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Streetscape Enhancement for Supporting City Tourism Development

Article in International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation · February 2020

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I3/PR200839

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International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 03, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

Streetscape Enhancement for Supporting City

Tourism Development
Fabiola B. Saroinsong* and Recky H. E. Sendouw

Abstract--- Cities all over the world are facing strong competition in terms of attracting tourists. In tourism
specifically, the competitive advantage is determined by services orientation and tourism characteristics of the city.
Image of a city and tourist real experience directly impacts tourist satisfaction and selling point for the city.
Streetscape design plays an important role in affecting the perception and experience of a city. This article reviews the
streetscape enhancement for maintaining and improving Tomohon City’s physical and visual that support tourism
development. The community and environmental context, elements and conditions which are investigated and
analyzed include 3 main categories: 1. Ecological conditions: natural values, topography, climatic condition,
wastes disposal. 2. Community and socio-economic conditions: resources, activity types, community’s
craftsmanship, traditions, informal vendors. 3. Cultural values, infrastructure and architectural conditions: urban
form, architectural details, visual identity (city visual image), road, pedestrian path and bridge condition, land use,
materials, streetscape elements, land values, infrastructure. There are five zones of the streetscape, which are gateway,
agricultural land, rest area, residential neighborhood, along commercial corridors and public service area. Some designs of
streetscape elements are proposed with concern about maintaining a high quality-built environment, building city
identity, highlighting good views, and connecting people to amenities and services.

Keywords--- Streetscape Elements Design, Tourism Development, Urban Streetscape, Tomohon, Indonesia.

I. INTRODUCTION
Tourism development can alleviate poverty, conserve nature, environment and resources, develop
culture(Akpan, 2012; Evans, 2016). Cities are facing strong competition in term of global tourist market. They need
promoting attractive and distinctive sense of city.

The tourism development in Tomohon City has a great opportunity with its various potentials, among others, the
attractive nature-based tourism,craftmanship local community, some beautiful views and natural resources, cool
temperature whole year, as described as follows.

1. Natural resources and phenomena - Tomohon City is surrounded by 3 mountains namely Mount Lokon,
Gunung Mahawu, and Gunung Masarang. Tomohon City also has a mountainous and hilly topography from
north to south. In addition, there are also waterfalls Tapahan Telu Tinoor, Lahendong forest. It is still
equipped with the existence of biodiversity, including native and endemic species of flora and fauna.
2. Tomohon City is located at an altitude of ± 700 m above sea level (asl) and kind of cool and comfortable for
many outdoor and indoor tourist activities.
3. Horticulture in general, and more specific floriculture, has been well developed by local community.

Fabiola B. Saroinsong*, Sam Ratulangi University, North Sulawesi Indoesia. E-mail: [email protected]
Recky H. E. Sendouw, Universitas Negeri Manado.

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I3/PR200839
Received: 14 Jan 2020 | Revised: 02 Feb 2020 | Accepted: 08 Feb 2020 871
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 03, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

4. The location is close to the capital of North Sulawesi Province, Manado City (Tomohon-Manado is ± 22.0
km) with good access, making Tomohon directly related to the tourist destinations of Manado City.
Tomohon City is also connected to other famaous tourist destinations of Tondano City such as Lake
Tondano and PuncakUrongo. Tomohon-Tondano is ± 15.0 km away.
Tomohon City Development Vision according to Tomohon City Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMD) -
Changes of the Year 2016-2021 is: "Empowering religious, democratic, prosperous, and environmental friendly
community towards world-level tourist destination city". However, Tomohon City, just like other cities that working
on tourism development, is facing strong competition in terms of attracting tourists. In tourism specifically, the
competitive advantage is determined by services orientation and tourism characteristics of the city.

