromise the integrity of the election process, potentially leading to fraud or election
interference

2. Privacy and Anonymity:

Balancing the need for voter authentication with the requirement for ballot secrecy is a significant
challenge. The system must ensure that votes are anonymous while verifying the eligibility of voters.

3. Accessibility and Inclusivity:

Designing a user-friendly interface that accommodates individuals with varying levels of technological
proficiency and disabilities is essential. Ensuring that all eligible voters can cast their ballots
independently is a complex task.

4. Technical Reliability:
Ensuring the smart voting machine operates reliably throughout the election day without technical
glitches or system failures is critical to maintaining trust in the electoral process.

1.4 Motivation
Enhanced Efficiency:
Smart voting machines can streamline the voting process, reducing long queues and wait times at polling
stations. They can quickly and accurately tally votes, enabling faster reporting of election results.
Accuracy and Reliability:
Electronic voting machines reduce the risk of manual counting errors, ensuring that votes are accurately
recorded and counted. Automated processes minimize the chances of ballot misinterpretation or
misplacement
Accessibility:
Smart voting machines can be designed to accommodate voters with disabilities by providing accessible
interfaces, such as audio ballots or tactile screens.This promotes inclusivity and ensures that all eligible
citizens can exercise their right to vote independently.
Secure Authentication:
Voter authentication methods, such as RFID cards or biometrics, enhance security by ensuring that only
eligible voters can cast their ballots. Authentication helps prevent voter fraud and impersonation.

Transparency and Auditability:

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Many smart voting machines include a voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) or other mechanisms
that allow voters to verify their choices on paper before casting electronic votes.This enhances
transparency and provides a paper record for auditing and verification.

User-Friendly Interfaces:
Smart voting machines can offer intuitive and user-friendly interfaces, making the voting process
accessible to individuals of varying technological backgrounds. Clear instructions and interactive
interfaces reduce the likelihood of voter errors.

Reduced Environmental Impact:

Electronic voting reduces the need for printing paper ballots, contributing to environmental
conservation. It minimizes paper waste associated with traditional voting methods.

Cost Savings Over Time:

While initial implementation costs may be significant, smart voting machines can offer cost savings in
the long run by reducing the expenses associated with manual vote counting and ballot production.

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CHAPTER 2

SYSTEM METHODOLOGY

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2.1 General Methodology:

1. System Design and Planning:
Define the scope and objectives of your smart voting machine project. Plan the hardware and
software components needed for the system. Consider security features, including voter
authentication, data encryption, and tamper detection.

2. Hardware Assembly:
Connect the Arduino Nano to the input and output components, such as buttons, displays, and
sensors. Design and build a secure enclosure to protect the components and prevent unauthorized
access to the internals of the machine.

3. Voter Authentication:
Implement voter authentication using RFID cards, biometric sensors, or other secure methods.
Develop the necessary software to verify voter identity before allowing access to the voting
interface.

4. User Interface Development:

Design a user-friendly interface for voters to cast their ballots. Program the Arduino Nano to
display candidate options and allow voters to make selections.sure the interface is intuitive and
accessible.

5. Data Handling and Storage:

Create a secure database or storage mechanism to record votes. Implement encryption to protect
vote data during transmission and storage. Develop mechanisms for storing votes anonymously
while maintaining the integrity of the election.

6. Security Measures:
Incorporate security features to prevent tampering, such as seals and sensors on the enclosure.
Implement fail-safes to detect and report any unauthorized access or tampering. Protect the
voting machine against electronic attacks and hacking attempts.

7. Testing and Debugging:

Thoroughly test the entire system, including voter authentication, user interface, data storage,
and security measures. Debug and resolve any issues that arise during testing.

8. Compliance and Legal Considerations:

Ensure that your voting machine prototype complies with local election laws and regulations.
Seek legal advice and, if required, obtain necessary approvals or certifications.

9. User Training and Documentation:

Develop user manuals and training materials for election officials and voters.Train election staff
on the proper use and maintenance of the voting machine.

10. Deployment:
Deploy the smart voting machine to the designated polling places. Ensure proper setup and
connectivity at each location.

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11. Election Day Operations:

Provide assistance to voters as needed. Monitor the voting process to ensure smooth operation.
Implement procedures for securely storing and transmitting vote data.

Block diagram:

RGB

Voters
6 PBS

Arduino nano LCD 20X4

Result
1 PBS

Charger
Buzzer
Module

Fig:2.1.1

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2.2 Hardware Development:

The hardware development of an IoT based door lock system using the Blynk app involves the
selection and integration of various components to enable remote access control and monitoring.

