Scribd
Upload
13 views7 pages

Lecture_2_Principles of C language (1)

The document outlines the principles of the C programming language, emphasizing the structure of functions, variable types, input/output operations, and control statements. It provides examples of basic C programs and explains the syntax for defining functions, declaring variables, and using operators. Additionally, it covers the use of control statements such as if-else, for, while, and switch to manage program flow.

Uploaded by

owenramos777
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views7 pages

Lecture_2_Principles of C language (1)

The document outlines the principles of the C programming language, emphasizing the structure of functions, variable types, input/output operations, and control statements. It provides examples of basic C programs and explains the syntax for defining functions, declaring variables, and using operators. Additionally, it covers the use of control statements such as if-else, for, while, and switch to manage program flow.

Uploaded by

owenramos777
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

Principles of C language

1. A C program consists of a set of functions.


2. A function in C is a code with the syntax:

type name(type var)


{
code.....
return value;
}

3. A function must be defined before it is used.


4. A function must return a value whose type must be declared (one
of int, float, double, char). The last line of a function must be a return xx; statement
where xx is a value to be returned upon exit.
5. A function must take arguments and must have a placeholder () even if there is no
argument.
6. The content of a function must be enclosed by "{" and "}".
7. A special function, int main(), is the one which is executed first (it is recommended
that this function returns an integer value of 0).
8. All the variables used within a function must be declared.
9. It is important to distinguish different types of numbers (examples shown).
Skeleton C programs
int main()
{
return 0;
}
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("Hello world\n");
return 0;
}

• link (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_standard_library) to the list of


functions defined in the ANSI standard C library.
• The first line, #include, is called a preprocessor directive, not part of the C program.

Another example

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main()
{
float x, y;

x = 6.28;

y=sin(x);

printf("Sine of %f is %f.\n", x, y);

return 0;
}
$ gcc -lm MyProgram.c; a.out
C variables
Type of variables

You must use the proper format in the printf and scanf functions.

Type Content Format Range Example


int integers %d −2147483647 ∼ +2147483647 10
float floating numbers %f ±2.9387e−39 ∼ ±1.7014e+38 3.14
−63 +63
double double precision floating %lf 2 ∼2 3.14159265358979
char characters %c ASCII code 'a'

/*Print a character*/
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char a='h';
printf("%c\n",a);
return 0;
}
/*Print an integer*/
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=10;
printf("%d\n",a);
return 0;
}
/* Print a floating number */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
float a=10.5;
printf("%f\n",a);
return 0;
}
/* Print floating numbers */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
float a, b=9.0, c;
a=10.0; c=-2.3;
printf("a = %f\n",a);
printf("c = %f\n",c);
return 0;
}
Input/Output
printf("format",argument);

Examples:
printf("Hello world !\n");
printf("Two integers are %d and %d.\n",a,b);
printf("Two floating numbers are %f and %f.\n",a,b);
printf("Three floating numbers are %f, %f and %f.\n",a,b,c);

Compare the following two programs:


#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a, b;
printf("Enter two integers separated by a comma = ");
scanf("%d, %d",&a, &b);
printf("a=%d b=%d\n", a, b);
return 0;
}
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a; float b;
printf("Enter an integer and a real number separated by a space = ");
scanf("%d %f",&a, &b);
printf("a=%d b=%f\n", a, b);
return 0;
}
Operators for variables
Symbol Meaning
< a < b ; a is less than b.
<= a < = b ; a is less than or equal to b.
> a > b ; a is greater than b.
>= a > = b; a is greater than or equal to b.
== a = = b ; a is equal to b.
!= a ! = b ; a is not equal to b.
if (a==b) printf("a and b are equal.\n"); else printf("a and b are not
equal.\n");

Logical operators:
Symbol Meaning
&& And
|| Or
! Not
if (a>0 && a<100) printf("a is between 0 and 100.\n");
if (a>0 || a<-5) printf("a is positive or less than -5.\n");
int a=20;
if (!(a==10)) printf("a is not equal to 10.");
if (a==10)
{ printf("You entered 10.\n");
return 0;
}
else ....

Increment/decrement operators
Symbol Meaning
++ b=++a a is incremented by 1 and assigned to b. Same as a=a+1;b=a;
b=a++ a is assigned to b first and incremented by 1. Same as b=a;a=a+1;
−− b=− −a a is decremented by 1 and assigned to b. Same as a=a−1; b=a;
b=a− − a is assigned to b first and decremented by 1. Same as b=a;a=a−1;
i=100;
i++;
is the same as
i=100;
i=i+1;
Substitution operators
Symbol Meaning
= a=b b is assigned to a.
+= a+=b a + b is assigned to a. Same as a=a+b;
−= a−=b a − b is assigned to a. Same as a=a−b;
*= a*=b a * b is assigned to a. Same as a=a*b;
/= a/=b a / b is assigned to a. Same as a=a/b;
%= a % = b Remainder of a / b is assigned to a. Same as a=a%b;
i=i+1
i+=1
i++
++i

The difference between ++i and i++ is that the former pre-increments i before any
operation while the latter post-increments i after the operation is done.
Control statements
The following are five statements that can control the flow of the program:
• if .... else
• for ( ; ; )
• while
• do while
• switch

if Statement

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;
printf("Enter an integer ");
scanf("%d",&i);

if (i>1 && i<100)


printf("The number is between 1 and 100.\n");
else
printf("The number is not in that range.\n");
return 0;
}

You might also like