The Tomohon City Development Program as the City of Flower has been established and supported by the law
as the legal basis for its implementation. Some of the local regulations are:

• No. 7 of 2008 dated 14 March 2008, concerning the determination of Tomohon City as the City of Flower.
• No 8 Year 2008 Date 14 March 2008 on the establishment of Tomohon Flower Festival program (2 years).
• No. 11 Year 2008 dated 24 March 2008 concerning Floriculture Business Development in Tomohon City.
Departing from some of the foundations mentioned above then the general theme set as follows.This article
reviews the streetscape enhancement for maintaining and improving Tomohon City’s physical and visual that
support tourism development.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Tourism products is an experience. Thus, it can be understood that the effort to create and or improve the quality
of tourist experience is crucial to the success of tourism development in a region(Embaby, 2015; Evans, 2016;
Botha, Saroinsong, Kalangi, 2017). Tourists who are satisfied with their experience and the image of a place usually
have a desire to return again. In addition, she/he will not hesitate to tell his good experiences to others so that it
serves as a mouth advertisement or be a good social media reporter. Tourist’s needs should be effectively identified
and satisfied; the sector would become attractive, viable and sustained (Akpan, 2012).

When people visit or pass through a place or city, they experiencing the essence of the city or the area that
naturally occurred along its main streets (Embaby, 2015; Hartanti, 2007; Jordan, 2016). Visitors experience about
streetscape character composed by scenery, structures and buildings, trees, and other elements along the street are
recorded and create an image of the city. With low quality of design, a streetscape can negatively affect the visual
image of a city and visitors’ satisfaction, and consequently the place of the city globally.If a city’s streetscape looks
dull, the city looks unattractive (Hartanti, 2007). Some studies conclude the importance of developing urban
environment visual image in cities, through directing urban planners and designers to the important role of
streetscape in achieving sustainable development, in addition to identify the methods of application of sustainability
in streetscape (Embaby, 2015; Hartanti, 2007; Jordan, 2016; Rehan, 2013).

One of the major challenges facing many cities in trying to bring about sustainable tourism development is in the
area of determining effective management structure or approach applicable in the sector. Many requirements and

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I3/PR200839
Received: 14 Jan 2020 | Revised: 02 Feb 2020 | Accepted: 08 Feb 2020 872
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 03, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

design considerations must be taken into account in sustainable urban design for streets. There are three main
principles of sustainable streetscape, they are urban principles, economic principles, and environmental principles.
Furthermore, four main points of streetscape including legibility, comfort and safety, attractiveness, and liveliness as
the following (Rehan, 2013).

Legibility: Legibility is a characteristic whereby a city is easily understood by residents and visitors and allows
them to move about in the city with ease. Important streets and squares must therefore look important – they must be
surrounded by stately buildings and lined by tall trees, must have wide roadways and sidewalks, specialstreet
furniture and ample light at night’’ (Jordan, 2016; Rehan, 2013). We propose to characterize Tomohon City based
on City Development Program as the City of Flower.

Comfort and safety: Each streetscape must be functional. This means that it must be responsive to the needs of
all its users, motorized and non-motorized alike. In other words, it has to be designed and furnished for comfort and
safety of all: pedestrians, drivers, strollers, street cafe´ patrons, shoppers, sightseers, etc.(Feizi, Ahmadi, & Ahmadi,
2014; Hartanti, 2007; Jordan, 2016; Rehan, 2013).

Attractiveness: All streetscape elements should be aesthetically pleasing, to improve the visual image for any
city, and to achieve sustainability(Embaby, 2015; Feizi et al., 2014; Garu Muni Wathsala Lakpriya Gunawardena,
Kubota Yoichi, & Kiyotaka Fukahori, 2015; Hartanti, 2007; Jordan, 2016; Rehan, 2013). This will not be achieved
without applying the suitable design rates at the level of urban design.

Liveliness: Streetscape must not function as mere movement and infrastructure corridors. Streetscape should
supports healthy urban communities. Depending on their role in a broader urban context, they must be designed as
lively spaces where people can see other people and be seen, where they can meet and interact. To achieve
sustainable urban design of the streetscape, the principle of liveliness should be taken into account.The image of the
city and its attractiveness to visitors to a large extent depend on its street life(Garu Muni Wathsala Lakpriya
Gunawardena et al., 2015).

