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محاضره3

The document provides an overview of sterilization methods, including physical, chemical, and mechanical techniques used to eliminate microorganisms. It details various sterilization processes such as heat, radiation, and gas sterilization, as well as the distinction between antiseptics and disinfectants. Additionally, it discusses the growth curve of bacteria, outlining the four phases of bacterial growth: lag, logarithmic, stationary, and death phases.

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9 views6 pages

محاضره3

The document provides an overview of sterilization methods, including physical, chemical, and mechanical techniques used to eliminate microorganisms. It details various sterilization processes such as heat, radiation, and gas sterilization, as well as the distinction between antiseptics and disinfectants. Additionally, it discusses the growth curve of bacteria, outlining the four phases of bacterial growth: lag, logarithmic, stationary, and death phases.

Uploaded by

arkanbshar18
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Professor Dr. Taghreed Khudhur Mohammed Lecture 3 Dr.

Basim Al-Adhadh

Sterilization
Lecture 3

Dr. Basim Al-Adhadh


Professor Dr. Taghreed Khudhur Mohammed

First year anaesthesia Technique Deprtment


Medical Ishtar Institute

2024-2025

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Professor Dr. Taghreed Khudhur Mohammed Lecture 3 Dr. Basim Al-Adhadh

Sterilization
Sterilization: is a freeing of an article from all living microorganisms including
bacteria and their spores, viruses, yeasts, moulds (pathogenic and
nonpathogenic).

Methods of Sterilization:
• Physical methods.
• Chemical methods.
• Mechanical method.

Physical methods of sterilization:-


A -Heat sterilization
1) Dry heat sterilization
a. Red heat is used to sterilize wire loops, point end of forceps.
b. Flaming: used to sterilize mouth of tubes, and glass spreaders (flamed in
ethanol).
c. Incineration :used in pathological fuming materials
d. Hot air oven: to sterilize glassware (pipette, syringes, flask, glass Petri dishes)
(160-180) ˚C for 2-4 hr.

Conical flask, volumetric flask, Beaker, graduated cylinder, glass Petri dish

2
Professor Dr. Taghreed Khudhur Mohammed Lecture 3 Dr. Basim Al-Adhadh

2) Moist heat sterilization


A. Temperature below 100˚C, pasteurization (63˚C for 30 min), to
sterilize milk.
B. Temperature at 100 ˚C
• Boiling (5-10 min) to sterilize rubber tubes and glass syringes (kills all
non-spore-forming bacteria).
• Steaming (Tyndallization) steam for 30 min for 3 days, used to sterilize
gelatin media and sugar media.
C. Temperature above 100 ˚C (autoclave) the condition used in this
instrument (121˚C,15 min, 15 p/inch2), used for sterilization of:
• surgical tools and clothes
• culture media and to sterilize inoculated media
• Swab.
• D.W.
• Solutions sealed in containers ampuls, vials
• Bulk Solutions
• Glassware
• Instruments Intraoperative sterilization of metallic devices.
• metallic surgical instruments.

B -Radiation sterilization
• Nonionizing type, like ultra-violate rays, and infra-red (IR) rays.
• Ionizing type, like Gamma rays, X-ray, and Beta rays.
Ultraviolet Lampe (UV rays): Wavelengths 2500-2600 A°, (300 – 400
nanometers), Limited uses that even thin glass or moisture protect from UV rays.
Used in:
• sterile inoculation cabinets
• sterile operation rooms

C- GASEOUS STERILIZATION
Gases: formaldehyde, ethylene oxide
Ethylene Oxide: Kills germs by damaging their DNA-RNA.
Application: plastic syringes (disposable syringes), disposable Petri dishes.

Mechanical methods (Filtration): The material is affected by heat (Heat


sensitive solutions), Ex. (serum, protein, sugar, vaccine,
antibiotics, toxins, sterilized by filtration.

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Professor Dr. Taghreed Khudhur Mohammed Lecture 3 Dr. Basim Al-Adhadh

D-Others:
• pH
• Pressure
• Osmotic pressure

Chemical methods of sterilization


A- Antiseptic:
It is a chemical substance that kills microorganisms on living tissues, ex. 70%
alcohol, heptane, and 10% Dettol to sterilize hand.
B- Disinfectant:
IT is a chemical substance used to sterilize non-living objects, ex. Phenol, 5%
formalin to sterilize refrigerator, bench, and floor.
The disinfectant may be described either as:
• Bacteriostatic: any chemical substance which inhibits the growth and
multiplication of bacteria but does not necessarily kill them.
• Bactericidal: any chemical substance which kills the bacteria and their
spores.
• Sepsis: the presence of infection (M.O) in living tissue.
• Asepsis: Absence of infection (M.O) in living tissue.

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Professor Dr. Taghreed Khudhur Mohammed Lecture 3 Dr. Basim Al-Adhadh

Growth curve of bacteria


When bacteria are inoculated into a new culture media, they show a characteristic
growth curve which has four phases:
1- Lag phase: During this phase, bacteria exhibit
• An increase in size but not an increase in cell number.
• The bacteria are preparing for the synthesis of DNA, various enzymes, and
other components, which are for cell division.
• The lag phase varies in length with the conditions of the microorganisms
and the nature of the media.
2- Logarithmic(exponential) phase: During this period
• The cells divide steadily at a constant rate.
• The log of the number of cells is plotted against time results in a straight
line. Under appropriate conditions, the growth rate is maximal, and the
population is most nearly uniform in terms of chemical compositions of
cells, metabolic activity and other physiological characteristics.
3- Stationary phase: During this phase,
• The growth rate is equal to the death rate. (Living cells = dead cells).
• Food begins to run out.
• Poisonous waste products accumulate.
• pH changes, hydrogen acceptors are used up, and energy transfers are
diminished.
• The rate of fission begins to decline, and the organisms die in increasing
numbers.
4- Death (decline) phase:
Eventually, the number of viable bacterial cells begins to decline, signaling
the onset of the death phase. The kinetics of bacterial death, like those of growth,
are exponential.

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