Contents

Introduction ................................................................................................................2
Effect of Load Changes on a Synchronous Generator Operating Alone ...............2
Synchronous Generator working with Inductive load ...........................................3
Synchronous Generator working with Resistive Load ..........................................4
Generator working with Capacitive load ............................................................... 4
Voltage Regulation of the Synchronous Generator ...............................................5
Synchronous Generator Operating Alone Summary .............................................5
Methodology ..............................................................................................................6
Tools of Experiment: ............................................................................................. 6
Connection Diagram ..................................................................................................6
Simulation by MATLA .............................................................................................. 7
Pure Resistance Load ............................................................................................. 7
Indictive Load ........................................................................................................8
Capacitive Load ..................................................................................................... 8
Discussion ..................................................................................................................9
conclusion ..................................................................................................................9
References ..................................................................................................................9

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Introduction
The performance of the synchronous generator with different load relies on the P.F
of the load and the at its working conditions either it is working separately or with
some other generator. There are many factors that affect the working of the
synchronous generator.
In today’s post to see the operation of the synchronous generator, we will construct
a phasor diagram and will observe the effect of the armature resistance RA. so let’s
get started with the Synchronous Generator Operating Alone.
Effect of Load Changes on a Synchronous Generator Operating Alone
• To study the features of the generator when it is working alone we connect
the load with it.
• A given diagram shows the load connected with the generator.

• If we increase the connected load, then there will be automatically

incremented in the active power (P) or reactive (Q) of the generator.
• By increment in the load also increases the value of current that used by the
load celled load current (IL).
• As the field windings resistance is not varied, so field current also has same
value due to these two constants the flux generated by the field current also
constant.
• Subsequently, the prime mover also moving the rotor of the generator with
the same velocity.
• As the field current, flux, and field resistance all are constant, so the internal
generated voltage EA will also constant.
• EA= Køw

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 • As the internal generated voltage is constant, if we vary the load and find the
effect of the variation in the load we will draw different loads phasors
diagram and discuss them.
• To study variation effect of the load we connect three different loads
inductive, capacitive and resistive. Then see their results by phasor
diagrams.
Synchronous Generator working with Inductive load
• As the generator is connected with the inductive load its power factor will be
lagging.
• If we increase the amount of the load connected at similar P.F, due to
increment in the load the armature current also increases, but its angle ø with
the terminal voltage Vø has similar value as before changing.
• So, the armature reaction voltage jXsIA also increases but still has a similar
angle as before load increment.
• EA = Vø + jXsIA
• jXsIA must draw amid Vø and EA at an angle of zero degrees, it is the factor
that has the same value as before load variation.
• If we make a phasor diagram among the Vø, EA, and jXsIA, so we can observe
that there is one point at jXsIA that can be parallel to its previous position as
before load increment.
• The resultant phasor diagram is shown here.

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Synchronous Generator working with Resistive Load
• Now if we connect the resistive load with the generator, from the given phasor
diagram we can observe that the value of the terminal or phase Vø will decreases.

Generator working with Capacitive load

• Let’s suppose now the load connected with the generator is capacitive. The value
of the phase voltage will increase this time. You can see the capacitive load effect
in a given figure.
• By analyzing the effect of the three loads on the generator we conclude three facts
that are described here.
• If we connect inductive load with the synchronous generator Vø and terminal
voltage Vt will decrease largely.
• In the case of the resistive load, there will slightly decrease in the Vø and
terminal voltage Vt.If the load is capacitive then the Vø and terminal voltage
Vt will increase.

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Voltage Regulation of the Synchronous Generator
• We can very easily compare the voltage performance of the 2 generators by their
voltage regulation.
• The formula of the voltage regulation is given here.
VR = [(Vnl – Vfl)/ Vfl] x 100%
• In this equation, Vnl is the no-load voltage of the generator and the Vfl is the rated
voltage of the generator.
•

• If the synchronous generator is connected with the inductive load its voltage
regulations are highly positive.
• If the load is resistive then the voltage regulation is less positive.
• If the load is capacitive then the voltage regulation is negative.
• Usually, it is necessary to maintain the voltage level provided to the load, either
load itself is changing or not.
• To keep voltage constant changes the internal generated voltage if the load is
changing.
• As we know.
EA= Køw
• As the speed is constant so we can control internal generated voltage by speed
changing, an option is to vary the flux of the rotor.
• Let’s take an example, let’s assume that the inductive load is connected with the
generator. As we have discussed above terminal voltage will decrease with the
increase of the inductive load.
• To again maintain the voltage to last value, decrease the field resistance.
• The decrement in the field resistance will increase the field current, which
increase the flux.
• Flux increment will increase the internal generated voltage EA, which will increase
the phase voltage and the terminal voltage.
Synchronous Generator Operating Alone Summary
• We can summarize this explanation as.
• The decrement in the field resistance will increase the value of the field current.
• Increment in the field current will increase the flux.
• Flux increment will increase the internal generated voltage EA.
• Increment in the internal generated voltage will increase the phase voltage.
• If you have to decrease the terminal voltage, then do all the steps from last to first.
It is very easy to maintain the terminal voltage with the change in the load by just
controlling the field current.

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Methodology
Tools of Experiment:

➢ 1 × Synchronous Generator
➢ 1 × Dc motor
➢ 1 × Taco Generator
➢ 2 × Ammeter
➢ 2 × Voltammeter
➢ 1 × Resistor set
➢ 1 × Indictive set
➢ 1 × Capacitive set
➢ AC power supply
➢ Dc power supply
➢ A connection wires

Connection Diagram

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Simulation by MATLA

Pure Resistance Load

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Indictive Load

Capacitive Load

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Discussion
As shown in the curve that have been obtain from MATLAB, the synchronous
generator is affected by the type of load or the power factor of the load as
shown the pure resistance gives the full power that generated by the generator.
In the other hands the indicative load and capacitive load, these two types are
causing phase shift between the current and the voltage. In the indicative load
the current lag by 90°. In the capacitive load the current lead by 90°. Note in
some cases the capacitive load is used to cancel the effect of indicative load and
is called capacitive bank.

conclusion
Stand-alone operation of a synchronous generator is in some ways the simplest form
of operation. This method of operation is not as common as parallel operation of
synchronous generators. Stand-alone operation may typically be used in two cases:
Emergency back-up when the power grid fails
Remote, off-grid generation
Even in some of the above cases, a number of generators may operate in parallel. If
stand-alone operation is used, a generator is connected to a load and is responsible
for supplying all power and reactive power required by the load.
Pgen=Pload
Qgen=Qload
Assuming a balanced load, each supply line from the generator will carry the same
current. If the generator is wye connected the per-phase circuit of the stand alone
system can be thought of as a simple single phase circuit where ZLoad is the
equivalent phase impedance of a wye connected load.

References
➢ https://www.theengineeringknowledge.com/synchronous-generator-
operating-
alone/#:~:text=If%20we%20connect%20inductive%20load,voltage%20Vt%
20will%20increase.
➢ https://www.electrically4u.com/effect-of-load-on-synchronous-motor/
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