The following streetscale elements can improve the clarity of the path (Jordan, 2016):

a. Continuity of pedestrian and vehicle mobility

• Sidewalk should provide continue pedestrian lane from the start point to the main touristattraction. It is also
important to emphasize the store entrance alongthe path by the sidewalk pattern, and color. Moreover, the
material and color of the city floorshould be clear to differentiate the functions.
• Trees and landscape strip to provide shade for pedestrian. It should not place in front of theentrance and
cover the store sign.
• Street furniture such as store sign, route guide, parking sign, street lamp to emphasize aparticular area and
provide rest area in the path and the open space with the Chinese elementdesign.
• Crossing should provide to connect the shopping strip and the focal point area with a sign and must be
separated from parking area.

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I3/PR200839
Received: 14 Jan 2020 | Revised: 02 Feb 2020 | Accepted: 08 Feb 2020 873
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 03, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

b. Clear visual view

• Planters placed beside the store door to define the building’s entrance.
• Median can divide and clear the path view.
c. Direction and turn guidance

• Street furniture such as signage can guide the next route of the turn and node. It shows the direction to the
commercial features and tourism spots.
• Some types of trees have a role as guide to travel inside the path. It should guide the people to the next route
and the focal point of area.
• Curbs are important element to distinguish the pedestrian and vehicle lane. It forms a line that can lead the
vehicle to travel through the path. Curbs area consists of bollard with the same color with other furniture to
border the sidewalk and the open space

III. METHODOLOGY
1) This study was conducted in Tomohon City, Province of North Sulawesi, Indonesia. particularly the
streetscape of the North-South mainstreet. The observed streetscape is that along North-South mainstreet of
Tomohon City, which traverse successive villages as follows: Tinoor 2 - Tinoor 1 – Kinilow - Kinilow 1 -
Kakaskasen 1 - Kakaskasen 2 - Kakaskasen 3 – Kakaskasen – Kamasi - Kolongan and Paslaten – Walian - Talete 1 -
Paslaten 1- Paslaten 2 - Matani 2 and Kamasi - Kolongan 1 - Matani 3 - Walian 1 – Lansot – Tumatangtang -
Tumatangtang 1 – Lahendong.
2) This study covers several stages of activity as below.
a. Preparations, covering preliminary studies on Tomohon.
b. Data collection related to existing condition including physical and natural environment, social culture and
economy in general Tomohon City through desk study and field observations.
c. Data analysis is performed to identify common conditions, problems and potentials, problems and
shortcomings, strengths and threats related to planning, design and streetscape management.
d. Formulation of the concept of streetscape enhancement to support the development of Tomohon City
tourism and compile streetscape management advice and examples of streetscape element design in main road
Tomohon City.
3) This study was conducted in Tomohon City, Province of North Sulawesi, Indonesia. particularly the
streetscape of the North-South mainstreet. The observed streetscape is that along North-South mainstreet of
Tomohon City, which traverse successive villages as follows: Tinoor 2 - Tinoor 1 – Kinilow - Kinilow 1 -
Kakaskasen 1 - Kakaskasen 2 - Kakaskasen 3 – Kakaskasen – Kamasi - Kolongan and Paslaten – Walian - Talete 1 -
Paslaten 1- Paslaten 2 - Matani 2 and Kamasi - Kolongan 1 - Matani 3 - Walian 1 – Lansot – Tumatangtang -
Tumatangtang 1 – Lahendong.
4) The community and environmental context, elements and conditions which are investigated and analyzed
include 3 main categories:

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I3/PR200839
Received: 14 Jan 2020 | Revised: 02 Feb 2020 | Accepted: 08 Feb 2020 874
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 03, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

5) Ecological conditions: natural values, topography, climatic condition, wastes disposal.

6) Community and socio-economic conditions: resources, activity types, community’s craftsmanship, traditions,
informal vendors.
7) Cultural values, infrastructure and architectural conditions: urban form, architectural details, visual identity
(city visual image), road, pedestrian path and bridge condition, land use, materials, streetscape elements, land
values, infrastructure.

IV. RESULTS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Ecological Conditions

Nature values

After passing the north gateway of the Tomohoncity, there is a still a very long pause before reaching the
residential area in general or downtown area (Figure 1). Based on observations, scenic vistas -whether to expansive
open space areas within the city or to the mountains beyond- are a key element of the nature of Tomohon City’s
streetscape (Figure 2). The city’s varied topography provides beautiful panoramic views to Manado City, Mount
Tumpa, Manado Tua Island, sea, agroforestry landscape, Mount Lokon, Mount Masarang, and Mount Tampusu.