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1.Arduino Nano

Arduino Nano V3 ATMEGA328 is a compact and versatile microcontroller board that is ideal
for a wide range of projects. It is compatible with the Arduino IDE, making it easy to program
and use. Board comes with the ATmega328P microcontroller pre-installed, as well as a USB
cable for easy programming and power. It also features 14 digital input/output pins, 8 analog
inputs, and 6 PWM outputs.

Fig:2.2.1 Arduino Nano

2. Buzzer module

A buzzer is a device used to produce sound. There are two types of buzzer: active and passive.
In the active model, buzzer starts playing sound only if connected to a power supply, but in
the passive model, we need to send a pulse from the microcontroller to play sounds. The supply
voltage of the buzzer is 3 volts, 5 volts and 12 volts.

Fig:2.2.2 Buzzer modul

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3. LCD Display

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display that uses
the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly.
Here, in this i'ble we're going to use a monochromatic 20x4 alphanumeric LCD. 20x4 means that 20
characters can be displayed in each of the 4 rows of the 20x4 LCD, thus a total of 80 characters can be
displayed at any instance of time.

Fig: 2.2.3 LCD Display

4. TP4056 Lithium Battery Charging & Protection Module with USB-Type-C, 1A

• Charge module: Linear charging. Charging status indicator

• Input voltage: 5V, Chip with constant current and constant pressure, full automatic stop;
• Charging cut-off voltage: 4.2V ± 1%
• Maximum charge current: 1200mA
• Battery over-discharge protection voltage: 2.5V

Fig:2.2.4.TP4056 Lithium Battery Charging

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5. RGB led module, HW 479

An RGB LED module uses a special kind of LED light that can emit three colors: red, green,
and blue. However, you can make any color you could possibly think of by changing which one
is turned on and mixing up each one's brightness.

Fig:2.2.5 RGB led module

6. Momentary Push Button Switch

A push-button (also spelled pushbutton) or simply button is a simple switch mechanism to control
some aspect of a machine or a process. Buttons are typically made out of hard material,
usually plastic or metal.[1] The surface is usually flat or shaped to accommodate the human finger or
hand, so as to be easily

Fig:2.2.6 Momentary Push Button Switch

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7. DC-DC step up power module booster

The MT3608 2A Max DC-DC Step Up Power Module Booster Power Module is a low-cost module that
can step-up a 2 to 24V input voltage up to a 5 to 28V output at up to 2A. DC-DC boost converters step
up the input voltage to a higher voltage while also stepping down the available current since the module
can’t output more power than its inputs.

Fig:2.2.6 DC-DC step up power module booster

8. Lithium battery
Rechargeable lithium battery for 18650 1 Brand : Panasonic 2 Technology : Lithium-Ion 3
Voltage : 3,6V 4 Minimum capacity : 3,4Ah 5 Dimensions : 65,3mm (H) - 18,5mm (Ø)

Fig:2.2.6 lithium battery

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9. Wires
Connect the relay module to the microcontroller and the lock mechanism. The relay module will
have input terminals (often labeled as IN or SIG) that connect to the output pins of the
microcontroller. The lock mechanism is connected to the output terminals of the relay module
(usually labeled as COM, NO, and NC), using appropriate wiring.

Fig:2.2.6 Connecting wires

a. Software development:

1.Set Up the Development Environment:

Install the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) on your computer.Ensure you have
the necessary drivers and libraries for Arduino Nano.

2. Define Software Requirements:

Clearly define the requirements of the smart voting machine software. This should include user interface
design, voter authentication methods, data storage, and security measures.

3. Develop User Interface:

Design the user interface for the voting machine. This can be done using the Arduino IDE's libraries for
handling buttons, displays, and touchscreens. Create screens or menus for displaying candidate
information and allowing voters to make selections.

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4. Implement Voter Authentication:

Depending on your chosen authentication method (e.g., RFID cards or biometrics), write code to handle
voter verification. Ensure that only authenticated voters can access the voting interface.

5. Ballot Selection and Recording:

Write code to manage the selection of candidates or ballot items. This may involve buttons,
touchscreens, or other input methods. Record votes securely, ensuring that each vote is counted
accurately and anonymously.

6. Voter Feedback:
Provide feedback to the voter, such as displaying selected choices, confirming the vote, and informing
voters if their selections are incomplete or invalid.

7. Security Measures:
Implement security features to protect the voting process. This can include tamper detection, encryption
of vote data, and secure storage.

8. Data Handling and Storage:

Develop code for securely storing vote data, ensuring data integrity and anonymity.
Consider using non-volatile memory (e.g., EEPROM) to store vote records.

