RASCC 2020 IOP Publishing

Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1717 (2021) 012059 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1717/1/012059

All Optical 3-Bit Octal to Binary Code Converter using

Micro-Ring Resonator

M.Margarat1*, B.Elizabeth Caroline2, V.Nivedha3, S.Sowmiya4, D.Purushothaman5

1,2,3,4,5
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
IFET College of Engineering, Villupuram, Tamilnadu, India.

*[email protected]

Abstract. In the developing field of optical communication, Switching based Micro-Ring

Resonator (MRR) is used to design all-optical logic module. The MRR based logical module
configured as OR logic gate and 3 – bit octal to binary code converter (OCB) is designed
which has less computational errors and uses less digits than hexadecimal and decimal number
system. It is widely used in IT application for Linux, android, operating system and Mac for
computations. The proposed all optical OR gate and octal to binary code converter is designed
for 10 Gbps. Optimum values of MRR length and Coupling coefficient are calculated and
obtained values of Quality factor (QF) and Extinction ratio (ER) ensure reasonable
performance of the proposed system.
Keywords: Micro-ring resonator, All-optical logic gate, octal to binary code converter

1. Introduction
In the recent field of photonics, researches are undertaken for integrating a photonic and electronic
device in a single chip for computation and communication. This process are encouraged by
semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)[1], Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI)[2], semiconductor
laser amplifier(SLA) loop mirror[3] etc.,. The advantages of the system are parallelism; ultrafast speed
and bandwidth have made it possible for next – generation optical networks. Though it has many
advantages, lags in terms of aspect ratio which in turn reduces the effective use of chip area. Micro
ring resonator is ring waveguide and it work on coupled mechanism [4]. The wave rounds a trip in the
ring to produce a phase shift when it is equal to integer times of 2 . This produce constructive
interference. Ring resonator has many applications such as Switch [5], Modulation [6], Logic gate [7] .
Micro ring resonator is used to design and compute all logic gates some of them are AND [8], NAND
[9], XOR, XNOR logic gates [10] and Gray code generator [11].

In the proposed system non-linear micro ring resonator is used. The waveguide is tightly confined
with the ring. Silicon exhibit strong non-linearity, this leads to Kerr effect. It is also known as
quadratic electro-optic effect.
In this paper, 3 bit all-optical binary to gray code converter has been proposed using MRR,
configuration with the help of all-optical OR gate. Section II explains the micro ring resonator. Section
III explains the design and implementation of OR gate section IV explains about octal to binary code
converter. Section V explains the results and discussion.

2. Principle of Micro-Ring Resonator

Micro-ring resonator is the optical device consists of ring waveguide couples with two bus waveguide
used in CMOS fabrication technology which is suitable for monolithic application. If the resonator is

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RASCC 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1717 (2021) 012059 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1717/1/012059

made of a non-linear material, it acts as a logic switch. The control pulse generates free carriers in the
ring resonator due to the two-photon absorption (TPA) effect [12].
An MRR consists of four ports namely input and add port as input and through and drop port as
output port respectively. Due to constructive interference, it acts as a resoviour to accumulate the
power at particular wavelength. At resonance condition, the input signal shows high transmission at
drop port and low transmission at through port respectively shown in figure.2. Due to change in the
refractive index with response to the temperature of the material enable a correct measure of the
power-consumption [13]. The function of proposed system of the MRR consists of

1. It is the versatile component posses large spectral range and high wavelength selectivity
2. It consists of small footprint and narrow bandwidth
3. It is attractive due to low power consumption, ultra-fast speed and parallelism of light with
enormous bandwidth

The micro-ring resonator consists of four ports namely input and add port as an input and through
and drop port as the output with coupling co-efficient of K1 and K2 to couple the light signal into an
waveguide is shown in figure 1.The transmission of through and drop port at resonance is shown in
figure 2.

Fig.2 Transmission of output at wavelength (1550.5nm)

3. Operation of OR Gate

The input signal A and B are tuned to the resonance which represent the logic bits of 0’s and 1’s. The
continuous optical probe signal (0.5mv) is applies to the ring resonator for biasing them. When the
absence input signal A and B, there is no signal at the output port. Similarly, when either of the input
signal A, B or A and B the output is obtained at through port due to phase shift in the ring resonator.
The continuous wave (CW) is used as pumping of optical source to the MRR with the binary input of
logic 0’s and 1’s for input A and B respectively. The optical coupler is used to couple both the input

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RASCC 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1717 (2021) 012059 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1717/1/012059

and fed to the micro-ring resonator and the output is determined using signal plot at through and drop
port. The resonance wavelength can be calculated as

, m = 1, 2, 3 . . . (1)