Figure 1: General Condition of Streetscape Between the North Gate and the Settlement Area.

Figure 2: Beautiful Natural Views from Mainstreet (Mount Masarang and Mount Lokon)

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I3/PR200839
Received: 14 Jan 2020 | Revised: 02 Feb 2020 | Accepted: 08 Feb 2020 875
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ISSN: 1475-7192

4.2 Community and Socio-economic Conditions

In the city of Tomohon found several stalls where to sell plants for the manufacture of landscape plants as well
as kiosks of cut flowers either that have not or have been strung. The existence of these stalls became one of the
characteristics of Tomohon City and is a potential that needs to be managed.

Figure 3: Some Stalls of Landscape Plants and Cut Flowers Stores that Characterize the Streetscape of Tomohon
City
4.3 Cultural Values, Infrastructure and Architectural Conditions

Indeed, with the city development plan as tourist destination city, Tomohon City should have a reception area
which is capable of performing functions as a greeter area of its visitors as well as the function of the information
giver and the identity of the city.

Figure 4: North Gate of Tomohon City

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I3/PR200839
Received: 14 Jan 2020 | Revised: 02 Feb 2020 | Accepted: 08 Feb 2020 876
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 03, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

In addition to the improvement of the physical structure, the rearrangement of the northern gateway needs to be
done. First, the use of ornamental plants with the dominance of green at this time needs to be replaced with
ornamental plants are more colorful than the color of flowers and leaves. This is because the background of the park
itself has been dominated by the green color with the trees. The use of flowering ornamental plants is needed
because it is related to the effort to show the characteristic of Tomohon City as the City of Flowers. In addition, it is
necessary to increase the length of the park with a theme to reinforce the impression moreover this park enjoyed
from vehicles that are going through it.

Figure 5: Green Line of Streetscape around the North Gate.

Rest Area

Streetscape near rest area has very beautiful views either to around the rest area itself, as well as a view towards
Manado City, sea, and Mount Tumpa. Physical structure of rest area in the form of pole buildings with the center of
the tower of view decorated with statue of Bird Manguni need to be managed properly. The dominance of the
physical structure needs to be balanced with an aesthetic garden. The dominant green view around rest area can be
enhanced by flowering ornamental plants.

Sidewalk

Sidewalks or pedestrian path are made along streetscape in settlement area and in the center of Tomohon City.
The sidewalks are directly adjacent to the road while the down sidewalk is a water channel making it difficult to
make planting holes or planting directly on the ground. However, its usage is disrupted because of electricity poles,
broken, dark at night, or already covered by trees and weeds (Figure 6).

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I3/PR200839
Received: 14 Jan 2020 | Revised: 02 Feb 2020 | Accepted: 08 Feb 2020 877
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 03, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

Figure 6: Some points of the Sidewalks are Disrupted Because of Electricity Poles, Broken, Dark at Night, or
Already Covered by Trees and Weeds.

Figure 7: The bridge grip is rusty.

In the green that are found along the North-South main street, the existing vegetation were recorded. The high
vegetation constitutes only of trees of Samaneasaman. In the central area of the city, there are rows of
Samaneasaman trees planted tightly between the asphalt road and the sidewalk. In some area, these trees are planted
on the asphalt road after making small holes at street (Figure 8). The presence of various types of trees on the edge
of the road, pedestrian and in the city parks create the comfort, beauty, and serve ecological functions (Brown,
Vanos, Kenny, & Lenzholzer, 2015; de Groot, Alkemade, Braat, Hein, & Willemen, 2010; Díaz et al., 2007; Fadli
Rahman, Josephus I. Kalangi, 2018; Saroinsong, F., J I. Kalangi, 2017; Yusviana Botha, Fabiola B. Saroinsong,
2017). Trees in streetscape can reduce air temperature by blocking sunlight, reduce wind speed, absorb and block
noise and reduce glare, absorb carbon dioxide and potentially harmful gasses, such as sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide, from the air and release oxygen, help settle out and trap dust, pollen and smoke from the air, and can
create an ecosystem to provide habitat and food for birds and other animals. The planting of this tree species,
Samaneasaman, receives the attention of researchers, because naturally this tree can grow large with roots that can
damage asphalt roads, sidewalks, and waterways under the sidewalk. For the best use of plants, there are several

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I3/PR200839
Received: 14 Jan 2020 | Revised: 02 Feb 2020 | Accepted: 08 Feb 2020 878
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 03, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

things to consider in the selection of plants. They are, compatibility with the local climate, presence or absence of
obstacles to a particular view, root and canopy growth, environmental stress resistance, maintenance needs.