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CODE:
// Libraries:
#include<LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
/* Add Zip: https://github.com/fdebrabander/Arduino-LiquidCrystal-I2C-
library */

// Configuration: LCD Display

const uint8_t I2C_Addr = 0x27; // I2C Address
const uint8_t lcdNumCols = 20; // LCD's number of columns
const uint8_t lcdNumRows = 4; // LCD's number of rows

// Objects:
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(I2C_Addr, lcdNumCols, lcdNumRows);

int VoteSwt_Pin[6] = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7};

int Buzzer_Pin = 8;
int LEDG_Pin = 10;
int LEDR_Pin = 9;
int ResultSwt_Pin = 11;

bool state;
unsigned long prevSwtPressTime = 0;
int vote[6];
int totalVote;

void setup() {
pinMode(Buzzer_Pin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(LEDG_Pin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(LEDR_Pin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ResultSwt_Pin, INPUT);

for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {

pinMode(VoteSwt_Pin[i], INPUT);
}

digitalWrite(Buzzer_Pin, LOW);
digitalWrite(LEDG_Pin, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LEDR_Pin, LOW);

Serial.begin(9600);

// Initialise the LCD display:

lcd.begin();
lcd.backlight();
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Please Vote");
}

void loop() {

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for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {

state = digitalRead(VoteSwt_Pin[i]);
Serial.print(i + 1);
Serial.print(" = ");
Serial.println(state);

if (state == 1) {
totalVote++;
Serial.print("Vote? = ");
Serial.print(i + 1);
Serial.print(" ");
vote[i]++;
Serial.println(vote[i]);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("You voted to ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Candidate ");
lcd.print(i + 1);

digitalWrite(Buzzer_Pin, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LEDG_Pin, LOW);
digitalWrite(LEDR_Pin, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(Buzzer_Pin, LOW);
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(LEDR_Pin, LOW);
digitalWrite(LEDG_Pin, HIGH);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Please Vote");
}
}
Serial.println();
delay(1);

if (digitalRead(ResultSwt_Pin) == 1) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
digitalWrite(Buzzer_Pin, HIGH);
delay(400);
digitalWrite(Buzzer_Pin, LOW);
delay(400);
}
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("1: ");
lcd.print(vote[0]);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("2: ");
lcd.print(vote[1]);

lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("3: ");
lcd.print(vote[2]);
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lcd.setCursor(10, 0);
lcd.print("4: ");
lcd.print(vote[3]);

lcd.setCursor(10, 1);
lcd.print("5: ");
lcd.print(vote[4]);

lcd.setCursor(10, 2);
lcd.print("6: ");
lcd.print(vote[5]);

lcd.setCursor(0, 3);
lcd.print("Total: ");
lcd.print(totalVote);

while(true);
}
}

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CHAPTER 3

APPLICATIONS

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3.1 Application:
1. Ballot design: Voting machine applications allow election officials to create and customize ballot
designs based on the specific requirements of the election. This includes selecting candidates, creating
contests, and arranging the ballot layout.

2. Voter authentication: These applications incorporate voter authentication mechanisms to ensure that
only eligible voters can cast their ballots. This may include methods such as voter ID verification,
biometric authentication, or scanning of voter registration cards.

3. Ballot casting: Voting machine applications provide an intuitive interface for voters to mark their
choices on the electronic ballot. This can be done through touchscreens, physical buttons, or other input
methods, depending on the specific voting machine hardware.

4. Accessibility features: To comply with accessibility requirements, voting machine applications often
include features such as audio voting, large font options, and compatibility with assistive devices like
braille keyboards or sip-and-puff devices.

5. Voter verifiability: Some voting machine applications incorporate a voter verifiability feature, where
voters can review their selections before submitting their ballot. This helps to ensure the accuracy of the
voting process and allows for immediate correction of any errors.

6. Results tabulation: Once the voting process is complete, voting machine applications assist in
tabulating and consolidating the results. These applications often include built-in algorithms to calculate
the final vote counts and generate reports.

7. Security measures: Voting machine applications implement various security measures to protect the
integrity and confidentiality of the voting process. This includes encryption of data, secure transmission
protocols, and access control mechanisms to prevent unauthorized access.

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CHAPTER 4

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

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4.1 ADVANTAGES

1. Efficiency: Voting machines can significantly reduce the time required to cast and count votes. The
electronic interface allows voters to mark their choices quickly, and the machine can automatically
tabulate and consolidate the results, eliminating the need for manual counting and reducing the
chances of errors.

2. Accuracy: Voting machines can help minimize human errors in the voting process. The electronic
interface ensures that votes are accurately recorded, reducing the likelihood of misinterpretation or
mistakes. Additionally, built-in algorithms can help detect and correct any inconsistencies or
discrepancies in the voting data.

3. Accessibility: Voting machines can be designed with accessibility features to accommodate voters
with disabilities or special needs. These features can include options for audio voting, enlarged fonts,
and compatibility with assistive devices, making the voting process more inclusive and accessible
to a wider range of individuals.