Where is the resonant wavelength, L is the length of the ring (L = 2 r), r is the radius of the
ring, m is an integer representing the mode number, is the effective refractive index given
by ,where and are linear and non-linear refractive indices and I is intensity
of the pump signal. At 1550.5nm, the change in absorption coefficient and the change in refractive
index is given as [14]

(2)

(3)

The electric field of the through and drop port is given as [14]

[√ √ ( ) ( )]
( ) ( ) ( )
(4)
√

[ √ √ ( ) ( )]
( ) ( ) ( )
(5)
√

Where is the overall propagation loss of the ring, k1 and k2 is the propagation constant and L is
the length of the ring and the transfer function of the output is written in equation 6,7.

| |
(6)
| |
(7)

Where is the electric field of input, through and drop port respectively and
Tp is the transfer function of through port and Td is the transfer function of drop port. The
block diagram, schematic diagram and truth table of OR gate is shown in figure 3,4 and 5 respectively.
Simulation parameters used in the design are mentioned in Table 1.

Table .1 Simulation parameters of MRR

S.No Parameter Value

1 Wavelength 1550.5nm
2 CW power 5mW
3 Length 7 m
4 Coupling coefficient 0.5
5 Power at through port 1.12mW
6 Power at drop port 0.145mW

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RASCC 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1717 (2021) 012059 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1717/1/012059

Fig. 3 Block diagram of OR gate

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of OR gate

Fig. 5 Truth table for OR gate

4. Octal to Binary Converter

In telecommunication, code conversion techniques is used to convert code from one format to other
for securing the data while transmission [15]. The proposed octal to binary code converters is

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RASCC 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1717 (2021) 012059 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1717/1/012059

preferred for less computational errors where the word size is divisible by and it can be easily
implemented using three bits in binary numbers as ON and OFF switching at 10Gbps.It consists of
eight input of logic 1 or 0 from D0 to D7 and output are A, B and C at the output port. When all the
input is 0, then no output power at the through port. When either of one signal or both signals becomes
1, then the input power is transmitted via bus waveguide at the through port. The laser source is used
to pump the MRR and pseudo random bit generator is used to produce the input of either logic 0 or
1.the external modulator is used to modulate the incoming signal and the coupler is used to couple the
input signal. The coupled input is fed to the ring resonator based on which the desired output of A, B
and C determined. The schematic diagram for optical octal to binary (O-B) code converter is shown in
Condition for the octal to binary converter has the desired output of through port of A, B and C is
represented as

1. A = D1+D3+D5+D7
2. B = D2+D3+D6+D7
3. C = D4+D5+D6+D7

The output of (O-B) code converter is designed using OR logic gate so the output of each logic gate
is the sum of input signal and it has three output based on different combination of input signal. The
flow diagram of the proposed system is shown in figure 6.

Fig. 6 Flow diagram of proposed system

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RASCC 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1717 (2021) 012059 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1717/1/012059

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF O-B CONVERTER:

Fig. 7 Layout of the all-optical implementation of O-B converter in Rsoft Optsim tool

5. Result and Discussion

The output can be obtained by using different Simulation parameters is shown in table.1 and the
relationship between the input and output is numerically analyzed .the output of logic 0 and logic 1 is
shown in figure 8a,b and 9a,b respectively.

The extinction ratio is calculated using the maximum power at through port to the minimum power
at drop port and the output is 8.87dB

Extinction ratio (dB) =10*log( ) (8)

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RASCC 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1717 (2021) 012059 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1717/1/012059

The phase shift depends on coupling coefficient and length of the ring resonator is shown in equation
9.

( ) (9)

The coupling coefficient is used to couple the output power to the ring waveguide .the simulation
result shows that the increase in the value, the maximum power couples to the ring waveguide hence
the output shows minimum power at through port and maximum power at drop port. The optimum
value of coupling coefficient is 0.5. This is shown in figure 10.

OCTAL INPUT(mV) BINARY OUTPUT

(mV)
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A B C
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.12
0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.12 0
0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 1.12 1.12
0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1.12 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 1.12 0 1.12
0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 1.12 1.12 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1.12 1.12 1.12

Fig.10 Relation between coupling coefficient and output power

The length of the MRR is used to shift the output power and the length is directly proportional to
phase shift. When length increases as multiple of its value, phase shift occurs at the output port with
optimum value of 7 m is shown in figure 11.

Fig.11 Relation between length of MRR and output power

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RASCC 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1717 (2021) 012059 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1717/1/012059

6. Conclusion
All optical OR gate and 3-bit octal to binary code converter have been designed successfully with
nonlinear Micro ring resonator using Optsim. The performance metrics have been analyzed at a bit
rate of 10Gbps. The Extinction ratio is obtained as 8.87dB and the impact of MRR length and
coupling coefficient over the proposed system is analyzed and optimum values are obtained. The octal
to binary code converter is used when CPU changes to 32 to 64 bit octal no longer bits are used and
efficient for arithmetic operations.

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