Figure 8: Planting of Trees in Centre of Tomohon City

We found many rusty signageand old decorative lights that are no longer working or broken some parts (Figure
9). Not only with the reasons for revamping the face of the city, but also the security, the immediate handling is
really needed. Some of the dustbins along the main road were broken so that cause problems with both visualization
and bad smell (Figure 10). There are points where the sidewalks cannot be used anymore because of hole or
unmanaged plants (Figure 11).

Figure 9: Condition of Some Information Boards Requiring Repairs or even Replacement

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I3/PR200839
Received: 14 Jan 2020 | Revised: 02 Feb 2020 | Accepted: 08 Feb 2020 879
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 03, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

Figure 10: Dangerous Street Lights.

Figure 11: Broken Trash Bin.

OpoTololiu Monument Garden is located in a busy lane of mobility of motor vehicles but at the same time easily
attract people because it is at the crossroads. The fountain conditions that have been damaged cause water puddle
problems (Figure 12). Plants that are currently growing seem not yet well designed and managed. The overall
appearance of the monument OpoTololiu Monument Garden needs to be redesigned so that this streetscape element
becomes one of the accessories that support the appearance of the city.

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I3/PR200839
Received: 14 Jan 2020 | Revised: 02 Feb 2020 | Accepted: 08 Feb 2020 880
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 03, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

Figure 12: OpoTololiu Monument.

There is still no any attractive public art located throughout the north streetscape. Even though, public art plays
an important role in relating the story and identity of the city, creating a landmark and city legibility, and in creating
opportunity for residents and visitors to participate and share in its development (Jordan, 2016; Rehan, 2013).

4.4 Enhancement of Tomohon City’s Streetscape

The observed streetscape requires pedestrian-oriented amenities, such as outdoor seating, plazas, public art,
lighting, pavement detail, shading devices and plants, and enhanced shelters. There is a need to promote excellence
in the design of landscaping lighting and signage in all commercial and residential developments by means of design
guidelines for each type of use. Tomohon City also need parking area in the middle of the city considering the effort
to enhance view and amenity.

There is close relationship between landscape planning, design, implementation and management with tourism
development.Sustainable streetscapes can be defined as ‘‘multimodal rights of way designed and operated to create
benefits relating to movement, ecology and community that together support a broad sustainability agenda
embracing the three E’s: environment, equity, and economy’’, and implementing sustainable urban streets can create
more livable communities and support tourism development (Evans, 2016; Feizi et al., 2014; Rehan, 2013). The
planning and development of TomohonCity management as a sustainable tourism area demands special attention to
the sustainability of environmental supporting capacity. Management measures should be in accordance with the
objectives of environmental protection, economic and regional culture. In designing process, designs are directed to
the extent of using local materials, applying environmentally friendly techniques, local architecture, nature and
characteristics of the local environment, always keeping the standards tested so that the landscape of the city is truly
can support tourism activities optimally. Tomohon City Community as an integral part of Tomohon City tourism
development is a huge potential so that its empowerment in tourism development in general and arrangement of
landscape to support tourism in particular, is not an option but a necessity.