4. Speed of results: With voting machines, the tabulation and announcement of results can be
expedited. Once the voting process is complete, the machines can quickly and accurately calculate
the vote counts, allowing for faster declaration of results. This can help increase public confidence
in the electoral process

5. Cost savings: While the upfront costs of acquiring and maintaining voting machines may be
significant, in the long run, they can lead to cost savings. Electronic voting eliminates the need for
printing and distributing paper ballots, manual counting, and storage of physical records. It can also
reduce the need for extensive staffing on election day

6. Flexibility: Voting machines offer flexibility in terms of ballot design and customization. Election
officials can easily modify the ballot layout, add or remove contests or candidates, and make changes
based on specific election requirements. This can help accommodate different voting systems,
languages, or other regional variations

7. Security: Voting machines can incorporate robust security measures to protect the integrity of the
voting process. Encryption of data, secure transmission protocols, and access control mechanisms.

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4.2 DISADVANTAGES

1. Vulnerability to hacking: Voting machines can be susceptible to hacking or tampering, which raises
concerns about the security and integrity of the election process. If not properly secured, voting machines
can be targeted by malicious actors seeking to manipulate or disrupt the voting results. Ensuring robust
cybersecurity measures is essential to mitigate this risk.

2. Lack of transparency: The inner workings of voting machines can be complex and not easily
understood by the average voter. This can lead to a lack of transparency and trust in the voting process.
Voters may have concerns about how their votes are recorded, stored, and counted, especially when
there is no physical paper trail to verify results.

3. Technical malfunctions: Voting machines can experience technical glitches or malfunctions, leading
to operational issues on election day. This can cause delays, confusion, and potential disenfranchisement
of voters if machines are not promptly repaired or replaced. Regular maintenance and testing are crucial
to minimize the risk of technical failures.

4. Cost and dependency on technology: Implementing and maintaining voting machines can be
expensive, requiring significant upfront investments in hardware, software, and infrastructure.
Additionally, voting machines rely on technology, which can become outdated or obsolete over time,
necessitating costly upgrades or replacements.

5. Limited auditability: Some voting machines lack a paper trail or verifiable audit trail, making it
difficult to conduct post-election audits or recounts. Without a physical record, it can be challenging to
verify the accuracy of the electronic vote counts and address any potential discrepancies.

6. Accessibility challenges: While voting machines can be designed with accessibility features, there
may still be challenges for some voters with disabilities or limited technological proficiency. Ensuring
that all voters can effectively use the machines and have equal access to the voting process is crucial.

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CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION

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5.1Results:
Voting machine results refer to the tabulated and consolidated data obtained from electronic voting
machines after the completion of the voting process. These results represent the outcome of the election,
indicating the number of votes received by each candidate or option in the contest.

Once the voting process is complete, voting machines automatically calculate and generate the results
based on the votes cast by the voters. The machines tally the votes, taking into account any rules or
algorithms specified by the election officials. The results are typically stored electronically and can be
accessed by authorized personnel for review, analysis, and reporting.

Fig:5.1.1 Fig:5.1.2

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Fig:5.1.3 Fig:5.1.4

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CONCLUSION
• In conclusion, voting machines have both advantages and disadvantages in the electoral process.
They offer efficiency, accuracy, accessibility, and speed in casting and tabulating votes. Voting
machines can save costs in the long run and provide flexibility in ballot design. However, concerns
about hacking, lack of transparency, technical malfunctions, and cost dependency on technology
exist.

• To address these concerns, robust cybersecurity measures, transparency, and proper maintenance
are crucial. Ensuring a paper trail or verifiable audit trail can enhance the auditability of voting
machine results. Voter education and communication are essential to build trust and address public
perception.

• Ultimately, the successful implementation and use of voting machines depend on proper
regulations, security measures, ongoing evaluation, and public confidence. Striking a balance
between the advantages and disadvantages of voting machines is essential to ensure fair, accurate,
and transparent elections.

REFERENCES

[1] Mazidi, M. A., Mazidi, J. G., & McKinlay, R. D. (2005). The 8051 microcontroller and embedded
systems using assembly and C. Dept. of Computer Science and Information Engineering National
Cheng Kung University, TAIWAN

[2] Ali, M. M. (2007). The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems: Using Assembly and C.
Pearson Education India

[3] S. M. Ali et al., "Micro-controller based smart elec tronic voting machine system," IEEE
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume:
08 Issue: 07 | July 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529
| ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1270 International Conference on Electro/Information
Technology, 2014, pp. 438-442, doi: 10.1109/ EIT.2014.6871804.

[4] S. S. Ramaprasad, R. Swathi, K. N. Shireesha and V. S. Gavannawar, "Convenient and Secured

Voting System," 2018 3rd IEEE International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics,
Information & Communication Technology (RTEICT), 2018, pp. 2 1 4 5 - 2 1 4 9 , d o i : 1 0
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