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I3/PR200839
Received: 14 Jan 2020 | Revised: 02 Feb 2020 | Accepted: 08 Feb 2020 881
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 03, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

Streetscape must meet environmental principles to achieve sustainable street. Planting is a solution that reduce
impacts on environmental resources, and minimize impacts on the natural environment, encourage and support
biodiversity.We propose using various plants not only for increasing an aesthetic visual character, but also because
of its good contribution in urban ecosystem health (Feizi et al., 2014; Garu Muni Wathsala Lakpriya Gunawardena
et al., 2015; Rehan, 2013). Plantings also help to keep the sidewalks comfort and minimize the negative impact,
temperature, pollution, and glare, of the street. Size of trees canopy is chosen properly based on environment
condition. Tree species for central area of Tomohon City have smaller canopy than those for streetscape in
residential area. Plants for this streetscape of main street are particularly well adapted to the harsh conditions of
urban environment. Planting urban-tolerant canopy trees was important in mitigating the urban heat island effect,
which referred to the rise in temperature in urban areas as a result of solar heat absorbed by large areas of pavement.
However, selection of tree species for streetscape should concern several things.

Along the proposed streetscape design enhancement, we also highlight the consideration of as much as can
environmentally friendly techniques in Tomohon City’s streetscape design and construction. It includes sustainable
features such as: water efficiency, energy efficiency, use of recycled materials, improve trash disposal management,
management of surface water and sustainable materials.

In order to achieve sustainability in streetscape at the economical level, the economic principles are also
considered. Streetscape must create a good environment for people to visit, do proper activties and gather (Rehan,
2013). Social and economic interactions are communal goals of a good streetscape design. So sustainable streetscape
aims to:

• Improve environmental quality and increase local community and tourists comfort by improving air quality,
reduce heat island effects, improve water quality, and reduce light pollution (Fadli Rahman, Josephus I.
Kalangi, 2018; Rehan, 2013; Saroinsong, F., J I. Kalangi, 2017).
• Sustain social well-being by making the streetscape fit enough for public walking and gathering places
where social interaction can occur on a regular basis, and encourage tourism outdoor activities (Dahmann,
Wolch, Joassart-Marcelli, Reynolds, & Jerrett, 2010; Rehan, 2013).
• Sustain economic vitality by reducing consumption of material resources.
• Sustain limited natural resources regionally by reducing energy use, water use, and storm water runoff by
increasing permeable surface area and landscaping.
• Sustain city selling points by improving the visual image for any city (Evans, 2016).
• Facilitate and encourage walking, shopping and window shopping, and other recreational activities, day and
night. Streetscape improvement could be reached by providing comfortable separation of pedestrians from
vehicular, trash receptacles, and pedestrian lighting.
Along with physical improvement, there is a need for efforts to accommodate the role and participation of the
community in streetscape management and tourism development, and the steps that need to be done for the
development of tourism benefits the local community both from the socio-cultural and economic aspects such as (de
Groot et al., 2010; Lucey & Barton, 2011)

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ISSN: 1475-7192

• Empowerment local community in serving tourism attraction and being good hosts.
• Training, capacity building, and assistance in the manufacture of handicraft and souvenir products.
• Training as a guide as well as supporting staff in tourism services.
The results of the analysis of the landscape of the northern reception area and the North-South main road are
then processed, created in the form of several products as follows:

Making a theme (Universality)  Division  Distinction

After setting a street landscape theme for whole main street of Tomohon City, we then make the division of it
and the differentiation or specification in the design of each section.

The defined theme has implication to the selection of plants used in the streetscape. It gives priority to flowering
plants with the consideration of ecological values as well as community’s sosiocultural values.

City Gate

The city gate of Tomohon City expresses "welcome" to the visitors as well as bears the function of introducing
the identity of Tomohon City. Based on the function, the reception area is marked by the existence of a city gate or
also known as City Gate.

The gate of the city is a building that serves as a border area. In the past, city gates in addition to functioning as
borders also functioned as bastions, for example as in the State of Egypt. This country, as well as other countries,
possesses and develops a strong self-defense in an attempt to fend off enemy attacks from outside. The city of Cairo
served as the capital of Egypt from the beginning of the founding of the country was built in such a way that it was
strengthened by a formidable defense to keep the country and its citizens safe from all sorts of enemy attacks at any
time.

Nowadays, City Gate is more a marker of entry into a city or area. City Gate in general is a building that
symbolize or express the city, or lift the hallmark of a city, represents the identity of the city. Attractive appearance
not only through physical building structures but no less important is by landscaping or garden arrangement.
Moreover, in relation to the emphasis identity of Tomohon City as the City of Flowers then the selection and
arrangement of plants, especially flowering plants become the main thing.

Sometimes City Gate connects directly, otherwise it becomes an area with rest area (rest area). In such cases,
City Gate is also designed and organized in such a way that it displays tourist information, there are activities in the
economic field that are directly related to the needs of visitors, as well as providing the necessary public services.

Streetscape between Tomohon City North City Gate - Rest Area

Climatological conditions are still dominant climatological conditions of lowland areas. Thus, the selection of
plants during design should consider this.Efforts to show the theme Flower City, green lines outside urban areas
were given a touch through flowering shrub plants. In addition, shade trees are not only green but also trees that
produce flowers. Surely without putting aside the goal to absorb pollutants and soil and water conservation efforts.

Park in Front Rest Area.

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Rest area with excellent view potential and attractive physical structure that has been built needs to be supported
by the arrangement of the landscape that adds to the attraction of people / tourists. The use of various flowers in this
area needs to be directed as an attractive foreground of the dominant physical structure as well as the dominance of
the green color of the trees around the rest area to the far area behind it.

Streetscape between Rest Area – the Centre Area of City

It is a transition area between the lowlands and the highlands.Likewise with the green line between the north gate
and the rest area, the effort to showcase the theme of Flower City is also done in this area by giving a touch with
plants that produce flowers.

OpoTololiu Monument

Both plants and plants used in OpoTololiu Roundabout Park are selected in bright or bright colors so that it is
easy to attract the attention of people both day and night and. This is because its position is located at the
intersection of the road as well as the busy lane of motor vehicles. With the use of bright or bright colors then the
driver is more careful and not easy to hit him.

Street and City Road between OpoTololiu Roundabout Park - Tomohon City South Gate Park.

With its position in the downtown area, the arrangement of curbside paths in this area has an important role in
the improvement of the face of Tomohon City. In this area developed a more special design. Some things to consider
are wide pavements at certain points, the holding of the Tomohon International Flower Festival every two (2) years,
and more pavement users than areas outside the city center.

The proposed enhancement supports the continued growth of historical, cultural and local resources awareness in
all areas of the city especially in streetscape of Tomohon City’s mainstreets. Near shopping areas, they built
Tomohon Tower (Alfa Omega Tower) as a landmark of Tomohon City which will become an important icon. To
support the visual value of Tomohon Tower, it needs to be accompanied by aesthetic and attractive surrounding. Our
study also highlights a need to encourage and support preservation and efforts to retain the city’s cultural and
historic identity including OpoTololiu Monument, Stella Maris School and Cathedral Church.

The concept of streetscape design enhancement above is translated into some streetscape elements (Figure 13).

Figure 13: North City Gate Park

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I3/PR200839
Received: 14 Jan 2020 | Revised: 02 Feb 2020 | Accepted: 08 Feb 2020 884
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 03, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

Figure 14: Streetscape around Rest Area

Figure 15: OpoTololiu Monument

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I3/PR200839
Received: 14 Jan 2020 | Revised: 02 Feb 2020 | Accepted: 08 Feb 2020 885
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 03, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

Figure 16: Pergola, Shelter, Lighting, Trees in Centre Area of Tomohon City.

V. CONCLUSION
The results of observation on ecological conditions, community and socio-economic conditions, and cultural
values, show that Tomohon City need improvement of streetscape physical and visually in order to support better
tourist experience and good image of city.

Streetscape enhancement is proposed for maintaining and improving the city’s physical and visual composition
with emphasis on maintaining an attractive and engaging nature and built environment, building a strong sense of
place and identity, contributing to a safe street, and highlighting views and amenities.

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I3/PR200839
Received: 14 Jan 2020 | Revised: 02 Feb 2020 | Accepted: 08 Feb 2020 886
 International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 03, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

For a note, the results of the study have been recommended to the government of Tomohon City through the
Regional Planning and Development Board (BAPPEDA) of Tohomon City and some have been and are being
applied or applied in the development of Tomohon City.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research work is supported by the Project of BAPPEDA supported by Government of Tomohon City.

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DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I3/PR200839
Received: 14 Jan 2020 | Revised: 02 Feb 2020 | Accepted: 08 Feb 2020 887

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